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Food contamination as a pathway for lead exposure in children during the 2010–2013 lead poisoning epidemic in Zamfara,Nigeria

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j.urnal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第5期30卷 260-272页

作者： Simba Tirima Casey Bartrem ian von Lindern Margrit von Braun Douglas Lind Shehu Mohamed Anka Aishat Abdullahi TerraGraphics International Foundation MoscowID 83843USA University of Idaho Environmental Science ProgramMoscowID 83843USA Zamfara Environmental Sanitation Agency Zamfara StateNigeria

In 2010, an estimated 400 to 500 children died of acute lead poisoning associated with artisanal gold mining in Zamfara, Nigeria. Processing of gold ores containing up to 10% lead within residential compounds put residents, especially children, at the highest risk. Principal routes of exposure were incidental ingestion and inhalation of contaminated soil and dusts. Several Nigerian and international health organizations collaborated to reduce lead exposures through environmental remediation and medical treatment. The contribution of contaminated food to total lead exposure was assessed during the environmental health response. Obj.ctives of this investigation were to assess the influence of cultural/dietary habits on lead exposure pathways and estimate the contribution of contaminated food to children＇s blood lead levels（BLLs）. A survey of village dietary practices and staple food lead content was conducted to determine dietary composition, caloric intakes, and lead intake. Potential blood lead increments were estimated using bio-kinetic modeling techniques. Most dietary lead exposure was associated with contamination of staple cereal grains and legumes during post-harvest processing and preparation in contaminated homes. Average post-harvest and processed cereal grain lead levels were 0.32 mg/kg and 0.85 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Age-specific food lead intake ranged from 7 to 78 μg/day. Lead ingestion and absorption were likely aggravated by the dusty environment, fasting between meals, and nutritional deficiencies. Contamination of staple cereal grains by highly bioavailable pulverized ores could account for as much as 11%–34% of children＇s BLLs during the epidemic, and were a continuing source after residential soil remediation until stored grain inventories were exhausted.

关键词： Artisanal mining Environmental health Lead poisoning Nigerian environmentalcontamination Dietary exposures Para-occupational exposuresChildren's health

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新白沙沱长江大桥3号主墩基础施工技术

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桥梁建设 2015年第1期45卷 1-5页

作者：周功建中铁大桥局集团第一工程有限公司河南郑州450053

新白沙沱长江大桥主桥为(81+162+432+162+81)m钢桁梁斜拉桥,3号主墩基础为36根3.2m钻孔桩,承台尺寸为67.4m×31.3m×6m。综合考虑多种因素,3号主墩基础施工采用"水下控制爆破+多功能平台+双壁钢套箱围堰"的方案,水下爆破与多功能平台... 详细信息

新白沙沱长江大桥主桥为(81+162+432+162+81)m钢桁梁斜拉桥,3号主墩基础为36根3.2m钻孔桩,承台尺寸为67.4m×31.3m×6m。综合考虑多种因素,3号主墩基础施工采用"水下控制爆破+多功能平台+双壁钢套箱围堰"的方案,水下爆破与多功能平台拼装同步作业,钻孔桩施工与双壁钢套箱围堰拼装双层作业、同步施工。采用乳化炸药进行水下爆破;多功能平台整体浮运,利用多点同步提升技术提升到位后,与渡洪桩共同形成钻孔平台;采用振动打桩机插打钢护筒;采用清水气举反循环成孔工艺施工钻孔桩;围堰拼装后,进行注水下沉、堵漏、抛填、封底施工,将下放平台改造成内支撑,最后进行抽水、承台施工。

关键词：铁路桥斜拉桥钢桁梁基础围堰多功能平台护筒插打桥梁施工

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Microstructural evolution,mechanical properties and corrosion mechanisms of additively manufactured biodegradable Zn-Cu alloys

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材料科学技术（英文版） 2024年第19期186卷 142-157页

