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Thermal Tempering Does Not Impact Rainbow Trout and Brown Trout Survival

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2020年第7期11卷 345-353页

作者： Nathan huysman Jill m. Voorhees Eric Krebs michael E. Barnes South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks McNenny State Fish Hatchery Spearfish SD USA

Hatchery-reared fish are frequently adjusted (tempered) to the higher water temperatures present in the water bodies where they are to be stocked. This study was undertaken to determine the necessity of such tempering practices. This study used rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) reared at 11.2°C. The first two trials for each species were designed to simultaneously determine the upper incipient lethal temperature and 100% lethal temperature over a 14-day period. The third trial for each species evaluated the effects of an exaggerated 12-hour tempering regime on fish survival after placement in elevated water temperatures. After transfer from a water temperature of 11.2°C, no rainbow trout survived at 26°C, and only 50% survived at 25°C. No brown trout survived at 22°C and only 50% at 20°C. Survival of rainbow trout was not improved by the 12-hour tempering regime where water temperatures were slowly increased from 11.2°C to either 25°C or 26°C. Similarly, tempering did not improve brown trout survival at either 20°C or 22°C. These results suggest that tempering is not needed when hatchery-reared trout are reared and stocked at the water temperatures within the range of those used in this study.

关键词： Tempering Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Brown Trout Salmo trutta Temperature

Exercise and Structure Improve Juvenile Chinook Salmon Rearing Performance

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Open Journal of marine Science 2021年第2期11卷 80-91页

作者： Jill m. Voorhees Nathan huysman Eric Krebs michael E. Barnes South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks McNenny State Fish Hatchery Spearfish SD USA

This experiment evaluated the use of an exercise routine and vertically-sus-pended structure during juvenile landlocked fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; mean ± SE, initial weight 1.47 ± 0.03 g, total length 56.4 ± 0.4 mm) rearing. Four treatments were used: 1) no exercise routine nor vertically-suspended structure, 2) exercise and structure, 3) exercise and no structure, and 4) no exercise and structure. Water velocities in tanks without exercise were 12 cm/s, where-as the exercise routine consisted of seven days at 12 cm/s followed by seven days at 18 cm/s. The structure was an array consisting of four vertically-suspended aluminum angles. Total tank gain and percent gain were significantly greater after 50 days in the tanks of salmon subjected to the exercise routine and structure compared to the three other treatments. Gain and percent gain were also significantly greater in the tanks receiving structure without exercise compared to tanks with exercise and no structure or tanks with neither exercise nor structure. Feed conversion ratio was signifmily:Verdana;">icantly improved in the salmon tanks w

关键词： Environmental Enrichment Salmonid Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Vertically-Suspended

Sutureless Implantation of Acoustic Transmitters in Rainbow Trout Exceeding 2% Tag-to-Body Ratio

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2022年第6期13卷 265-271页

作者： Ashley Kelican Nathan huysman Jill m. Voorhees michael E. Barnes South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks McNenny State Fish Hatchery Spearfish USA

A novel sutureless surgical technique has been successfully used to implant acoustic transmitters in relatively large rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss with a tag-to-body-ratio of 0.88%. This study examined the same technique in smaller rainbow trout in two, 12-week trials comparing both sutured and sutureless surgical techniques. In the first trial using a tag-to-body-ratio of 1.9% ± 0.04%, tag retention was only 16.6% in fish without sutures, which was significantly lower than the 83.3% retention with sutured incisions. Similarly, in the second trial with a tag-to-body-ratio of 3.2% ± 0.03%, tag retention was 55.5% without sutures, which was significantly lower than the 90.0% retention using sutures. mortality was not significantly different between treatments in either trial. The results of this study indicate that sutures must be used during surgeries to implant acoustic transmitters in relatively smaller fish with tag-to-body-ratios at or above 1.9%.

关键词： Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Surgery Acoustic Transmitter

Thermal Tempering Does Not Increase the Survival of Eyed Salmonid Eggs

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2021年第3期11卷 287-293页

作者： Lynn Slama Nathan huysman Jill m. Voorhees michael E. Barnes South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks McNenny State Fish Hatchery Spearfish South Dakota USA

Eyed salmonid eggs can be subjected to large temperature swings during development, particularly when shipped in ice-filled containers from broodstock facilities to production hatcheries. This study examined the effect of thermal tempering on the survival of brown trout m>Salmo truttam> and rainbow trout m>Oncorhynchus mykissm> eyed eggs to hatch. Eyed eggs at 1°C were either directly placed in 11°C water or allowed to thermally temper from 1°C to 11°C gradually over an hour. In addition, each of the tempering treatments occurred either with or without a 10-minute iodophor disinfection treatment. Tempering had no significant effect on survival-to-hatch in either species (85% - 97%). However, survival was significantly lower in rainbow trout eggs subjected to iodine disinfection (73% - 75%) compared to non-disinfected eggs (91% - 97%), likely because of the close proximity to hatch. The results of this study indicate that slowly raising the temperature (thermal tempering) of brown trout and rainbow trout eyed eggs is unnecessary. Additionally, iodine disinfection of eyed salmonid eggs in close proximity to hatching should be avoided.

