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Surface modi.i.ati.n of ammoni.m ni.rate by coati.g wi.h surfactant materi.ls to reduce hygroscopi.i.y

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2019年第4期15卷 615-620页

作者： baha i. Elzaki.Yue Jun Zhang School of Chemi.al Engi.eeri.g Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu China Department of Chemi.al Engi.eeri.g College of Engineering Karary University Omdurman 12304 Sudan

Ammoni.m ni.rate(AN)i. promi.i.g oxi.i.er i. green *** thi. work,the physi.al coati.g method was i.proved to modi.y the surface of ammoni.m ni.rate parti.les wi.h di.ferent surfactant materi.ls to reduce ***,steari. aci.,stearyl alcohol,palmi. aci.,lauri. aci.,stearsmi.e,tetradecylami.e,dodecylami.e,and tetradecanol were used as coati.g surfactant *** hygroscopi.i.y was tested for ammoni.m ni.rate wi.h and wi.hout *** transform i.frared(FTi.)and scanni.g electron mi.roscopy(SEM)were used to characteri.e the surface of coated and uncoated ammoni.m *** mass rati. of coati.g layer and decli.e of absorpti.n rate of ammoni.m ni.rate coated by cetylalcohol were 1.00%,and 28.40%,*** results i.di.ate that coati.g wi.h cetylalcohol surfactant have advantages over the other surfactants i. term of low mass rati. of coati.g layer,and hi.h decli.e of moi.ture absorpti.n ***,cetylalcohol would be a promi.i.g coati.g surfactant materi.l for ammoni.m *** i.ea and approach presented i. thi. study have potenti.l to made hydrophobi. layer on the surface of parti.les to reduce hygroscopi.i.y of AN,and also help the researcher to i.provi.g anti.hygroscopi.i.y of ammoni.m salts.

关键词： Ammoni.m ni.rate(AN) Coati.g Hygroscopi.i.y Modi.i.ati.n surface Surfactant

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Vari.ti.nal i.erati.n Method for Delay Di.ferenti.l Equati.ns

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Communi.ati.ns i. Nonli.ear Sci.nce and Numeri.al Si.ulati.n 1997年第4期2卷 235-236页

作者： Ji.uan HE (Shanghai.Uni.ersi.y,Shanghai.i.sti.ute of Appli.d Mathemati.s and Mechani.s,Shanghai.2 0 0 0 72 ,Chi.a) Shanghai.Uni.ersi.y Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics Shanghai 200072 China

The vari.ti.nal i.erati.n method i. shown to be appli.able to delay di.ferenti.l equati.ns for analyti.al approxi.ate soluti.ns

关键词： Vari.ti.nal i.erati.n Method for Delay Di.ferenti.l Equati.ns

Mφller Energy-Momentum Complex i. General Relati.i.y for Hi.her Di.ensi.nal Uni.erses

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Chi.ese Physi.s Letters 2007年第7期24卷 1821-1824页

作者： M. Aygi.n S. Aygi.n i. Yflmaz H. baysal i. Tarhan Department of Physi.s Art and Science Faculty Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University 17020 Canakkale Thrkey Department of Secondary Sci.nce and Mathemati.s Educati.n Faculty of Education~anakkale Onsekiz Mart University 17100 Canakkale Turkey

Usi.g the Mφ11er energy-momentum defi.i.i.n i. general relati.i.y （GR） we calculate the total energy-momentum di.tri.uti.n associ.ted wi.h （n 4- 2）-di.ensi.nal homogeneous and i.otropi. model of the uni.erse. i. i. found that total energy of M^ller i. vani.hi.g i. （n 4- 2） di.ensi.ns everywhere but n-momentum components of Mφ11er i. （n 4- 2） di.ensi.ns are di.ferent from zero. Also, we evaluate the stati. Ei.stei. Uni.erse, FRW uni.erse and de Si.ter uni.erse i. four di.ensi.ns by usi.g （n 4- 2）-type metri., then calculate the Mφ11er energy-momentum di.tri.uti.n of these spaceti.es. However, our results are consi.tent wi.h the results of banerjee and Sen, Xulu, Radi.schi. Vargas, Cooperstock-i.raeli., A ygi.n et al., Rosen, and Johri.et al. i. four di.ensi.ns.

关键词： Energy-Momentum Relati.i.y Di.ensi.nal

New spectroscopi. methods for envi.onmental measurement and moni.ori.g

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Chi.ese Journal of Chemi.try 1999年第3期17卷 204-211,201页

作者： STEi.FELD Jeffrey i. Department of Chemi.try Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Mass. 02139 USA

The abi.i.y to moni.or a broad range of chemi.al speci.s i. the atmosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere i. a key technology for addressi.g global envi.onmental i.sues. Thi. report surveys several hi.h sensi.i.i.y spectroscopi. techni.ues for thi. purpose, i.cludi.g Frequency-Modulati.n-Enhanced Remote Sensi.g, i.tra Cavi.y Laser Absorpti.n Spectroscopy, Cavi.y Ri.g Down Spectroscopy, and Raman Spectroscopy.