作者： j.ngbo Liu Dekuan Wang Bo Liu Ning Li Luxin Liang Chao Chen Kechao Zhou ian Baker Hong Wu State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy Central South UniversityChangsha 410083China Department of General Surgery The Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangsha 410011China Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Center of StomatologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangsha 410008China Department of Orthopedics The Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangsha 410011China Thayer School of Engineering Dartmouth CollegeHanoverNH 03755-8000USA

Additively manufactured(AM)biodegradable zinc(Zn)alloys constitute an important branch of orthope-dic implants because of their moderate degradation properties and bone-mimicking mechanical *** this paper,the microstructural evolution and corrosion mechanisms of zinc-copper(Zn-Cu)alloys prepared by the laser-powder-bed-fusion(L-PBF)additive manufacturing method were ***-loying with Cu significantly increases the ultimate tensile strength(UTS)of unalloyed Zn,but the UTS and ductility of unalloyed Zn and Zn-2Cu decrease with increasing laser energy *** Zn has a dendritic microstructure,while Zn-2Cu alloy has a peritectic *** formation of round peri-tectic grains is due to the low-temperature gradient of unalloyed Zn during the *** Zn-2Cu samples exhibited higher corrosion rates,addressing the problem of slow degradation of unalloyed *** grain size distribution influences the corrosion behavior of the *** enhances the corrosion rates of ma-terials with fine grains in a non-passivating ***,the 100％extracts of Zn-2Cu samples exhibited greater values of cellular activity compared to unalloyed Zn samples,thus confirming their bet-ter *** work demonstrates the great potential to design and modulate biodegradable Zn alloys to fulfill clinical needs by using AM technology.

关键词： Additive manufacturing Zn-Cu alloy Microstructure Mechanical property Corrosion behavior

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Anti-herpes simplex virus activities of monogalactosyl diglyceride and digalactosyl diglyceride from Clinacanthus nutans, a traditional Thai herbal medicine

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Asian Pacific j.urnal of Tropical Biomedicine 2016年第3期6卷 192-197页

作者： Sirada Pongmuangmul Supaporn Phumiamorn Phanchana Sanguansermsri Nalin Wongkattiya ian Hamilton Fraser Donruedee Sanguansermsri Faculty of Medical Science Naresuan University Regional Medical Sciences Center Nakhonswan Department of Medical Sciences Ministry of Health Institute of Biological Products Department of Medical Sciences Ministry of Health Faculty of Science Maejo University School of Chemistry Monash University Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology Faculty of Medical Science Naresuan University

Obj.ctive: To evaluate the monogalactosyl diglyceride(MGDG) and digalactosyl diglyceride(DGDG) from Clinacanthus nutans(C. nutans) for their in vitro antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) and type 2(HSV-2) by plaque reduction ***: MGDG and DGDG were extracted with chloroform from C. nutans *** and DGDG were separated from chloroform crude extract using column chromatography, characterized by thin layer chromatography and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. The anti HSV-1 and 2 activity against pre-treatment and posttreatment of the compounds was evaluated using plaque reduction assay. The cytotoxicity of the extract and the compounds on Vero cells were performed by MTT ***: MGDG and DGDG obtained by column chromatography showed identical profiles as standard MGDG and standard DGDG using thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. MGDG and DGDG from C. nutans showed 100%inhibition of HSV-1 replication at the post step of infection at noncytotoxic concentration with IC50 values of 36.00 and 40.00 mg/m L, and HSV-2 at 41.00 and 43.20 mg/mL,respectively. Moreover, MGDG and DGDG from C. nutans were demonstrated to have antiherpes simplex activity at the same level as standard synthetic compounds. In contrast, pretreatment of Vero cells with MGDG and DGDG before HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection did not show inhibitory effect against these viruses. MGDG and DGDG exhibited antiviral activity against HSV-1 with selectivity index of 26.00 and 23.00 and HSV-2 of 23.30 and ***: MGDG and DGDG from C. nutans, a traditional Thai herbal medicine illustrated inhibitory activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2, probably by inhibiting the late stage of multiplication, suggesting their promising use as anti-HSV agents.

