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The Innovation 2022年第3期3卷 43-55页

作者： Haitong Zhe Sun Pei Yu Changxin Lan Michelle WLWan Sebastian Hickman Jayaprakash Murulitharan huizhong shen Le Yuan Yuming Guo Alexander T.Archibald Centre for Atmospheric Science Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridge CB21EWUK Department of Earth Sciences University of CambridgeCambridge CB23EQUK School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash UniversityMelbourneVIC 3004Australia Institute of Reproductive and Child Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive HealthNational Health Commission of the People’s Republic of ChinaBeijing 100191China Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public HealthPeking UniversityBeijing 100191China School of Environmental Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055China National Centre for Atmospheric Science Cambridge CB21EWUK

Long-term ozone(O_(3))exposure may lead to non-communicable diseases and increase mortality risk.However,cohort-based studies are relatively rare,and inconsistent exposure metrics impair the credibility of epidemiological evidence synthetization.To provide more accurate meta-estimations,this study updates existing systematic reviews by including recent studies and summarizing the quantitative associations between O_(3) exposure and cause-specific mortality risks,based on unified exposure metrics.Cross-metric conversion factors were estimated linearly by decadal observations during 1990-2019.

关键词： mortality ozone diseases

Vertically-resolved indoor measurements of air pollution during Chinese cooking

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Environmental Science and Ecotechnology 2022年第4期12卷 37-45页

作者： Shuxiu Zheng huizhong shen Guofeng shen Yilin Chen Jianmin Ma Hefa Cheng Shu Tao College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Laboratory for Earth Surface ProcessesSino-French Institute for Earth System SciencePeking UniversityBeijing100871China School of Environmental Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China

Chinese cooking features several unique processes,e.g.,stir-frying and pan-frying,which represent important sources of household air pollution.However,factors affecting household air pollution and the vertical variations of indoor pollutants during Chinese cooking are less clear.Here,using low-cost sensors with high time resolutions,we measured concentrations of five gas species and particulate matter(PM)in three different sizes at multiple heights in a kitchen during eighteen different Chinese cooking events.We found indoor gas species were elevated by 21%-106%during cooking,compared to the background,and PMs were elevated by 44%-159%.Vertically,the pollutants concentrations were highly variable during cooking periods.Gas species generally showed a monotonic increase with height,while PMs changed more diversely depending on the cooking activity's intensity.Intense cooking,e.g.,stir-frying,pan-frying,or cooking on high heat,tended to shoot PMs to the upper layers,while moderate ones left PMs within the breathing zone.Individuals with different heights would be subject to different levels of household air pollution exposure during cooking.The high vertical variability challenges the current indoor standard that presumes a uniform pollution level within the breathing zone and thus has important implications for public health and policy making.

关键词： Indoor air pollution Chinese cooking Vertical distribution Particulate matter

Substantial transition to clean household energy mix in rural China

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National Science Review 2022年第7期9卷 137-151页

作者： Guofeng shen Rui Xiong Yanlin Tian Zhihan Luo Bahabaike Jiangtulu Wenjun Meng Wei Du Jing Meng Yuanchen Chen Bing Xue Bin Wang Yonghong Duan Jia Duo Fenggui Fan Lei Huang Tianzhen Ju Fenggui Liu Shunxin Li Xianli Liu Yungui Li Mu Wang Ying Nan Bo Pan Yanfang Pan Lizhi Wang Eddy Zeng Chao Zhan Yilin Chen huizhong shen Hefa Cheng Shu Tao Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences National Engineering Technology Research Center for Desert-Oasis Ecological Construction Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Geography and Tourism Anhui University School of Environment Nanjing University College of Geography and Environmental Science Northwest Normal University College of Geographical Science Qinghai Normal University Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Environment Minnan Normal University School of Environmental Science and Engineering Hubei Polytechnic University College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Department of Environmental Engineering Southwest University of Science and Technology College of Food Science Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University College of Geography and Ocean Sciences Yanbian University Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology College of Geography and Environmental Science Henan University College of Ecology and Environment Hainan University School of Environment Jinan University Institute of Coastal Research Ludong University College of Environmental Science and Technology Southern University of Science and Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC)Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Institute of Reproductive and Child Health Peking University Laboratory of Geographic Information Science School of Geographic Sciences East China Normal University The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction University College London College of Environment Zhejiang University of Technology Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences

