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日本科技领域是否存在“举国体制”——以半导体技术攻关为考察对象

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中国科学院院刊 2023年第7期38卷 1001-1011页

作者：李慧敏穆荣平郝跃中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院北京1001902 中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院北京100049 西安电子科技大学西安710126

日本政府在科技领域采用的“有机开发体制”“整合推进体制”和“产学官合作”机制,取得了巨大成效,但对于这种模式是否属于“举国体制”,学界存在不同认识。不同学者对“举国体制”内涵和特征的解读存在差异,对日本政府实施的攻关做法... 详细信息

日本政府在科技领域采用的“有机开发体制”“整合推进体制”和“产学官合作”机制,取得了巨大成效,但对于这种模式是否属于“举国体制”,学界存在不同认识。不同学者对“举国体制”内涵和特征的解读存在差异,对日本政府实施的攻关做法是否属于“举国体制”存在争议。文章梳理归纳科技领域“举国体制”内涵特征,选取日本半导体技术攻关为案例,从实证角度论证其做法体现了“举国体制”特征。文章还对日本半导体技术攻关“举国体制”的产业化目标导向、“大企业本位研发体制”、国立科研机构在应用研究和协调管理上的“双重职能”,以及日本政府在技术资助领域和项目遴选标准上的做法和经验进行总结。最后对“举国体制”的局限性进行了探讨,提出应全面、客观看待日本“举国体制”模式的成功要因,避免夸大该模式对技术研发所发挥的作用,以此加深国内对日本技术攻关模式的研究与认识,以期能够为我国推进和完善科技领域“举国体制”提供一些参考。

关键词：半导体技术举国体制有机开发体制整合推进体制产学官合作

Cropland redistribution to marginal lands undermines environmental sustainability

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National Science Review 2022年第1期9卷 66-78页

作者： Wenhui Kuang Jiyuan Liu Hanqin Tian hao Shi Jinwei Dong Changqing Song Xiaoyong Li Guoming Du Yali Hou Dengsheng Lu Wenfeng Chi Tao Pan Shuwen Zhang Rafiq Hamdi Zherui Yin huimin Yan Changzhen Yan Shixin Wu Rendong Li Jiuchun Yang Yinyin Dou Wenbin Wu Liqiao Liang Bao Xiang Shiqi Yang Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences International Center for Climate and Global Change Research School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Auburn University Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Public Administration and Law Northeast Agricultural University School of Geographical Sciences Fujian Normal University School of Resources and Environmental Economics Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics School of Geography and Tourism Qufu Normal University Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Resources Use & Environmental Remediation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences Hubei Province’s Key Laboratory for Environment & Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Ecology Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences College of Environment and Planning Henan University

Cropland redistribution to marginal land has been reported worldwide;however,the resulting impacts on environmental sustainability have not been investigated *** we investigated the environmental impacts of cropland redistribution in *** a result of urbanization-induced loss of high-quality croplands in south China(～8.5 t ha),croplands expanded to marginal lands in northeast(～4.5 t ha) and northwest China(～2.9 t ha) during 1990-2015 to pursue food ***,the reclamation in these low-yield and ecologically vulnerable zones considerably undermined local environmental sustainability,for example increasing wind erosion(+3.47%),irrigation water consumption(+34.42%),fertilizer use(+20.02%) and decreasing natural habitats(-3.11%).Forecasts show that further reclamation in marginal lands per current policies would exacerbate environmental costs by *** future cropland security risk will be remarkably intensified because of the conflict between food production and environmental *** research suggests that globally emerging reclamation of marginal lands should be restricted and crop yield boost should be encouraged for both food security and environmental benefits.

