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Research and development of the back-end electronics for the two-dimensional improved resistive plate chambers in CMS upgrade

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2021年第2期5卷 181-191页

作者： P.Cao Z-A.Liu J.Zhao H.Kou J.Tao J.Song W.Gong N.Wang A.Samalan M.Tytgat N.Zaganidis G.A.Alves F.Marujo F.Torres.Da.S.ilva.De.Araujo E.M.Da Costa D.De Jesus Damiao H.Nogima A.Santoro S.Fonseca De Souza A.Aleksandrov R.Hadjiiska P.iaydjiev M.Rodozov M.Shopova G.Sultanov M.Bonchev A.Dimitrov L.Litov B.Pavlov P.Petkov A.Petrov S.J.Qian C.Bernal A.Cabrera J.Fraga A.Sarkar S.Elsayed Y.Assran M.El Sawy M.A.Mahmoud Y.Mohammed X.Chen C.Combaret M.Gouzevitch G.Grenier i.Laktineh L.Mirabito K.Shchablo i.Bagaturia D.Lomidze i.Lomidze V.Bhatnagar R.Gupta P.Kumari J.Singh V.Amoozegar B.Boghrati M.Ebraimi R.Ghasemi M.Mohammadi Najafabadi E.Zareian M.Abbrescia R.Aly W.Elmetenawee N.De Filippis A.Gelmi G.iaselli S.Leszki F.Loddo i.Margjeka G.Pugliese D.Ramos L.Benussi S.Bianco D.Piccolo S.Buontempo A.Di Crescenzo F.Fienga G.De Lellis L.Lista S.Meola P.Paolucci A.Braghieri P.Salvini P.Montagna C.Riccardi P.Vitulo B.Francois T.J.Kim J.Park S.Y.Choi B.Hong K.S.Lee J.Goh H.Lee J.Eysermans C.Uribe Estrada i.pedraza H.Castilla-Valdez A.Sanchez-Hernandez C.A.Mondragon Herrera D.A.Perez Navarro G.A.Ayala Sanchez S.Carrillo E.Vazquez A.Radi A.Ahmad i.Asghar H.Hoorani S.Muhammad M.A.Shah i.Crotty Department of Physics and Astronomy Ghent UniversityProeftuinstraat 869000 GhentBelgium Centro Brasileiro Pesquisas Fisicas R.Dr.Xavier Sigaud150-UrcaRio de JaneiroRJ 22290-180Brazil Dep.de Fisica Nuclear e Altas Energias Instituto de FisicaUniversidade do Estado do Rio de JaneiroRua Sao Francisco Xavier524BR-Rio de Janeiro 20559-900RJBrazil Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Inst.for Nucl.Res.and Nucl.EnergyTzarigradsko shaussee Boulevard 721784 SofiaBulgaria Faculty of Physics University of Sofia5 James Bourchier Boulevard1164 SofiaBulgaria School of Physics Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China institute of High Energy Physics UCAS/CAS19(B)Yuquan RoadShijingshan DistrictBeijing 100049China Universidad de Los Andes Apartado Aereo 4976Carrera 1Eno.18A 10BogotaCOColombia Egyptian Network for High Energy Physics Academy of Scientific Research and Technology101 Kasr El-Einy St.CairoEgypt The British University in Egypt(BUE) P.O.Box 43Elsherouk CitySuez Desert RoadCairo 11837Egypt Suez University Elsalam CitySuez-Cairo RoadSuez 43522Egypt Department of Physics Faculty of ScienceBeni-Suef UniversityBeni-SuefEgypt Center for High Energy Physics Faculty of ScienceFayoum UniversityEl-Fayoum 63514Egypt Univ Lyon Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRS/IN2P3IP2I LyonUMR 582269622 VilleurbanneFrance Georgian Technical University 77 Kostava Str.Tbilisi 0175Georgia Department of Physics Panjab UniversityChandigarh 160014India School of Particles and Accelerators Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences(IPM)P.O.Box 19395-5531TehranIran School of Engineering Damghan UniversityDamghan ***Iran iNFN Sezione di BariVia Orabona 470126 BariItaly iNFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati(LNF)Via Enrico Fermi 4000044 FrascatiItaly iNFN Sezione di NapoliComplesso Univ.Monte S.AngeloVia Cintia80126 NaplesItaly iNFN Sezione di PaviaVia Bassi 6PaviaItaly iNFN Sezione di Pavia and University of PaviaVia Bassi 6PaviaItaly Hanyang University 222 Wangsimni-roSageun-dongSeongdong