The household energy mix has significant impacts on human health and climate,as it contributes greatly to many health-and climate-relevant air pollutants.Compared to the well-established urban energy statistical system,the rural hous ehold energy statistical system is incomplete and is often associated with high biases.Via a nationwide investigation,this study reve aled high contributions to energy supply from coal and biomass fuels in the rural household energy sector,while electricity comprised ～20%.Stacking(the use of multiple sources of energy) is significant,and the average number of energy types was 2.8 per household.Compared to 2012,the consumption of biomass and coals in 2017 decreased by 45% and 12%,respectively,while the gas consumption amount increased by 204%.Increased gas and decreased coal consumptions were mainly in cooking,while decreased biomass was in both cooking(41%) and heating(59%).The time-sharing fraction of electricity and gases(E&G) for daily cooking grew,reaching 69% in 2017,but for space heating,traditional solid fuels were still dominant,with the national average shared fraction of E&G being only 20%.The non-uniform spatial distribution and the non-linear increase in the fraction of E&G indicated challenges to achieving universal access to modern cooking energy by 2030,particularly in less-developed rural and mountainous areas.In some non-typical heating zones,the increased share of E&G for heating was significant and largely driven by income growth,but in typical heating zones,the time-sharing fraction was <5 % and was not significantly increased,except in areas with policy intervention.The intervention policy not only led to dramatic increases in the clean energy fraction for heating but also accelerated the clean cooking transition.Higher income,higher education,younger age,less energy/stove stacking and smaller family size positively impacted the clean energy transition.

关键词： household energy mix energy transition clean heating modern energy sustainable development

Global brown carbon emissions from combustion sources

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Environmental Science and Ecotechnology 2022年第4期12卷 46-53页

作者： Rui Xiong Jin Li Yuanzheng Zhang Lu Zhang Ke Jiang Huang Zheng Shaofei Kong huizhong shen Hefa Cheng Guofeng shen Shu Tao Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China Department of Environmental Science and Technology School of Environmental StudiesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074China School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China

Light-absorbing organic carbon(OC),sometimes known as Brown Carbon(BrC),has been recognized as an important fraction of carbonaceous aerosols substantially affecting radiative forcing.This study firstly developed a bottom-up estimate of global primary BrC,and discussed its spatiotemporal distribution and source contributions from 1960 to 2010.The global total primary BrC emission from both natural and anthropogenic sources in 2010 was 7.26(5.98-8.93 as an interquartile range)Tg,with 43.5%from anthropogenic sources.High primary BrC emissions were in regions such as Africa,South America,South and East Asia with natural sources(wild fires and deforestation)contributing over 70%in the former two regions,while in East Asia,anthropogenic sources,especially residential solid fuel combustion,accounted for over 80%of the regional total BrC emissions.Globally,the historical trend was mainly driven by anthropogenic sources,which increased from 1960 to 1990 and then started to decline.Residential emissions significantly impacted on emissions and temporal trends that varied by region.In South and Southeast Asia,the emissions increased obviously due to population growth and a slow transition from solid fuels to clean modern energies in the residential sector.It is estimated that in primary OC,the global average was about 20%BrC,but this ratio varied from 13%to 47%,depending on sector and region.In areas with high residential solid fuel combustion emissions,the ratio was generally twice the value in other areas.Uncertainties in the work are associated with the concept of BrC and measurement technologies,pointing to the need for more studies on BrC analysis and quantification in both emissions and the air.