关键词： cropland redistribution environmental sustainability marginal lands wind erosion irrigation water consumption

A genomic association study revealing subphenotypes of childhood steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome in a larger genomic sequencing cohort

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Genes & Diseases 2024年第4期11卷 400-410页

作者： Han Chan Fenfen Ni Bo Zhao huimin Jiang Juanjuan Ding Li Wang Xiaowen Wang Jingjing Cui Shipin Feng Xiaojie Gao Xueying Yang Huan Chi hao Lee Xuelan Chen Xiaoqin Li Jia Jiao Daoqi Wu Gaofu Zhang Mo Wang Yupeng Cun Xiongzhong Ruan Haiping Yang Qiu Li Department of Nephrology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityNational Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqing 400014China Department of Nephrology Shenzhen Children's HospitalShenzhenGuangdong 518034China Department of Nephrology Kunming Children's HospitalKunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnan 650228China Department of Nephrology Wuhan Children's HospitalTongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei 430015China Department of Nephrology Chengdu Women and Children Central HospitalChengduSichuan 610073China Pediatric Research Institute Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersNational Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChina International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical DisordersChongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory DisordersChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400014China Department of Nephrology John Moorhead Research LaboratoryUniversity College London Medical SchoolRoyal Free CampusUniversity College LondonLondon NW32PFUnited Kingdom

Dissecting the genetic components that contribute to the two main subphenotypes of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome(SSNS)using genome-wide association studies(GWAS)strategy is important for understanding the *** conducted a multicenter cohort study(360 patients and 1835 controls)combined with a GWAS strategy to identify susceptibility var-iants associated with the following two subphenotypes of ssNS:steroid-sensitive nephrotic syn-drome without relapse(SSNswR,181 patients)and steroid-dependent/frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome(SDNS/FRNS,179 patients).The distribution of two single-nucleotide poly-morphisms(SNPs)in ANKRD36 and ALPG was significant between SSNSWR and healthy controls,and that of two SNPs in GAD1 and HLA-DQA1 was significant between SDNS/FRNS and healthy ***,rs1047989 in HLA-DQA1 was a candidate locus for SDNS/FRNS but not for *** significant SNPs were observed between SSNSWR and SDNS/***,chromosome 2:171713702 in GAD1 was associated with a greater steroid dose(>0.75 mg/kg/d)upon relapse to first remission in patients with SDNS/FRNS(odds ratio=3.14;95%confidence interval,0.97-9.87;P=0.034).rs117014418 in APOL4 was significantly associated with a decrease in eGFR of greater than 20%compared with the baseline in SDNS/FRNS patients(P=0.0001).Protein-protein intersection network construction suggested that HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 function together through ***,SSNSWR belongs to non-HLA region-dependent nephropathy,and the HLA-DQA/DQB region is likely strongly associated with dis-ease relapse,especially in SDNS/*** study provides a novel approach for the GWAS strategy of SsNS and contributes to our understanding of the pathological mechanisms of SSNSWRandSDNS/FRNS.

关键词： Frequentrelapse Genome-wide association study Human leukocyte antigen region Steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome

Fabrication of Durable Superhydrophobic Stainless Steel Mesh with Nano/Micro Flower-Like Morphologies for Self-Cleaning and Efficient Oil/Water Separation

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2022年第6期19卷 1615-1624页

作者： Changlian Xu Yitong Luo Lu Zhou Yiwen Bi hao Sun College of Environmental Sciences Sichuan Agricultural University-Chengdu Campus211 Huimin RoadChengdu611130China

How to fabricate durable superhydrophobic materials for cyclic oil/water separation to solve oil-induced pollutions is still a ***,we fabricated a durable Superhydrophobic Stainless Steel Mesh(SH-SSM)with nano/micro flower-like sheets by self-assembly of zinc stearate for the cyclic separation of various oil/water *** SH-SSM exhibits durable superhydrophobicity against static or dynamic *** virtue of durable superhydrophobicity of the SH-SSM,the dusts on surface of SH-SSM can be removed completely by running water immediately showing excellent self-cleaning ***,the SH-SSM can be used to perform gravity-driven separation of heavy oil/water and light oil/water mixtures by utilizing its superhydrophobicity that oil phase penetrates the mesh and water phase is *** efficiencies of the SH-SSM can reach 99.99%.After 20 cycles of separation,the separation efficiencies for are>97.00%and>98.25%for heavy oil/water and light oil/water mixtures,*** values of dichloromethane,hexane and petroleum ether are 2.5×10^(5) L m^(−2) h^(−1),1.7×10^(5) L m^(−2) h^(−1),and 1.8×10^(5) L m^(−2) h^(−1),*** study proposes a facial approach to prepare durable superhydrophobic and self-cleaning material for cyclic and fast separation of oil/water.

