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Paths out of poverty:An eclectic and idiosyncratic review of analytical approaches

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2021年第4期20卷 868-879页

作者： Eugenio d.az-BONILLA Susana CONSTENLA-VILLOSLAdA International Food Policy Research Institute(IFPRI) WashingtonD.C.20005USA

This paper briefly reviews different debates about approaches for paths out of poverty,considering several views,from the analysis of specific policies to more general or systemic *** contribution of this paper is to present a broad outline of those debates and to serve as an illustration of the complexity of analyzing paths out of *** discusses in sequence,the more microeconomic approach of evaluation of individual policies for poverty alleviation;then it moves to broader issues of growth and development strategies,and macroeconomic policies,and their links to the persistence or reduction of poverty;and finally discusses the topic of institutions,related to how policy decisions are made and enforced in societies at the previous three ***,the concluding section argues that a successful program to eliminate poverty must integrate all levels of individual policies,macroeconomic programs,development strategies and good *** paper hopes to contribute to that crucial work.

关键词： poverty economic growth macroeconomics microeconomics randomized control trials

TRANSFORMATION OF FOOd SYSTEMS:HOW CAN IT BE FINANCEd?

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2023年第1期10卷 109-123页

作者： Eugenio d.az-BONILLA Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture(IICA) Washington DC 20006USA International Food Policy Research Institute(IFPRI) Washington DC 20005USA

The paper provides a review of the work on financing the transformation of food systems done by the author and colleagues at *** analysis discusses the objectives of that transformation(related to the Sustainable development Goals and the Paris Agreement)and shows estimates of the costs *** it presents an evaluation of the existing financial flows and their potential scaling up,using a broader view of six main flows involved:two that are internal to food systems(consumer expenditures on food and related items,which are the main source of revenue(as sales)for the variety of actors on the supply side of food systems);and four that are external(international development funds,public budgets,banking systems,and capital markets).The paper notes that although current funding does not reach the scale needed to finance the desired transformation of food systems,there are sufficient potential financial resources available in the aggregate to achieve such ***,to mobilize the existing potential funds the paper discussed several things that need to be done,starting with an adequate macroeconomic and overall incentive framework to guide both the internal flows related to consumption and production decisions,as well as the four external *** paper also suggested other possible interventions to mobilize,reorient,and increase the financial flows to the desired *** further noted that the costs and financing,which in the paper were discussed at the global level,must be estimated at the country level,as part of the design and implementation of adequate national plans for equitable,healthy and sustainable food systems.

关键词： financial markets food systems development financing consumer expenditures public budgets Sustainable development Goals

Activity optimization method in SPECT:A comparison with ROC analysis

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B(Biomedicine & Biotechnology) 2006年第12期7卷 947-956页

作者： d.az Marlén Pérez RIZO Oscar d.az d.az Adlin López APARICIO Eric Estévez d.az Reinaldo Roque Center for Studies on Electronics & Info Tech. Images Group Central University of Las Villas Santa Clara 54830 Cuba department of Nuclear Physics Institute for Sciences and Advanced Technology Havana 10400 Cuba department of Nuclear Medicine Cardiovascular Surgery Institute Havana 10400 Cuba department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital Celestino Hernández Santa Clara 50200 Cuba

A discriminant method for optimizing activity in nuclear medicine studies is validated by comparison with ROC （received operating characteristic）-curves. The method is tested in 21 single photon emission computerized tomography （SPECT）, performed with a cardiac phantom. Three different lesions （Lb L2 and L3） were placed in the myocardium-wall by pairs fbr each SPECT. Three activities （84, 37 or 18.5 MBq） of 99mTc were used as background. Linear discriminant analysis was used to select the parameters that characterize image quality among the measured variables in the images [（Background-to-Lesion （B/Li） and Signal-to-Noise （S/N） ratios）]. Two clusters with different image quality （P=0.021 ） were obtained. The ratios B/Lj, B/L2 and B/L3 are the parameters used to construct the function with 100% of cases correctly classified into the clusters. The value of 37 MBq was the lowest tested activity for which good results for the B/Li ratios were obtained. The result coincides with the applied ROC-analysis （r=0.89）.

