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Inhaled nicotine replacement therapy

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Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2015年第6期10卷 472-480页

作者： David Cipolla igor Gonda Aradigm Corp 3929 Point EdenWayHaywardCA 94545USA

There are a large number of smokers who want to quit smoking but have failed in their attempts to do so,with many having been unsuccessful at quitting multiple times over their *** existing marketed nicotine replacement therapies(NRT)have only marginal effectiveness and none provide a comparable physiological response to that derived from cigarette smoking;that is,rapid absorption of nicotine from the lung leading to peak levels of nicotine in the bloodstream to target the receptors in the ***,existing NRTs produce a slower and delayed rise in nicotine blood levels which is less effective at reducing the craving *** data for electronic cigarettes show that they typically deliver nicotine with a profile closer to that for nicotine patches,with a slow rise that can take 30–60 min,or longer,to reach the same peak nicotine concentration that is produced in less than 3 min from a single cigarette.A number of attempts have been made to develop an inhaled product which would deliver the nicotine through the lung and mimic the physiological response from smoking,but many of them produced intolerable aversive reactions or delivered an ineffective *** paper discusses examples of the potential for the recent inhaled nicotine products in development to be effective as NRTs,but is not meant to be a comprehensive review.

关键词： Nicotine Smoking cessation Inhalation delivery AERx system Staccato Voke inhaler

Clustering and precipitation in Al-Mg-Si alloys during linear heating

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2022年第25期120卷 78-88页

作者： Zi Yang igor Erdle Chunhui Liu John Banhart Helmholtz-Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1Berlin 14109Germany State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Complex Manufacturing Central South UniversityChangsha 410083China

Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) is a technique extensively applied to analyse precipitation phenomena in Al-Mg-Si alloys, yet the processes occurring during non-isothermal DSC heating, in particular the formation of clusters in the early stage and their evolution at higher temperatures, remain obscure. Here, we carry out experiments not only to measure heat(via DSC) but also to measure hardness,positron lifetime, electrical resistivity and microstructure of an Al-Mg-Si alloy heated at 3 different *** resistivity is measured in situ, the other properties after interrupting the heating process. It is demonstrated that the precipitation process during heating can be divided into various stages, with transition temperatures depending on the heating rate, but the relative behavior of the various measured quantities is connected in the same way. Quenched-in excess vacancies are found to play an important role in cluster formation at lower temperatures, which explains the seeming peculiarity that linear heating at lower temperatures can lead to stronger clustering than isothermal ageing at a higher *** trends are well simulated using a recently developed precipitation model. New aspects about the evolution of these clusters at higher temperatures are revealed by correlating the different measured properties. The methodology applied here could also be extended to investigating more complex nonisothermal heat treatments.

关键词： Al alloys Al-Mg-Si Non-isothermal ageing Linear heating Precipitation hardening Solute clustering Vacancies

Application of the buffer theory for evaluating attenuation and natural remediation of ionic pollutants in aquatic ecosystems

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Ecological Processes 2015年第1期4卷 180-189页

作者： igor Povar Oxana Spinu Institute of Chemistry of Academy of Sciences of Moldova 3 Academiei str.ChişinăuMD 2028Republic of Moldova

The main focus in this review is showing how to use the developed buffer theory for assessing and predicting the long-term phenomena of attenuation and natural remediation of ionic pollutants in contaminated aquatic ecosystems,as well as for analyzing the way by which metals move and transform within the environment,the distribution of metals in ecosystems,their deposition and cycling in the terrestrial *** buffer theory is based on the rigorous thermodynamic analysis of complex chemical equilibria under environmental conditions in aquatic ecosystems,as natural waters and *** has been established that both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems manifest a buffer action towards all their *** buffer properties in relation to the solid phase components are amplified with an increase of solubility due to protolytic or complex formation equilibria in saturated *** has been established that the buffer capacities of components are mutually proportional,whereas for heterogeneous systems these relationships depend on the stoichiometric composition of solid *** use of the developed buffer approach may yield extended knowledge and a deeper understanding of the processes that control the concentrations of components.A number of the important conclusions concerning the investigated buffer systems have been *** obtained results are indented to provide researchers with a tool needed to help them to set reliable limits of ion(metal)levels in the environment.