Purpose To complement and ensure redundancy in the endcap muon system of the Compact Muon Solenoid(CMS)detector and to extend the Resistive Plate Chamber(RPC)system coverage,improved RPCs(iRPCs)with either orthogonal layer strips with one-end electronics or single layer strips with two-end electronics providing more precise time measurement will be installed in the very forward pseudorapidity region of|η|iRPC readout system needs to support twodimensional(2D)or two-end *** addition,it must combine detector data with Timing,Trigger and fast Control(TTC)and Slow Control(SC)into one data stream over a bi-directional optical link with a line rate of 4.8 Gb/s between the Front-End Electronics(FEE)and the Back-End Electronics(BEE).To fulfill these requirements,a prototype BEE for the iRPC 2D chamber has been researched and *** A Micro-Telecommunication and Computing Architecture(μTCA)-based processing card was designed in this study to establish a prototype system together with aμTCA *** Giga-Bit Transceiver(GBT)protocol is integrated to provide bi-directional communication between the FEE and BEE.A server is connected with the BEE by a Gigabit Ethernet(GbE)link for SC and a 10-GbE link for Data AcQuisition(DAQ).Results The Bit Error Rate(BER)test of the back-end board and a joint test with the iRPC 2D prototype chamber were *** less than 1.331×10−16 was *** timemeasurement with a resolution of 3.05 nswas successfully realized,and detector efficiencies of 97.7%for longitudinal strips and 96.0%for orthogonal strips were *** results demonstrate the correctness and reliability of the prototype *** The BEE prototype satisfies the requirements for the iRPC 2D chamber,and it worked stably and reliably during a long-term joint test run.

关键词： CMS iRPC TTC SC BEE μTCA GBT DAQ

R&D of back-end electronics for improved resistive plate chambers for the phase 2 upgrade of the CMS end-capmuon system

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2022年第3期6卷 306-316页

作者： H.Kou Z.-A.Liu J.Zhao J.Song Q.Hou W.Diao P.Cao W.Gong N.Wang A.Samalan M.Tytgat M.El Sawy G.A.Alves F.Marujo E.A.Coelho F.Torres Da Silva De Araujo E.M.Da Costa H.Nogima A.Santoro S.Fonseca De Souza D.De Jesus Damiao M.Thiel M.Barroso Ferreira Filho K.Mota Amarilo A.Aleksandrov R.Hadjiiska P.iaydjiev M.Rodozov M.Shopova G.Sultanov A.Dimitrov L.Litov B.Pavlov P.Petkov A.Petrov E.Shumka S.J.Qian C.Avila D.Barbosa A.Cabrera A.Florez J.Fraga J.Reyes Y.Assran M.A.Mahmoud Y.Mohammed i.Laktineh G.Grenier M.Gouzevitch L.Mirabito K.Shchablo C.Combaret W.Tromeur G.Galbit A.Luciol X.Chen i.Bagaturia i.Lomidze Z.Tsamalaidze V.Amoozegar B.Boghrati M.Ebraimi E.Zareian M.Mohammadi Najafabadi M.Abbrescia G.iaselli G.Pugliese F.Loddo N.De Filippis R.Aly D.Ramos W.Elmetenawee S.Leszki i.Margjeka D.Paesani L.Benussi S.Bianco D.Piccolo S.Meola S.Buontempo F.Carnevali L.Lista P.Paolucci F.Fienga A.Braghieri P.Salvini P.Montagna C.Riccardi P.Vitulo E.Asilar J.Choi T.J.Kim S.Y.Choi B.Hong K.S.Lee H.Y.Oh J.Goh i.Yu C.Uribe Estrada i.pedraza H.Castilla-Valdez R.L.Fernandez A.Sanchez-Hernandez E.Vazquez M.Ramirez-Garcia N.Zaganidis A.Radi H.Hoorani S.Muhammad A.Ahmad i.Asghar M.A.Shah W.A.Khan J.Eysermans i.Crotty on behalf of the CMS Muon Group Department of Physics and Astronomy Ghent UniversityProeftuinstraat 869000 GhentBelgium UniversitéLibre de Bruxelles Avenue Franklin Roosevelt50-1050 BruxellesBelgium Centro Brasileiro Pesquisas Fisicas R.Dr.Xavier Sigaud150UrcaRio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro 22290-180Brazil Department de Fisica Nuclear e Altas Energias Instituto de FisicaUniversidade do Estado do Rio de JaneiroRua Sao Francisco Xavier524Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro 20559-900Brazil Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Institute for Nuclear Researches and Nuclear EnergyTzarigradsko Shaussee Boulevard 721784 SofiaBulgaria Faculty of Physics University of Sofia5 James Bourchier Boulevard1164 SofiaBulgaria School of Physics Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences B325Main BuildingNo.19(A)Yuquan RoadShijingshan DistrictBeijing 100049China Universidad de Los Andes Carrera 1No.18A-12BogotáColombia Egyptian Network for High Energy Physics Academy of Scientific Research and Technology101 Kasr El-Einy St.CairoEgypt Suez University SuezCairo RoadElsalam CitySuez 43522Egypt Center for High Energy Physics(CHEP-FU) Faculty of ScienceFayoum UniversityEl-Fayoum 63514Egypt Univ Lyon Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRS/IN2P3IP2I LyonUMR 582269622 VilleurbanneFrance Georgian Technical University 77 Kostava Str.0175 TbilisiGeorgia School of Particles and Accelerators Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences(IPM)P.O.Box 19395-5531 TehranIran School of Engineering Damghan UniversityDamghan ***Iran iNFN Sezione di BariVia Orabona 470126 BariItaly iNFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati(LNF)Via Enrico Fermi 4000044 FrascatiItaly iNFN Sezione di NapoliComplesso University Monte S.AngeloVia Cintia80126 NapoliItaly Dipartimento di ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’informazione UniversitàDegli Studi di Napoli Federico II80126 NapoliI