关键词： Activity optimization Image quality SPECT discriminant analysis ROC curves

Foraging, feeding, and physiological stress responses of wild wood mice to increased illumination and common genet cues

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Current Zoology 2018年第4期64卷 409-417页

作者： Alvaro NAVARRO-CASTILLA Isabel BARJA Mario d.az department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Universidad Autónoma de Madrid C/Darwin 2 Campus Universitario de Cantolanco Madrid 28049 Spain department of Biogeography and Global Change Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales CSIC Madrid 28006 Spain

In nature, animals are exposed to a broad range of threats imposed by predators, which may strongly influence the ecology of prey species directly or indirectly by affecting their behavior via fear of predation. Here, we studied wood mice Apodemus sylvaticus behavioral and physiological responses to simulated predation risk. Risk avoidance was analyzed by live trapping with control traps and traps treated with feces of common genet Genetta genetta （direct cue of risk） under new moon nights and following by simulated full moon conditions （indirect cue）. The time devoted to foraging behavior and capture time were analyzed by video recording mice activity around traps. Food intake was calculated based on the amount of bait remaining in each trap. Fecal cortico- sterone metabolites （FCMs） were measured by enzyme-immunoassay as indicators of physio- logical stress responses. Fewer wood mice were captured during full moon, yet only non-breeding adult males clearly avoided common genet odor. Mice were captured sooner at night during the simulated full moon conditions and later in predator-treated traps. Foraging activity was lower when individuals faced predator＇s feces, but neither food intake nor FCM levels were affected by predation risk cues. direct and indirect cues of predation risk selectively affected wood mice behavior, although behavioral responses seem to be modulated by different costs-benefit balances related to the individual＇s perception of risk. The lack of physiological responses to predation risk cues suggests that wood mice did not perceive them as reliable stressors or the response was too small or transient to be measured by FCM.

关键词： common genet fecal predator cues feeding foraging moonlight predator avoidance

Neurotrophic fragments as therapeutic alternatives to ameliorate brain aging

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第1期18卷 51-56页

作者： Itzel Ortiz Flores Samuel Treviño Alfonso d.az department of Health Sciences School of MedicineUniversity of the Americas PueblaPueblaMexico Faculty of Chemical Sciences Benemerita Autonomous University of PueblaPueblaMexico

Aging is a global phenomenon and a complex biological process of all living beings that introduces various *** this physiological process,the brain is the most affected organ due to changes in its structural and chemical functions,such as changes in plasticity and decrease in the number,diameter,length,and branching of dendrites and dendritic ***,it presents a great reduction in volume resulting from the contraction of the gray ***,aging can affect not only cognitive functions,including learning and memory,but also the quality of life of older *** a result of the phenomena,various molecules with notable neuroprotective capacity have been proposed,which provide a therapeutic alternative for people under conditions of aging or some neurodegenerative *** is important to indicate that in recent years the use of molecules with neurotrophic activity has shown interesting results when evaluated in in vivo *** review aims to describe the neurotrophic potential of molecules such as resveratrol(3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene),neurotrophins(brain-derived neurotrophic factor),and neurotrophic-type compounds such as the terminal carboxyl domain of the heavy chain of tetanus toxin,cerebrolysin,neuropeptide-12,and *** of these molecules have been evaluated by our research *** suggest that these molecules exert an important therapeutic potential,restoring brain function in aging conditions or models of neurodegenerative ***,our interest is in describing the current scientific evidence that supports the therapeutic potential of these molecules with active neurotrophic.

关键词： Alzheimer’s disease brain cerebral cortex cognitive function dendritic spines HC-TeTx hippocampus neurodegeneration neuronal survival neurotrophins

Overcast sky condition prevails on and influences the biometeorology of the tropical Andean Páramos

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Journal of Mountain Science 2023年第1期20卷 78-86页

作者： Paola MONTENEGRO-d.az Rolando CELLERIALVEAR Galo CARRILLO-ROJAS departamento de Recursos Hídricos y Ciencias Ambientales Universidad de CuencaCuenca010207Ecuador Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de CuencaCuenca010207Ecuador Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad de CuencaCuenca010207Ecuador