关键词： Brown carbon Emission inventory Historical changes Spatial distribution

The Pedagogical,Linguistic,and Content Features of Popular English Language Learning Websites in China:A Framework for Analysis and Design

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Frontiers of Education in China 2012年第4期7卷 534-552页

作者： Margaret KETTLE Yifeng YUAN Allan LUKE Robyn EWING huizhong shen Faculty of Education Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD 4059Australia Faculty of Education and Social Work The University of SydneySydneyNSW 2006Australia Center for Learning Innovation Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD 4059Australia

As increasing numbers of Chinese language learners choose to learn English online,there is a need to investigate popular websites and their language learning designs.This paper reports on the first stage of a study that analyzed the pedagogical,linguistic,and content features of 25 Chinese English Language Learning(ELL)websites ranked according to their value and importance to users.The website ranking was undertaken using a system known as PageRank.The aim of the study was to identify the features characterizing popular sites as opposed to those of less popular sites for the purpose of producing a framework for ELL website design in the Chinese context.The study found that a pedagogical focus with developmental instructional materials accommodating diverse proficiency levels was a major contributor to website popularity.Chinese language use for translations and teaching directives and intermediate level English for learning materials were also significant features. Content topics included Anglophone/Western and non-Anglophone/Eastern contexts. Overall, popular websites were distinguished by their mediation of access to and scaffolded support for ELL.

关键词： computer-assisted language learning Chinese English Langnage Learning(ELL)in China online learning website design

Influence of fuel mass load,oxygen supply and burning rate on emission factor and size distribution of carbonaceous particulate matter from indoor corn straw burning

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2013年第3期25卷 511-519页

作者： Guofeng shen Miao Xue Siye Wei Yuanchen Chen Bin Wang Rong Wang huizhong shen Wei Li Yanyan Zhang Ye Huang Han Chen Wen Wei Qiuyue Zhao Bin Li Haisuo Wu Shu Tao Jiangsu Academy of Environmental Sciences Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking University

The uncertainty in emission estimation is strongly associated with the variation in emission factor （EF）,which could be influenced by a variety of factors such as fuel properties,stove type,fire management and even methods used in measurements.The impacts of these factors are complicated and often interact with each other.Controlled burning experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of fuel mass load,air supply and burning rate on the emissions and size distributions of carbonaceous particulate matter （PM） from indoor corn straw burning in a cooking stove.The results showed that the EFs of PM （EFPM）,organic carbon （EFOC） and elemental carbon （EFEC） were independent of the fuel mass load.The differences among them under different burning rates or air supply amounts were also found to be insignificant （p 〉 0.05） in the tested circumstances.PM from the indoor corn straw burning was dominated by fine PM with diameter less than 2.1 μm,contributing 86.4%±3.9% of the total.The size distribution of PM was influenced by the burning rate and air supply conditions.On average,EF PM,EF OC and EF EC for corn straw burned in a residential cooking stove were （3.84±1.02）,（0.846±0.895） and （0.391±0.350） g/kg,respectively.EF PM,EF OC and EF EC were found to be positively correlated with each other （p 〈 0.05）,but they were not significantly correlated with the EF of co-emitted CO,suggesting that special attention should be paid to the use of CO as a surrogate for other incomplete combustion pollutants.

关键词： indoor corn straw burning emission factor size distribution influencing factor

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Air pollution and inhalation exposure to particulate matter of different sizes in rural households using improved stoves in central China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第1期30卷 87-95页

作者： Weijian Liu Guofeng shen Yuanchen Chen huizhong shen Ye Huang Tongchao Li Yilong Wang Xiaofang Fu Shu Tao Wenxin Liu Yibo Huang-Fu Weihao Zhang Chunyu Xue Guangqing Liu Fuyong Wu Minghung Wong MOE Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijin9 100029China Croucher Institute of Environmental Sciences and Biology Department Hong Kong Baptist UniversityHong KongChina Consortium on Health EnvironmentEducation and Research(CHEER)Department of Science and Environmental StudiesHong Kong Institute of EducationTai PoHong KongChina