关键词： Buffer capacity Ecosystem Heterogeneous multicomponent system Proportionality relation between buffer capacities

Determining effects of impact loading on residual strength of fiber-metal laminates with grid-characteristic numerical method

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2021年第7期34卷 1-12页

作者： Katerina BEKLEMYSHEVA Vasily GOLUBEV igor PETROV Alexey VASYUKOV Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology DolgoprudniyRussia

The Grid-Characteristic numerical Method(GCM)that is quite common in solving aero and hydrodynamic problems can also be applied for mechanics of *** allows to implement complex border and contact conditions,including the non-reflecting border and the destructible *** this conditions are very important for the precise and effective modeling of LowVelocity Impacts(LVI)on fiber and Fiber-Metal Laminates(FML)and the resulting Barely Visible Impact Damage(BVID)that influences the residual strength of a composite aircraft *** is the type of damage that is not visible by the naked eye and can be hardly detected by a standard ultrasound equipment that is used for regular *** can appear during any weak impacts like bird strike or *** its influence on the residual strength of the part is very important to define the priorities of development of ultrasound *** this paper,the GCM was applied for a full cycle of loading of an FML aircraft cover *** FML consisted of a Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer(CFRP)and a single titanium layer on the upper *** cycle of loading in a single calculation consisted of an LVI caused by a small striker and a comparatively slow compressive in-plane ***-dimensional patterns of velocity and stress distributions over the time of calculation are *** patterns,obtained via the Hashin failure criterion are given and analyzed.

关键词： Fiber-metal laminate Grid-characteristic method Low-velocity impact Numerical modeling Residual strength

Chaotic Simulator for Bilevel Optimization of Virtual Machine Placements in Cloud Computing

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Journal of the Operations Research Society of China 2022年第4期10卷 703-723页

作者： Timothy Ganesan Pandian Vasant igor Litvinchev Member of American Mathematical Society AlbertaT2P 0X2Canada Universiti Teknologi Petronas Seri Iskandar32610Malaysia Nuevo Leon State University San Nicolás de los GarzaNuevo LeónCP66450Mexico

The drastic increase in engineering system complexity has spurred the development of highly efficient optimization *** real-world optimization problems have been identified as bilevel/multilevel as well as *** primary aim of this work is to present a framework to tackle the bilevel virtual machine(VM)placement problem in cloud *** is done using the coupled map lattice(CML)approach in conjunction with the Stackelberg game theory and weighted-sum *** VM placement problem was modified from the original multiobjective(MO)problem to an MO bilevel formulation to make it more realistic albeit more *** comparative analysis on the performance of the CML approach was carried out against the particle swarm optimization method.A new bilevel metric called the cascaded hypervolume indicator is introduced and applied to measure the dominance of the solutions produced by both *** analysis on the computational results is presented.

关键词： Bilevel multiobjective Coupled map lattices(CML) Stackelberg game theory Particle swarm optimization(PSO) Cascaded hypervolume indicator(cHVI) Virtual machine(VM)placement

A New Convergent Explicit Tree-Grid Method for HJB Equations in One Space Dimension

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Numerical Mathematics(Theory,Methods and Applications) 2018年第1期11卷 1-29页

作者： igor Kossaczky Matthias Ehrhardt Michael Gunther Lehrstuhl fur Angewandte Mathematik und Numerische Analysis Fakultat fur Mathematik und NaturwissenschaftenBergische Universitat WuppertalGaußstrasse 2042119 WuppertalGermany

In this work we introduce a new unconditionally convergent explicit Tree-Grid Method for solving stochastic control problems with one space and one time dimension or equivalently,the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman *** prove the convergence of the method and outline the relationships to other numerical *** case of vanishing diffusion is treated by introducing an artificial diffusion *** illustrate the superiority of our method to the standardly used implicit finite difference method on two numerical examples from finance.

关键词： Tree-Grid Method Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation Stochastic control problem

Mud volcano origin of the Mottled Zone,South Levant

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Geoscience Frontiers 2013年第5期4卷 597-619页

作者： igor Novikov Yevgeny Vapnik Inna Safonova Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS Koptuyga Ave.3Novosibirsk 630090Russia Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences Ben-Gurion University of the NegevP.O.B.653Beer-Sheva 84105Israel