Purpose The Large Hadron Collider(LHC)at European Organization for Nuclear Research is planned to be upgraded to the high luminosity *** the luminosity makes muon triggering reliable and ofﬂine reconstruction very *** enhance the redundancy of the Compact Muon Solenoid(CMS)Muon system and resolve the ambiguity of track reconstruction in the forward region,an improved Resistive Plate Chamber(iRPC)with excellent time resolution will be installed in the Phase-2 CMS *** iRPC will be equipped with Front-End Electronics(FEE),which can perform high-precision time measurements of signals from both ends of the *** Back-End Electronics(BEE)need to be researched and developed to provide sophisticated functionalities such as interacting with FEE with shared links for fast,slow control(SC)and data,in addition to trigger primitives(TPs)generation and data acquisition(DAQ).Method The BEE prototype uses a homemade hardware board compatible with the MTCA standard,the back-end board(BEB).BEE interacts with FEE via a bidirectional 4.8 Gbps optical paired-link that integrates clock,data,and control *** clock and fast/slow control commands are distributed from BEB to the FEE via the *** uplink is used for BEB to receive the time information of the iRPC’sﬁred strips and the responses to the fast/slow control *** have a pipelined detector data for clusterﬁnding operation,recover(DeMux)the time relationship of which is changed due to the transmission protocol for the continuous incoming MUXed data from *** at each bunch crossing(BX),clusteringﬁred strips that satisfy time and spatial constraints to generate *** incoming raw MUXed detector data and TPs in a time window and latency based on the trigger signal are read out to the DAQ *** Ethernet(GbE)of SiTCP and commercial 10-GbE are used as link standards for SC and DAQ,respectively,for the BEB to interact with the *** The joint test results of

关键词： CMS iRPC BEE TP DAQ SC

Modern data sources and techniques for analysis and forecast of road accidents:A review

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Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering(English Edition) 2020年第4期7卷 432-446页

作者： Camilo Gutierrez-Osorio Cesar pedraza Departamento de ingeniena de Sistemas e industrial Universidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotaColombia

Road accidents are one of the most relevant causes of injuries and death worldwide,and therefore,they constitute a significant field of research on the use of advanced algorithms and techniques to analyze and predict traffic accidents and determine the most relevant elements that contribute to road *** research of road accident prediction aims to respond to the challenge of offer tools to generate a more secure mobility environment,and ultimately,save *** paper aims to provide an overview of the state of the art in the prediction of road accidents through machine learning algorithms and advanced techniques for analyzing information,such as convolutional neural networks and long short-term memory networks,among other deep learning ***,in this article,a compendium and study of the most used data sources for the road accident forecast is *** a classification is proposed according to its origin and characteristics,such as open data,measurement technologies,onboard equipment and social media *** the analysis of the information,the different algorithms employed to make predictions about road accidents are listed and compared,as well as their applicability depending on the types of data being analyzed,along with the results obtained and their ease of interpretation and *** best results reported by the authors are obtained when two or more analytic techniques are combined,in such a way that analysis of the obtained results is *** the future challenges in road traffic forecasting lies the enhancement of the scope of the proposed models and predictions by the incorporation of heterogeneous data sources,that include geo spatial data,information from traffic volume,traffic statistics,video,sound,text and sentiment from social media,that many authors concur that can improve the precision and accuracy of the analysis and predictions.

关键词： Traffic engineering Data analysis Machine learning Road accident forecasting Traffic accident prediction

pH-distribution of cerium species in aqueous systems

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Journal of Rare Earths 2012年第6期30卷 559-562页

作者： B.Bouchaud J.Balmain *** F.pedraza University of La Rochelle Laboratory of Engineering Science for the Environment LaSIE FRE-CNRS3474Avenue Michel Crépeau 17042 La Rochelle cedex 01FRANCE

Cerium-based oxide coatings can be obtained through either chemical or electrochemical processes on various conductor and semiconductor substrates. in both cases the films develop through a precipitation mechanism, which strongly depends on the solution chemistry. in the particular case of the electrolytic approach, the elaboration parameters play a key role on the interfacial pH modification thereby leading to an indirect precipitation mechanism. indeed, the nucleation and growth mechanisms of crystallites and the composition of the resulting layers have been shown to be also strongly affected by the deposition conditions as well as by the substrate composition, which could in turn modify the protectiveness provided by such coatings. Therefore a better fundamental understanding of the system is required, in particular of the distribution of cerium-containing species in aqueous solution. To this end, the present work intended to develop a diagram showing the distribution as well as the relative amount of Ce（Ⅲ）/Ce（Ⅳ） species in aqueous media as a fimction of the pH range. The resulting pH-distribution diagram turned out to be a useful tool to predict the relevant precipitation mechanisms and species involved during the growth of ceriuna-containing films and to draw correlations with the characteristics of the as-deposited films.

关键词： pH-distribution diagram electrodeposition cerium-based oxide films precipitation mechanisms rare earths

impact of payment source, referral site, and place of residence on outcomes after allogeneic transplantation in Mexico

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World Journal of Transplantation 2024年第2期14卷 76-87页

作者： Andrés Gómez-De León Yesica A López-Mora Valeria García-Zárate Ana Varela-Constantino Sergio U Villegas-De Leon Xitlaly J González-Leal Raúl del Toro-Mijares Anna C Rodríguez-Zúñiga Juan F Barrios-Ruiz Victor Mingura-Ledezma Perla R Colunga-pedraza Olga G Cantú-Rodríguez César H Gutiérrez-Aguirre Luz Tarín-Arzaga Elías E González-López David Gómez-Almaguer Hematology Service Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo LeónFacultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario Dr.JoséEleuterio GonzálezMonterrey 64460Nuevo LeónMexico Hemato-logy Service Clínica Gómez AlmaguerMonterrey 64710Nuevo LeónMexico Hematology Service Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de MonterreyTec SaludEscuela de Medicina Ignacio SantosMonterrey 64710Nuevo LeónMexico