Household air pollution is considered to be among the top environmental risks in China.To examine the performance of improved stoves for reduction of indoor particulate matter（PM） emission and exposure in rural households, individual inhalation exposure to size-resolved PM was investigated using personal portable samplers carried by residents using wood gasifier stoves or improved coal stoves in a rural county in Central China.Concentrations of PM with different sizes in stationary indoor and outdoor air were also monitored at paired sites. The stationary concentrations of size-resolved PM in indoor air were greater than those in outdoor air, especially finer particles PM0.25. The daily averaged exposure concentrations of PM0.25, PM1.0, PM2.5 and total suspended particle for all the surveyed residents were 74.4 ± 41.1, 159.3 ± 74.3, 176.7 ± 78.1 and 217.9 ± 78.1 μg/m3,respectively. Even using the improved stoves, the individual exposure to indoor PM far exceeded the air quality guideline by WHO at 25 μg/m3. Submicron particles PM1.0 were the dominant PM fraction for personal exposure and indoor and outdoor air. Personal exposure exhibited a closer correlation with indoor PM concentrations than that for outdoor concentrations. Both inhalation exposure and indoor air PM concentrations in the rural households with gasifier firewood stoves were evidently lower than the reported results using traditional firewood stoves. However, local governments in the studied rural areas should exercise caution when widely and hastily promoting gasifier firewood stoves in place of improved coal stoves, due to the higher PM levels in indoor and outdoor air and personal inhaled exposure.

关键词： Particulate matter Daily average exposure Size distribution Improved stoves Rural households in Central China

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Emissions of parent, nitrated, and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from indoor corn straw burning in normal and controlled combustion conditions

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2013年第10期25卷 2072-2080页

作者： Guofeng shen Miao Xue Siye Wei Yuanchen Chen Bin Wang Rong Wang Yan Lv huizhong shen Wei Li Yanyan Zhang Ye Huang Han Chen Wen Wei Qiuyue Zhao Bing Li Haisuo Wu Shu Tao Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Jiangsu Provincal Academy of Environmental Sciences

Emission factors （EFs） of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （pPAHs）, nitrated PAHs （nPAHs）, and oxygenated PAHs （oPAHs） were measured for indoor corn straw burned in a brick cooking stove under different burning conditions. The EFs of total 28 pPAHs, 6 nPAHs and 4 oPAHs were （7.9 ±3.4）, （6.5 ±1.6）×10^-3, and （6.1 ±1.4）×10^-1mg/kg, respectively. Fuel charge size had insignificant influence on the pollutant emissions. Measured EFs increased significantly in a fast burning due to the oxygen deficient atmosphere formed in the stove chamber. In both restricted and enhanced air supply conditions, the EFs of pPAHs, nPAHs and oPAHs were significantly higher than those measured in normal burning conditions. Though EFs varied among different burning conditions, the composition profiles and calculated isomer ratios were similar, without significant differences. The results from the stepwise regression model showed that fuel burning rate, air supply amount, and modified combustion efficiency were the three most significant influencing factors, explaining 72%-85% of the total variations.

关键词： polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAH derivatives emission factor influencing factor indoor crop straw burning

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Antagonism between ambient ozone increase and urbanization-oriented population migration on Chinese cardiopulmonary mortality

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The Innovation 2023年第6期4卷 48-58页