关键词： Tempering Trout Eggs Salmonid Iodophor

Vertically-Suspended Environmental Enrichment Improves Growth of Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon during Initial Hatchery Rearing

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2020年第11期10卷 725-731页

作者： Nathan huysman Jill m. Voorhees Eric Krebs michael E. Barnes South Dakota Game Fish and Parks McNenny State Fish Hatchery Spearfish USA

Environmental enrichment has been shown to improve juvenile salmonid growth during hatchery rearing. This study examined the effects of vertically-suspended environmental enrichment starting seven days after feed training and continuing for the next 32 days of landlocked fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytschamily:Verdana;">) rearing. At the end of this experiment, final tank weights, gain, percent gain, and feed conversion ratio were all significantly improved in the tanks of salmon with environmental enrichment compared to barren tanks, with a nearly 25% improvement in feed conversion ratio. Individual salmon in tanks with environmental enrichment were significantly longer and weighed significantly more than salmon from tanks without enrichment. Specific growth rate was also significantly improved with the use of enrichment. The use of vertically-suspended environmental enrichment to improve growth and rearing efficiency is recommended during the initial rearing of landlocked fall Chinook salmon.

关键词： Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Environmental Enrichment Structure Initial Feeding

Influence of water Velocity and Vertically-Suspended Structures on Rainbow Trout Rearing Performance

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2020年第1期10卷 152-161页

作者： Jill m. Voorhees Nathan huysman Eric Krebs michael E. Barnes South Dakota Game Fish and Parks McNenny State Fish Hatchery Spearfish South Dakota USA

This study evaluated the effects of two water velocities and three types of vertically-suspended environmental enrichment during the rearing of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss;mean ± SE, initial weight 4 ± 1 g and total length 71 ± 2 mm) in 1.8m diameter circular tanks. The 2 × 3 experimental design used two velocities (12.2 cm·s-1 and 30.5 cm·s-1) and three structural treatments (aluminum rod array, plastic spheres, or no structure). After 116 days, the fish reared without any structure (control) at 30.5 cm·s-1 had significantly lower total tank weight, gain, percent gain, feed conversion ratio, and specific growth rate compared to the other treatments. Similarly, the fish reared with a velocity of 30.5 cm·s-1 without structure were significantly shorter and lighter than those in the other treatments. There was no significant difference in condition factor and relative fin lengths among the treatments. These results indicate that vertically-suspended environmental enrichment may be impacting fish rearing performance by altering tank water velocities.

关键词： Environmental Enrichment Exercise Salmonid Oncorhynchus mykiss

Use of Exercise and Structure during Rainbow Trout Rearing

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2020年第5期10卷 258-269页

作者： Jill m. Voorhees Nathan huysman Eric Krebs michael E. Barnes Department of Game Fish and Parks McNenny State Fish Hatchery Spearfish USA

A combination of two forms of environmental enrichment (in-tank structure and exercise) was evaluated during the hatchery rearing of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The study used four treatments: 1) neither exercise nor structure, 2) exercise without structure, 3) structure without exercise, and 4) both exercise and structure. Velocities in the unexercised tanks were a constant 12.2 cm-s-1. Velocities in the exercised tanks alternated weekly with one week at 12.2 cm-s-1 followed by a week at 30.5 cm-s-1. Structural enrichment consisted of an array of vertically-suspended aluminum angles. The use of either environmental enrichment technique significantly improved final tank weight, gain, percent gain, and specific growth rate. Feed conversion ratio was significantly and positively influenced only by structure, but fish on the exercise routine were overfed. There were no significant interactions between exercise and structure, indicating that each form of environmental enrichment operates independently. The results of this study indicate fish rearing performance can be improved with the addition of either vertically-suspended aluminum angles or an exercise routine, but the combination of the two techniques may not be needed to improve rainbow trout growth.

关键词： Routine Velocity Oncorhynchus mykiss Salmonids Environmental Enrichment

Short-Term Stress Response of Juvenile Rainbow Trout Subjected to Two Different Rearing Densities

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2023年第1期13卷 126-136页

作者： Jaid Freestone Jill m. Voorhees Nathan huysman Eric Krebs michael E. Barnes South Dakota Game Fish and Parks McNenny State Fish Hatchery Spearfish USA

Juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were subjected to one of four treatments in a two-by-two experimental design: 1) fed at a density of 1.8 g/m3, 2) Fasted at 1.8 g/m3, 3) fed at 30.1 g/m3, and 4) fasted at 30.1 g/m3. Blood glucose and hematocrit were measured at 4, 6, 48, 168, and 336 hours after placement in one of the two rearing densities, with relative fin lengths and organosomatic indices recorded at 336 hours. Glucose levels over time were not significantly different among the density and feeding treatments. Hematocrit levels over time were also not significantly different. Total lengths, weight, hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index, and any of the relative fin lengths were not significantly different between the high and low densities. However, the hepatosomatic index was significantly greater in the fed fish compared to those fasted. The splenosomatic index was significantly greater in the higher density treatment. These results likely indicate no short-term stress response to the higher rearing density used in this short-term experiment and no interaction between starvation and density-related stressors.

关键词： Rainbow Trout Density Feeding Glucose Hematocrit

Effect of Activated milt Residence Time on Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon Egg Survival

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2020年第4期10卷 135-141页

作者： Jessica Shannon Nathan huysman Jill m. Voorhees Eric Krebs michael E. Barnes Department of Game Fish and Parks McNenny State Fish Hatchery Spearfish South Dakota USA

During artificial spawning of salmonids, activated sperm is allowed to remain in contact with eggs for variable durations. This study examined multiple residence times (20, 40, 60, 90, or 120 seconds) for activated sperm on landlocked fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) eggs during spawning. There was no significant difference in egg survival to the eyed-stage of development or to hatch among any of the treatments, with a mean (SE) percent survival to the eyed stage of 63.9 (5.8). These results indicate that only relatively short residence times of activated milt on eggs during landlocked fall Chinook salmon spawning are needed to ensure egg survival, resulting in potentially substantial reductions in production-level spawning times and associated labor costs.

关键词： Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha milt Eggs Spawning Sperm