BACKGROUND The impact of social determinants of health in allogeneic transplant recipients in low-and middle-income countries is poorly *** observational study analyzes the impact of place of residence,referring institution,and transplant cost coverage(out-of-pocket vs government-funded vs private insurance)on outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(alloHSCT)in two of Mexico's largest public and private *** To evaluate the impact of social determinants of health and their relationship with outcomes among allogeneic transplant recipients in *** in this retrospective cohort study,we included adolescents and adults≥16 years who received a matched sibling or haploidentical transplant from *** were selected without regard to their diagnosis and were sourced from both a private clinic and a public University Hospital in *** payment groups were compared:Out-of-pocket(OOP),private insurance,and a federal Universal healthcare program“Seguro Popular”.Outcomes were compared between referred and institution-diagnosed patients,and between residents of Nuevo Leon and *** outcomes included overall survival(OS),categorized by residence,referral,and payment *** outcomes encompassed early mortality,event-free-survival,graft-versus-host-relapse-free survival,and non-relapse-mortality(NRM).Statistical analyses employed appropriate tests,Kaplan-Meier method,and Cox proportional hazard regression *** software included SPSS and R with tidycmprsk *** Our primary outcome was overall *** included 287 patients,n=164 who lived out of state(57.1%),and n=129 referred from another institution(44.9%).The most frequent payment source was OOP(n=139,48.4%),followed by private insurance(n=75,26.1%)and universal coverage(n=73,25.4%).No differences in OS,event-free-survival,NRM,or graft-versus-host-relapse-free survival were observed for patients dia

关键词： Hematopoietic cell transplant Social determinants of health Geography Haploidentical Out-of-pocket Financial toxicity Survival Health services and outcomes Hematopoietic malignancy Aplastic anemia

How Does Cultural Difference Affect Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions?

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How Does Cultural Difference Affect Cross-Border Mergers and...

作者： CHRiSTiAN EMANUEL pedraza HERRERA 上海财经大学

学位级别：硕士

本文的目的是解释文化差异如何影响跨境并购。我们使用了2015年进行的147个不同的跨国并购交易的样本。对于此类交易,收购公司都位于美国,而目标公司来自18个不同的国家。异常的股市收益是用来衡量并购交易后并购公司财务状况的变量。... 详细信息

本文的目的是解释文化差异如何影响跨境并购。我们使用了2015年进行的147个不同的跨国并购交易的样本。对于此类交易,收购公司都位于美国,而目标公司来自18个不同的国家。异常的股市收益是用来衡量并购交易后并购公司财务状况的变量。为了衡量文化差异,我们使用了一个变量,该变量说明了Hofstede文化距离的所有六个维度。本文证明,事实上,两家从事跨国并购交易的公司的文化差异与交易后的并购公司的财务绩效之间存在明显的正相关关系。关于文化差异对并购绩效的影响,目前尚无共识,许多文献认为,文化差异具有负面影响。对此明显矛盾的解释是,问题不在于文化距离本身,而在于企业解决整合的方式。此外,本文还为收购公司提供了一些建议,说明如何有效地推进整合以实现理想的协同效应。

关键词：跨境并购并购异常股票市场收益文化差异整合

Mid-term results of patterned laser trabeculoplasty for uncontrolled ocular hypertension and primary open angle glaucoma

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international Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2021年第8期14卷 1199-1204页

作者： Gustavo Espinoza Yuly Andrea Castellanos-Castellanos Angelica pedraza-Concha ignacio Rodriguez-Una Maria Fernanda Acuna Juan Camilo Parra Centro Oftalmologico Virgilio Galvis BucaramangaSantander 681004Colombia Fundacion Oftalmologica de Santander BucaramangaSantander 681004Colombia Universidad industrial de Santander BucaramangaSantander 680002Colombia instituto Oftalmologico Fernandez-Vega Universidad de OviedoOviedo 33012Spain

AiM:To describe the safety and efficacy of patterned laser trabeculoplasty(PLT)as an adjunctive treatment in primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)and ocular hypertension(OHT)after 18-month follow-up in Hispanic ***:A single-center,retrospective study was *** patients with OHT or POAG undergoing PLT from June 2016 to August 2016 were included in the *** parameters were intraocular pressure(iOP),the number of iOP-lowering medications,best corrected visual acuity(BCVA),laser parameters and postoperative adverse *** efficacy outcome measures were the proportion of eyes achieving an iOP reduction≥20%at 18 mo versus baseline medicated iOP or a reduction in the number of medications while maintaining iOP ***:From 40 PLT-treated eyes(mean baseline iOP 20.3±1.7 mm Hg),24 patients were analyzed(age 63.4±7.3 y).The mean iOP reductions from baseline across visits(months 1,3,6,9,12,and 18)ranged from 14.1%to 20.8%.Success rate after 18-month follow-up was 61.7%with a mean iOP of 16±3.2 mm Hg(PiOP-lowering medications per eye(preoperative 2.1±1.1 and postoperative 2.3±1.1,P=0.86)and the mean BCVA(preoperative 0.10±0.22 and postoperative 0.11±0.22 logMAR,P=0.42)remained *** events comprised transitory iOP spikes in 4 eyes(10%)and peripheral anterior synechiae in 7 eyes(17.5%).CONCLUSiON:Mid-term results of PLT show that this procedure may be an efficacious and safe technique to approach medically uncontrolled OHT or POAG patients.