关键词： Green Chemi.try sustai.abi.i.y envi.onmental moni.ori.g spectroscopy Raman

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New Sensor Concepts for Enhanci.g Heat Treatment Processes and Analysi.

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材料热处理学报 2004年第5期25卷 443-446页

作者： Jay i. Frankel Mechani.al Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering Department University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA

The need for developi.g accurate quenchi.g models requi.es an extensi.e experi.ental database that i.cludes surface heat flux characteri.ati.n. Quanti.i.ati.n of the quenchi.g process permi.s i. the development of hi.h-quali.y heat treated products, i.) the evaluati.n of new quenchants and quenchant systems, and i.i. the evaluati.n of quenchant quali.y over usage ti.e. The surface heat transfer coeffi.i.nt (or heat flux) i. rarely measured, calculated or modeled i. suffi.i.nt detai. for real sci.nti.i. use. Many si.gle-thermocouple based probes are desi.ned for the purpose of measuri.g the cooli.g power of a li.ui. quenchant or for moni.ori.g quenchant quali.y. Lumped based probes are suffi.i.nt for these types of appli.ati.ns. However, the lack of suffi.i.nt di.tri.uted detai. i.pedes the development of future hi.h-quali.y heat-treated products. Frankel and hi. coworkers are developi.g a new fami.y of transi.nt thermal-rate sensors that wi.l i.prove both di.gnosti. and real-ti.e analyzes i. heat transfer studi.s. Analyzes have been performed i.di.ati.g that there exi.ts a novel, thermal-rate sensor hi.rarchy that stabi.i.es predi.ti.ns when used wi.h analysi.. Thi. concept can be used for i.vesti.ati.g both (i. di.ect surface heat transfer effects, and (i.) projecti.e surface analysi. based on embedded sensors. Thi. new sensor fami.y i.cludes the abi.i.y to measure temperature, T; heat flux, q"; and thei. temporal deri.ati.es, i.e., dT/dt, d^T/dt2 and dq’Vdt.

关键词：传感器热处理热通量传热系数

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Patterni.g Nanoroads and Quantum Dots on Fluori.ated Graphene

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Nano Research 2011年第1期4卷 143-152页

作者： Morgana A. Ri.as Abhi.hek K. Si.gh Pavel b. Soroki. bori. i. Yakobson Department of Mechani.al Engi.eeri.g and Materi.ls Sci.nce and Department of Chemi.try Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA Materi.ls Research Centre Indian Institlzte of Science Bangalore 560012 India

Usi.g ab i.i.i. methods we have i.vesti.ated the fluori.ati.n of graphene and fi.d that di.ferent stoi.hi.metri. phases can be formed wi.hout a nucleati.n barri.r, wi.h the complete ＂2D-Teflon＂ CF phase bei.g thermody- nami.ally most stable. The fluori.ated graphene i. an i.sulator and turns out to be a perfect matri.-host for patterni.g nanoroads and quantum dots of pri.ti.e graphene. The electroni. and magneti. properti.s of the nanoroads can be tuned by varyi.g the edge ori.ntati.n and wi.th. The energy gaps between the hi.hest occupi.d and lowest unoccupi.d molecular orbi.als （HOMO-LUMO） of quantum dots are si.e-dependent and show a confi.ement typi.al of Di.ac fermi.ns. Furthermore, we study the effect of di.ferent basi. coverage of F on graphene （wi.h stoi.hi.metri.s CF and C4F） on the band gaps, and show the sui.abi.i.y of these materi.ls to host quantum dots of graphene wi.h uni.ue electroni. properti.s.

关键词： Graphene fluori.ated graphene fluorographene nanoroads quantum dots

Challenges i. hydrogen adsorpti.ns： from physi.orpti.n to chemi.orpti.n

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Fronti.rs of physi.s 2011年第2期6卷 142-150页

作者： Feng Di.G bori. i. YAKObSON i.sti.ute of Texti.e and Clothi.g Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon Hong Kong China Department of Materi.l Sci.nce and Mechani.al Engi.eeri.g Department of Chemistry Rice University Houston TX 77005 USA

i. thi. short revi.w, we wi.l bri.fly di.cuss the story of hydrogen storage, i.s i.pact on clean energy appli.ati.n, especi.lly the challenges of usi.g hydrogen adsorpti.n for onboard appli.ati.n. After a short compari.on of the mai. methods of hydrogen storage （hi.h pressure tank, metal hydri.e and adsorpti.n）, we wi.l focus our di.cussi.n on adsorpti.n of hydrogen i. graphi.i. carbon based large surface area adsorbents i.cludi.g carbon nanotubes, graphene and metal organi. frameworks. The mechani.ms, advantages, di.advantages and recent progresses wi.l be di.cussed and revi.wed for physi.orpti.n, metal-assi.ted storage and chemi.orpti.n. i. the last secti.n, we wi.l di.cuss hydrogen spi.lover chemi.orpti.n i. detai. for the mechani.m, status, challenges and perspecti.es. We hope to present a clear pi.ture of the present technologi.s, challenges and the perspecti.es of hydrogen storage for the future studi.s.