关键词： Glycoglycerolipids Monogalactosyl diglyceride Digalactosyl diglyceride Clinacanthus nutans Herpes simplex virus type 1 Herpes simplex virus type 2 Antiviral activity

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Comparative analysis of the intestinal tract microbiota and feeding habits of five sympatric flycatchers

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Avian Research 2022年第3期13卷 379-389页

作者： Zhehan Dong Shangmingyu Zhang Yuwen Cheng Xingcheng He ian Haase Yi Liang Yong j.0}g Yongj.e Wu Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of EducationCollege of Life ScienceSichuan UniversityChengdu610065China The General Work Station of Protected Area of Sichuan Province Sichuan Forestry and Grassland BureauChengdu610081China Administration of Gongga Mountain National Nature Reserve KangdingGanzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture626000China

Gut microbiota and host interactions co-evolve and develop into stably adapted microbial communities and play vital roles in maintaining the health of *** is supposed to be an important driver of differences in gut microbiota,but previous studies would commonly use literature depictions,which are essential but inaccurate,to explain the effects of diet on the gut microbiota of wild *** this study,we collected intestinal samples from five sympatric flycatchers to compare the gut microbial differences using bacterial 16S rRNA genes from Illumina MiSeq *** 1,642,482 quality-filtered sequences from 1816S rRNA libraries were obtained and distinct compositions and diversities of gut microbiota were found in five *** gut microbiota is mainly from the four bacterial phyla of Proteobacteria,Firmicutes,Actinomycetes,and Bacteroidetes,but at the genus level showed a significant *** predictions revealed that the metabolic capacity of the gut microbiota of five flycatchers is greatly distinguished at KEGG level *** multiple food fragments showed a significant correlation with gut ***,the significant differences in the specific composition of the diets of the five insectivorous flycatchers indicated the differentiation of dietary *** study of the gut microbiota and feeding habits of sympatric flycatchers would increase the understanding of the gut microbial diversity of wild birds,and also improve our cognition of the co-evolution and co-adaptation within the host gut microbiota relations.

关键词： Feeding habit Gastrointestinal tract Gut microbiota Insectivorous Muscicapidae Sympatric

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二维应变和应变率成像技术监测心脏移植术后急性排异反应

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中国医学影像技术 2009年第7期25卷 1179-1182页

作者：何怡华李治安谷孝艳 Nixon j.V(ian) 首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院超声诊断科北京100029 弗吉尼亚联邦大学心脏内科里士满23298

目的探讨超声心动图二维应变和应变率成像技术在监测心脏移植术后急性排异反应方面的价值。方法对25例心脏移植患者在活检12h内行超声心动图检查。急性排异反应0级为A组(n=10),急性排异反应Ⅰa～Ⅰb级为B组(n=8),急性排异反应≥Ⅱ级为C... 详细信息

目的探讨超声心动图二维应变和应变率成像技术在监测心脏移植术后急性排异反应方面的价值。方法对25例心脏移植患者在活检12h内行超声心动图检查。急性排异反应0级为A组(n=10),急性排异反应Ⅰa～Ⅰb级为B组(n=8),急性排异反应≥Ⅱ级为C组(n=7)。正常对照组为D组(n=30)。应用二维应变和应变率成像测量收缩期各室壁纵向、径向及环向应变及应变率。对各数据进行组间比较,并进行统计学分析。结果二维应变应变率分析:A、B、C组与D组比较:室间隔基底段收缩期纵向应变、二尖瓣水平前间隔环向应变率、二尖瓣水平所有节段的径向应变均明显减低(P<0.05)。结论二维应变和应变率成像技术的径向应变能早期、敏感地反映出≥Ⅱ级心脏移植急性排异反应患者的心脏收缩功能变化,可以作为心脏移植术后急性排异反应的筛查指标。