Clouds play a major role in modulating the biometeorological processes. We studied the influence of cloudiness on four biometeorological variables:daily air temperature(Tair), relative humidity(RH),reference evapotranspiration(ETr),and photosynthetic active radiation(PAR), recorded at four sites of Andean Páramos in southern Ecuador during 2.5 to 5.5 years. First, we quantified both the cloud cover percentage(Cloud%) creating cloud masks over the visible bands of Landsat 7 images and the sky condition(K_(T)) using the records of solar and extraterrestrial radiation. Second, we estimated KTfrom Cloud%. Finally, we quantified T_(air), RH, ET_(r), and PAR under clear, cloudy, and overcast K_(T) and their dependence on KT. The average Cloud% ranged between 65%–76%, and KTcorroborated the prevailing overcast sky(between 55% and 72.5% of the days) over the páramos. The proposed model performed well in the sites of calibration(R^(2)= 0.80;MBE = 0.00;RMSE = 0.05) and validation(R^(2)= 0.74;MBE =-0.07;RMSE = 0.11). The overcast sky diminished T_(air)(≤ 10℃), ET_(r)(≤ 1.6 mm day-1), and PAR(4 MJ m^(-2)day^(-1)) and increased RH(≥ 88%),while the variables showed the opposite behavior during the uncommon clear sky(≤ 5.5% of the days).Thus, mostly the dynamic of RH(R^(2)≥ 0.62), ETr(R^(2)≥ 0.85), and PAR(R2≥ 0.77) depended on K_(T). Hence,the prevailing overcast sky influenced the biometeorology of the páramos.

关键词： Cloudiness indicator Clearness index Satellite imagery Tropical Andes

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and its relationship with Crohn's disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第4期15卷 417-422页

作者： Juan Luis Mendoza Raquel Lana Manuel d.az-Rubio Inflammatory Bowel disease Unit Department of GastroenterologyHospital Clínico San CarlosUniversidad Complutense department of Internal Medicine Hospital Clínico San CarlosUniversidad Complutense

The hypothesis postulating that Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis(MAP) is the cause of Crohn's disease(Cd) has been circulating for many *** in molecular techniques,such as polymerase chain reaction and culture methods,have enabled researchers to demonstrate that there is an association between MAP and ***,genome-wide association studies have identified novel susceptibility genes for Cd,which are critical for generation of an adaptive immune response that is protective against intracellular pathogens,including *** ***,the role of MAP as a cause of Cd suffered a setback with the report that administration of antimycobacterial therapy failed to lead to a sustained response in Cd ***,this review sought neither to confirm nor refute this,but instead to survey recent literature on the role of MAP in Cd.

关键词： Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuber-culosis Crohn's diasease Inflammatory bowel disease

Small molecules to prevent the neurodegeneration caused by α-synuclein aggregation

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第12期15卷 2260-2261页

作者： Samuel Pena-d.az Jordi Pujols Salvador Ventura Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia MolecularUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterraSpain

Parkinson’s disease (Pd) is a neurodegenerative disorder belonging to a group of human pathologies known as synucleinopathies,which includes multiple system atrophy or dementia with Lewy bodies (Spillantini et al.,1998).These diseases share a common neuropathological feature,the presence ofα-synuclein (α-Syn) deposits,although they differ in the cellular and anatomical compartment in whichα-Syn inclusions *** affects more than 1% of people over 60 years of age,thus being the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the world and the most common synucleinopathy.

关键词： al. diseases atrophy

Nonlinear numerical assessment of the seismic response of hillside RC buildings

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2021年第2期20卷 423-440页

作者： Miguel A.Gómez Edgar Giovanny d.az-Segura Juan Carlos Vielma Civil Engineering School Pontificia Universidad Católica de ValparaísoValparaíso 2340000Chile

Major damage has been reported in hilly areas after major earthquakes,primarily because of two special conditions:the variation in the seismic ground motion due to the inclined ground surface and the irregularities caused by a stepped base level in the *** aim of this study is to evaluate possible differences in the responses of Chilean hillside buildings through numerical linear-elastic and nonlinear *** the first step,a set of response-spectrum analyses were performed on four simplified 2d structures with mean base inclination angles of 0°,15°,30°,and 45°.The structures were designed to comply with Chilean seismic codes and standards,and the primary response parameters were *** assess the seismic performance of the buildings,nonlinear static(pushover)and dynamic(time-history)analyses were performed with SeismoStruct *** analyses were used to compare the nonlinear response at the maximum roof displacement and the damage ***-history analyses were performed to assess the nonlinear dynamic response of the structures subjected to seismic ground motions modified by topographic *** consider the topographic modification,acceleration records were obtained from numerical models of soil,which were calculated using the rock acceleration record of the Mw 8.01985 Chilean *** differences in the structure responses(roof displacements and maximum element forces and moments)were caused by the topographic effects in the seismic input motion,with the highly predominant ones being the differences caused by the step-back configuration at the base of the *** concentrations of shear forces in short walls were observed,corresponding to the walls located in the upper zone of the foundation *** response of the structures with higher angles was observed to be more prone to fragile failures due to the accumulation of shear *** though hillside buildings gain stiffness in the lower stories,resulting

关键词： topographic effect hillside buildings nonlinear analyses shear-wall buildings