关键词： hydrogen storage physi.orpti.n chemi.orpti.n spi.lover

The relati.nshi. between i.traspeci.i. assortati.e mati.g and reproducti.e i.olati.n between di.ergent populati.ns

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Current Zoology 2012年第3期58卷 484-492页

作者： Dani.l i. bOLNi.K Mark Ki.KPATRi.K Howard Hughes Medi.al i.sti.ute and Secti.n of i.tegrati.e bi.logy One University Station C0930 University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA Secti.n of i.tegrati.e bi.logy One University Station C0930 University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA

The term ＇assortati.e mati.g＇ has been appli.d to descri.e two very di.ferent phenomena：（1） the tendency for i.di. vi.uals to choose phenotypi.ally si.i.ar mates from among conspeci.i.s; or （2） the tendency to prefer conspeci.i. over hete- rospeci.i. mates （behavi.ral reproducti.e i.olati.n）. both forms of assortati.e mati.g are wi.espread i. nature, but the relati.n- shi. between these behavi.rs remai.s unclear. Namely, i. i. plausi.le that a preference for phenotypi.ally si.i.ar conspeci.i.s i. ci.entally reduces the probabi.i.y of mati.g wi.h phenotypi.ally di.ergent heterospeci.i.s. We present a model to calculate how the level of reproducti.e i.olati.n depends on i.traspeci.i. assortati.e mati.g and the phenotypi. di.ergence between speci.s. For empi.i.ally reasonable levels of i.traspeci.i. assortment on a si.gle trai. axi., we show that strong reproducti.e i.olati.n requi.es very substanti.l phenotypi. di.ergence. We i.lustrate thi. poi.t by applyi.g our model to empi.i.al data from threespi.e sti.kleback Gasterosteus aculeatus and Darwi.＇s Fi.ches （Geospi.a spp）. We conclude that typi.al levels of i.traspeci.i. assortment cannot generally be extrapolated to explai. levels of i.terspeci.i. reproducti.e i.olati.n. i.stead, reproducti.e i.olati.n between speci.s li.ely ari.es from di.ferent mate choi.e behavi.rs, or multi.ari.te assortati.e mati.g [Current Zoology 58 （3）： 484-492, 2012].

关键词： Assortati.e mati.g Hybri.i.ati.n Mati.g preference Reproducti.e i.olati.n Speci.ti.n

Novel techni.ue for measurement of coati.g layer thi.kness of fi.e and porous parti.les usi.g focused i.n beam

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Parti.uology 2019年第1期17卷 190-198页

作者： M. Gosli.ska i. Selmer C. Kleemann U.Kulozi. i. Smi.nova S. Hei.ri.h Hamburg Uni.ersi.y of Technology Institute of Solids Process Engineering and Particle TechnologyDenickestr1521073 HamburgGermany Hamburg Uni.ersi.y of Technology Institute of Thermal Separation ProcessesEiJ^endorfer Str. 3821073 HamburgGermany Techni.al Uni.ersi.y of Muni.h Chair of Food and Bioprocess EngineeringWeihenstephaner Berg 185354 FreisingGermany

A novel techni.ue for the measurement of the coati.g layer thi.kness of fi.e parti.les was developed i. thi. work based on cross-secti.ni.g of mi.rometre-si.ed si.gle coated parti.les usi.g focused i.n beam (Fi.) mi.li.g. Thi. techni.ue was tested on two batches of aerogel parti.les coated wi.h thi. coati.gs i. a spouted bed. The Fi. mi.li.g procedure consi.ted of two steps. Fi.st, the desi.ed part of the coated parti.le was removed usi.g a hi.h i.n beam current. The resulti.g cross-secti.ned area was then poli.hed usi.g a lower i.n beam current to make the cross-secti.n clearly vi.i.le. The Fi. mi.li.g process was controlled wi.h si.ultaneous scanni.g electron mi.roscopy (SEM). Afterwards, the coati.g layer thi.kness was evaluated usi.g the SEM i.ages. The coati.g layer was successfully appli.d on the porous aerogel mi.roparti.les i. the spouted bed. The coati.g uni.ormi.y of the hi.hly porous parti.les i.creased wi.h i.creasi.g sprayed coati.g soluti.n amount, wi.h up to 91% of the parti.le pores bei.g covered. The Fi.-cross-secti.ni.g techni.ue usi.g an i.n beam of 2.50 nA for the fi.st mi.li.g and 0.43 nA for poli.hi.g of the surface resulted i. successful generati.n of cross-secti.ns of representati.e parti.les wi.h a vi.i.le parti.le core and coati.g layer. A coati.g layer thi.kness of approxi.ately 700 nm was achi.ved on parti.les wi.h si.es of below 45 μm.

关键词： Coati.g layer thi.kness Focused i.n beam Mi.roparti.le Aerogel Spouted bed Di.ute spouti.g