关键词：超声心动描记术应变应变率心脏移植急性排异反应

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Research and development in agricultural robotics:A perspective of digital farming

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International j.urnal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2018年第4期11卷 1-14页

作者： Redmond Ramin Shamshiri Cornelia Weltzien Ibrahim A.Hameed ian j.Yule Tony E.Grift Siva K.Balasundram Lenka Pitonakova Desa Ahmad Girish Chowdhary Department of Agriculture Technology Faculty of AgricultureUniversiti Putra Malaysia43400SerdangSelangorMalaysia Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy Max-Eyth-Allee 10014469 Potsdam-BornimGermany Dept.of ICT and Natural Sciences Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringNorwegian University of Science and Technology(NTNU)Larsgårdsveien 2NO-6009ÅlesundNorway New Zealand Centre for Precision Agriculture(NZCPA) School of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPrivate Bag 11222Palmerston North 4442New Zealand Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign1304 West Pennsylvania Avenue UrbanaIL 61801USA Department of Computer Science University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversiti Putra Malaysia

Digital farming is the practice of modern technologies such as sensors,robotics,and data analysis for shifting from tedious operations to continuously automated *** paper reviews some of the latest achievements in agricultural robotics,specifically those that are used for autonomous weed control,field scouting,and *** identification,task planning algorithms,digitalization and optimization of sensors are highlighted as some of the facing challenges in the context of digital *** concepts of multi-robots,human-robot collaboration,and environment reconstruction from aerial images and ground-based sensors for the creation of virtual farms were highlighted as some of the gateways of digital *** was shown that one of the trends and research focuses in agricultural field robotics is towards building a swarm of small scale robots and drones that collaborate together to optimize farming inputs and reveal denied or concealed *** the case of robotic harvesting,an autonomous framework with several simple axis manipulators can be faster and more efficient than the currently adapted professional expensive *** robots are becoming the inseparable parts of the modern farms,our conclusion is that it is not realistic to expect an entirely automated farming system in the future.

关键词： agricultural robotics precision agriculture virtual orchards digital agriculture simulation software multi-robots

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Outlook:Sorghum as a feed grain for Australian chicken-meat production

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Animal Nutrition 2018年第1期4卷 17-30页

作者： Peter H.Selle Amy F.Moss Ha H.Truong Ali Khoddami David j.Cadogan ian D.Godwin Sonia Y.Liu Poultry Research Foundation The University of Sydney Sydney Institute of Agriculture Faculty of ScienceThe University of Sydney Feedworks School of Agriculture and Food Sciences The University of Queensland

This review is an outlook for sorghum as a feed grain for broiler chickens based on a survey of relevant stake-holders and recent research *** grain sorghum production will probably continue to generate a harvest in the order of 2.5×10~6t of which some 7.9×10~5t will be used as a feed grain for poultry and *** grains are included primarily to provide energy from starch,but energy utilisation by broiler chickens offered sorghum-based diets is relatively inferior,because of incomplete starch ***,the dominant protein fraction,‘non-tannin’phenolic compounds and phytate are 3‘starch extrinsic’factors in sorghum that compromise starch digestibility and energy utilisation in broiler chickens offered sorghum-based *** concentrations in 6 sorghum varieties were negatively correlated with metabolizable energy to gross energy(ME:GE)ratios(r=0.891;P<0.02)or the efficiency of energy utilisation in broiler ***,kafirin proportions of sorghum protein may be increasing with time in *** so,this represents a fundamental challenge to sorghum breeders which presumably could be met by the development of sorghum varieties with different characteristics,especially in relation to the g-and b-kafirin *** sorghum varieties contain lower polyphenol concentrations which should be advantageous as concentrations of total phenolic compounds were negatively correlated to ME:GE ratios(r=0.838;P<0.04)in 6 sorghum *** would be desirable if more white varieties were to become *** is suggested that responses to exogenous phytase in birds offered sorghum-based diets would be more robust if sorghum were to contain lower concentrations of kafirin and phenolic ***,while better sorghum varieties almost certainly could be developed,it may not necessarily follow that they will command a price premium from poultry and pig producers.