作者： Haitong Zhe Sun Junchao Zhao Xiang Liu Minghao Qiu huizhong shen Serge Guillas Chiara Giorio Zosia Staniaszek Pei Yu Michelle W.L.Wan Man Mei Chim Kim Robin van Daalen Yilin Li Zhenze Liu Mingtao Xia shengxian Ke Haifan Zhao Haikun Wang Kebin He Huan Liu Yuming Guo Alexander T.Archibald lYusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of CambridgeCambridge CB21EWUK Department of Earth Sciences University of CambridgeCambridge CB23EQUK Department of Environmental Health and Engineering Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMD 21205USA State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution ComplexSchool of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBejing 100084China School of Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China Department of Earth System Science Stanford UniversityStanfordCA 94305USA School of Environmental Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518p55China Department of Statistical Science University College LondonLondon WC1E 6BTUK The Alan Turing Institute London NW12DBUK School of Public Heath and Preventive Medicine Monash UniversityMelboumeVIC 3004Australia British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit Department of Public Health and Primary CareUniversity of CambridgeCambridge CB18RNUK Heart and Lung Research Institute University of CambridgeCambridge CB20BDUK Baroelona Supercomputing Center Department of Earth Sciences08034 BarcelonaSpain School of Environmental Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China Department of Mathematics University of CaliformiaLos AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095USA State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing KeyLaboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Department of Engineering University of CambridgeCambridge CB21PZUK National Centre for Atmospheric Science Cambridge CB21EWUK

Everincreasing ambient ozone(O3)pollution in China has been exacerbating cardiopulmonary premature deaths.However,the urban-rural exposure inequity has seldom been explored.Here,we assess populationcale 03 exposure and mortality burdens between 1990 and 2019 based on integrated pollution tracking and epidemiological evidence.We find Chinese population have been suffering from climbing 03 exposure by 4.3±2.8 ppb per decade as a result of rapid urbanization and growing prosperity of socioeconomic activities.Rural residents are broadly exposed to 9.8±4.1 ppb higher ambient O3 than the adjacent urban citizens,and thus urbaniza-tion-oriented migration compromises the exposure-associated mortality on total population.Cardiopulmonary excess premature deaths attributable to longterm 03 exposure,373,500(95%uncertainty interval[U]:240,600-510,900)in 2019,is underestimated in previous studies due to ignorance of cardiovascular causes.Future 03 pollution policy should focus more on rural population who are facing an aggravating threat of mortality risks to ameliorate environmental health injustice.

关键词： ambient urban urbanization

Assessing the contribution of global wildfire biomass burning to BaP contamination in the Arctic

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Environmental Science and Ecotechnology 2023年第2期14卷 29-38页

作者： Shijie Song Boqi Chen Tao Huang Shuxin Ma Luqian Liu Jinmu Luo huizhong shen Jiaxin Wang Liang Guo Min Wu Xiaoxuan Mao Yuan Zhao Hong Gao Jianmin Ma Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control Gansu ProvinceKey Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education)College of Earth and Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou730000PR China Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Cornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering Cornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA School of Environmental Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen5180551PR China Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100871PR China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)have become cause for growing concern in the Arctic ecosystems,partly due to their stable levels despite global emission reduction.Wildfire is considered one of the primary sources that influence PAH levels and trends in the Arctic,but quantitative investigations of this influence are still lacking.This study estimates the global emissions of benzo[a]pyrene(BaP),a congener of PAHs with high carcinogenicity,from forest and grassland fires from 2001 to 2020 and simulates the contributions of wildfire-induced BaP emissions from different source regions to BaP contamination in the Arctic.We find that global wildfires contributed 29.3%to annual averaging BaP concentrations in the Arctic from 2001 to 2020.Additionally,we show that wildfires contributed significantly to BaP concentrations in the Arctic after 2011,enhancing it from 10.1%in 2011 to 83.9%in 2020.Our results reveal that wildfires accounted for 94.2%and 50.8%of BaP levels in the Asian Arctic during boreal summer and autumn,respectively,and 74.2%and 14.5%in the North American Arctic for the same seasons.The source-tagging approach identified that local wildfire biomass emissions were the largest source of BaP in the Arctic,accounting for 65.7%of its concentration,followed by those of Northern Asia(17.8%)and Northern North America(13.7%).Our findings anticipate wildfires to play a larger role in Arctic PAH contaminations alongside continually decreasing anthropogenic emissions and climate warming in the future.

关键词： BaP Arctic Wildfires Emissions Source apportionment