The Mottled Zone（MZ） or Hatrurim Formation,which occurs near the Levantine Transform in the South Levant,has been studied during the last 150 years but its origin remains *** Zone Complex/Complexes（MZC/MZCs） consist of brecciated carbonate and low-temperature calcium-hydro-silicate rocks,which include unusual high- and ultra-high-temperature low-pressure（HT-LP） meta-morphic mineral *** MZ has been regarded as a product of combustion of bituminous chalks of the Ghareb *** Cretaceous（Maastrichtian） *** this paper we present detailed geographic, geomorphologic,structural and geological data from the MZCs of the South Levant,which show that the MZCs cannot be stratigraphically correlated with the Ghareb Fm.,because MZC late Oligocene-late Pleistocene deposits occur within or unconformable i.e.,with stratigraphic hiatus,overlap both the late Cretaceous and,in places,Neogene stratigraphic *** propose an alternative model for the formation of MZCs by tectonically induced mud volcanism during late Oligocene-late Pleistocene time. This model explains（i） the presence of dikes and tube-like bodies,which consist of brecciated exotic clastic material derived from stratigraphically and hypsometrically lower horizons;（ii） mineral assemblages of sanidinite facies metamorphism;（iii） multi-stage character of HT-LP pyrometamorphism;and （iv） multi-stage low-temperature hydrothermal *** temperatures（up to 1500℃） mineral assemblages resulted from combustion of hydrocarbon gases of mud *** volcanism was spatially and structurally related to neotectonic folds and deformation zones formed in response to opening of the Red Sea rift and propagation of the Levantine Transform *** model may significantly change the prospects for oil-and-gas deposits in the region.

关键词： HT-LP sanidinite facies metamorphism Geomorphology Dead Sea Levantine Transform Neotectonics Hydrocarbon traps

Comparative geochemical study of the cherty rocks of the Taukha terrane(Sikhote-Alin)and its paleogeodynamic significance

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Acta Geochimica 2020年第4期39卷 539-560页

作者： igor V.Kemkin Raisa A.Kemkina Far East Geological Institute Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of SciencesProspect 100-Letiya Vladivostoka159VladivostokRussia 690022 Far Eastern Federal University Soukhanova Street8VladivostokRussia 690950

The article presents the results of a comparative geochemical study of cherts and siliceous-clayey rocks composing the tectono-sedimentary complexes of various structural levels of the Taukha terrain of the Sikhote-Alin Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous accretionary *** data obtained show that the same-aged parts of the crosssections of the cherty-terrigenous sequences of the terrane lower and middle structural levels are characterized by significantly different contents and distribution patterns of major petrogenic oxides,trace,and rare-earth elements due to their accumulation in various facies of oceanic *** set of geochemical data indicates that the formation of both tectono-sedimentary complexes was carried out differently,gradually replacing each others’facies oceanic zones,and started in the near-spreading ridge area,then in the pelagial,and completed in the continental-margin deposition *** on the time interval of the facies conditions changing for each complex(i.e.,time of transition from one facies zone to another),the speeds of a paleo-oceanic plate motion(and,correspondingly,the speeds of spreading)for individual intervals of the Jurassic were *** in the spreading speeds at various sites of a paleorift zone caused the turning of a paleocontinent margin contour and spreading ridge axis at the perpendicular position,which in turn caused change of the geodynamic mode on the eastern margin of the PaleoAsian continent at the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition.

关键词： Geochemistry Radiolarian cherts Deposition environment Paleo-Pacific plate Sikhote-Alin

Domino Tiling:A New Method of Real-Time Conforming Mesh Construction for Rendering Changeable Height Fields

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Journal of Computer Science & Technology 2011年第6期26卷 971-987页

作者： Dorde M. Durdevi igor I. Tartalja School of Electrical Engineering University of Belgrade

In this paper we present a novel GPU-oriented method of creating an inherently continuous triangular mesh for tile-based rendering of regular height fields. The method is based on tiling data-independent semi-regular meshes of non-uniform structure, a technique that is quite different from other mesh tiling approaches. A complete, memory efficient set of mesh patterns is created by an off-line procedure and stored into the graphics adapter＇s memory at runtime. At rendering time, for each tile, one of the precomputed mesh patterns is selected for rendering. The selected mesh pattern fits the required level of details of the tile and ensures seamless connection with other adjacent mesh patterns, like in a game of dominoes. The scalability potential of the proposed method is demonstrated through quadtree hierarchical grouping of tiles. The efficiency is verified by experimental results on height fields for terrain representation, where the method achieves high frame rates and sustained triangle throughput on high resolution viewports with sub-pixel error tolerance. Frame rate sensitivity to real-time modifications of the height field is measured, and it is shown that the method is very tolerant and consequently well tailored for applications dealing with rapidly changeable phenomena represented by height fields.

关键词： graphics data structures and data types height field surface representation level of details real-time heightfield manipulation view-dependent rendering