关键词： Kafirin Phenolic compounds Phytate Poultry Sorghum Starch

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A Perspective on Smart Process Manufacturing Research Challenges forProcess Systems Engineers

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Engineering 2017年第2期3卷 161-165页

作者： ian David Lockhart Bogle Center for Process Systems Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering University College London London WC1E 7JE UK

The challenges posed by smart manufacturing for the process industries and for process systems engineering（PSE） researchers are discussed in this article. Much progress has been made in achieving plant- and site-wide optimization, hut benchmarking would give greater confidence. Technical challenges confrontingprocess systems engineers in developing enabling tools and techniques are discussed regarding flexibilityand uncertainty, responsiveness and agility, robustness and security, the prediction of mixture propertiesand function, and new modeling and mathematics paradigms. Exploiting intelligence from big data to driveagility will require tackling new challenges, such as how to ensure the consistency and confidentiality ofdata through long and complex supply chains. Modeling challenges also exist, and involve ensuring that allkey aspects are properly modeled, particularly where health, safety, and environmental concerns requireaccurate predictions of small but critical amounts at specific locations. Environmental concerns will requireus to keep a closer track on all molecular species so that they are optimally used to create sustainablesolutions. Disruptive business models may result, particularly from new personalized products, but that isdifficult to predict.

关键词： Smart manufacturing Process systems engineering Uncertainty Flexibility Optimization Model-based control

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Recent laser upgrades at Sandia's Z-backlighter facility in order to accommodate new requirements for magnetized liner inertial fusion on the Z-machine

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High Power Laser Science and Engineering 2016年第4期4卷 1-12页

作者： j.ns Schwarz Patrick Rambo Darrell Armstrong Marius Schollmeier ian Smith j.nathan Shores Matthias Geissel Mark Kimmel j.hn Porter Sandia National Laboratories

The Z-backlighter laser facility primarily consists of two high energy, high-power laser systems. Z-Beamlet laser(ZBL)(Rambo et al., Appl. Opt. 44, 2421(2005)) is a multi-kj.class, nanosecond laser operating at 1054 nm which is frequency doubled to 527 nm in order to provide x-ray backlighting of high energy density events on the Z-machine. Z-Petawatt(ZPW)(Schwarz et al., j. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 112, 032020(2008)) is a petawatt-class system operating at 1054 nm delivering up to 500 j.in 500 fs for backlighting and various short-pulse laser experiments(see also Figure 10 for a facility overview). With the development of the magnetized liner inertial fusion(MagLIF) concept on the Z-machine, the primary backlighting missions of ZBL and ZPW have been adj.sted accordingly. As a result, we have focused our recent efforts on increasing the output energy of ZBL from 2 to 4 kj.at 527 nm by modifying the fiber front end to now include extra bandwidth(for stimulated Brillouin scattering suppression). The MagLIF concept requires a well-defined/behaved beam for interaction with the pressurized fuel. Hence we have made great efforts to implement an adaptive optics system on ZBL and have explored the use of phase plates. We are also exploring concepts to use ZPW as a backlighter for ZBL driven MagLIF experiments. Alternatively, ZPW could be used as an additional fusion fuel pre-heater or as a temporally flexible high energy pre-pulse. All of these concepts require the ability to operate the ZPW in a nanosecond long-pulse mode, in which the beam can co-propagate with ZBL. Some of the proposed modifications are complete and most of them are well on their way.

关键词： adaptive optics high energy lasers MagLIF OPCPA petawatt lasers SBS suppression

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