关键词： glaucoma intraocular pressure ocular hypertension patterned laser trabeculoplasty

Microscopic colitis:A large retrospective analysis from a health maintenance organization experience

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第25期15卷 3122-3127页

作者： Kevin T Kao Benito A pedraza Amy C McClune David A Rios Yi-Qiong Mao Robert H Zuch Michael H Kanter Sony Wirio Chris N Conteas Department of Gastroenterology Kaiser PermanenteLos Angeles Medical Center Los Angeles California 90027United States Department of internal Medicine Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center Los Angeles California 90027 United States Department of Pathology Southern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Group California 90027 United States

AiM： To examine the demographic data on a large multi-ethnic population of patients with microscopic colitis （MC） in Southern California and to determine the association of MC with inflammatory bowel disease （iBD） and colorectal cancer. METHODS： All patients diagnosed with MC by co- ionic biopsy from 1996-2005 were identified utilizing a pathology database. All biopsies were reviewed by experienced pathologists utilizing standard histologic criteria. Patients＇ medical records were reviewed and data regarding patient age, co-morbidities, sex, ethnic- ity, and medications were analyzed. An age- and sex- matched standard control group was also generated. Chi-square test was used to evaluate the associations of co-morbidities between lymphocytic colitis （LC）, col- lagenous colitis （CC） and the control group. RESULTS： A total of 547 cases of MC were identified, 376 patients with LC and 171 patients with CC. The fe- male/male ratio was 3：1 in CC and 2.7：1 in LC patients. Celiac disease （P 〈 0.001）, irritable bowel syndrome （iBS）（P 〈 0.001）, and thyroid diseases （P 〈 0.001） were found to have a higher occurrence in MC com- pared to the control group. No statistical differences in the occurrence of colorectal cancer, diabetes and iBD were found between the MC group and the control group. CONCLUSiON： This is the largest group of patients with MC known to the authors that has been studied to date. Conditions such as celiac disease, iBS, and thyroid diseases were found to be related to MC. Fur- thermore, neither an increased risk of colorectal cancer nor iBD was associated with MC in this study.

关键词： Collagenous colitis inflammatory bowel disease Lymphocytic colitis Microscopic colitis

Opportunities for treatment of the hepatitis C virus-infected patient with chronic kidney disease

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World Journal of Hepatology 2017年第19期9卷 833-839页

作者： Marco Ladino Fernando pedraza David Roth Miller School of Medicine and the Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension University of Miami

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection amongst patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD) and end-stage renal disease exceeds that of the general population. in addition to predisposing to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, infection with HCV has been associated with extra-hepatic complications including CKD, proteinuria, glomerulonephritis, cryoglobulinemia, increased cardiovascular risk, insulin resistance, and lymphoma. With these associated morbidities, infection with HCV is not unexpectedly accompanied by an increase in mortality in the general population as well as in patients with kidney disease. Advances in the understanding of the HCV genome have resulted in the development of direct-acting antiviral agents that can achieve much higher sustained virologic response rates than previous interferon-based protocols. The direct acting antivirals have either primarily hepatic or renal metabolism and excretion pathways. This information is particularly relevant when considering treatment in patients with reduced kidney function. in this context, some of these agents are not recommended for use in patients with a glomerular filtration rate in per 1.73 m^2. There are now Food and Drug Administration approved direct acting antiviral agents for the treatment of patients with kidney disease and reduced function. These agents have been demonstrated to be effective with sustained viral response rates comparable to the general population with good safety profiles. A disease that was only recently considered to be very challenging to treat in patients with kidney dysfunction is now curable with these medications.

关键词： Hepatitis C virus Chronic kidney disease Direct acting antiviral agents Kidney transplantation