关键词： Oil-water separation Self-assembly Superhydrophobic Self-cleaning Bioinspired

Altered trends in carbon uptake in China's terrestrial ecosystems under the enhanced summer monsoon and warming hiatus

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National Science Review 2019年第3期6卷 505-514页

作者： Honglin He Shaoqiang Wang Li Zhang Junbang Wang Xiaoli Ren Lei Zhou Shilong Piao hao Yan Weimin Ju Fengxue Gu Shiyong Yu Yuanhe Yang Miaomiao Wang Zhongen Niu Rong Ge huimin Yan Mei Huang Guoyi Zhou Yongfei Bai Zongqiang Xie Zhiyao Tang Bingfang Wu Leiming Zhang Nianpeng He Qiufeng Wang Guirui Yu Synthesis Research Center of China's Ecosystem Research Network Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science College of Urban and Environment Sciences Peking University Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science Chinese Academy of Sciences National Meteorological Center China Meteorological Administration International Institute for Earth System Science and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology Nanjing University Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture MOA Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences School of Geography Geomatics and Planning Jiangsu Normal University State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Science Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education Peking University Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth Chinese Academy of Sciences

The carbon budgets in terrestrial ecosystems in China are strongly coupled with climate changes. Over the past decade, China has experienced dramatic climate changes characterized by enhanced summer monsoon and decelerated warming. However, the changes in the trends of terrestrial net ecosystem production(NEP) in China under climate changes are not well documented. Here, we used three ecosystem models to simulate the spatiotemporal variations in China’s NEP during 1982–2010 and quantify the contribution of the strengthened summer monsoon and warming hiatus to the NEP variations in four distinct climatic regions of the country. Our results revealed a decadal-scale shift in NEP from a downtrend of–5.95 TgC/yr~2(reduced sink) during 1982–2000 to an uptrend of 14.22 TgC/yr~2(enhanced sink) during 2000–10. This shift was essentially induced by the strengthened summer monsoon, which stimulated carbon uptake, and the warming hiatus, which lessened the decrease in the NEP trend. Compared to the contribution of 56.3% by the climate effect, atmospheric CO2concentration and nitrogen deposition had relatively small contributions(8.6 and 11.3%, respectively) to the shift. In conclusion, within the context of the global-warming hiatus, the strengthening of the summer monsoon is a critical climate factor that enhances carbon uptake in China due to the asymmetric response of photosynthesis and respiration. Our study not only revealed the shift in ecosystem carbon sequestration in China in recent decades, but also provides some insight for understanding ecosystem carbon dynamics in other monsoonal areas.

关键词： climate change Asian summer monsoon warming hiatus biogeochemical modeling ecosystem carbon dynamics

Assessment of Building External Wall Thermal Performance Based on Temperature Deviation Impact Factor under Discontinuous Radiant Heating

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Journal of Thermal Science 2019年第6期28卷 1129-1140页

作者： YANG Jie WANG Jun XIONG Feng LIANG hao LI Yunzhang College of Architecture and Environment Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610065China Center of Science and Technology Industrial Development Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural DevelopmentBeijing 100835China

As the variation and timely meeting thermal environment requirement of indoor air temperature has a close relationship with the thermal performance of building external wall under discontinuous radiant heating condition, one appropriate assessment method or index for assessing the building external wall thermal performance is very necessary. In order to reasonably evaluate the thermal performance of external wall under discontinuous radiant heating condition and build the direct connections and interactions among the indoor air temperature, external wall inner surface temperature and outdoor air temperature, the first and second impact factors of temperature deviation were established, based on one mathematical model of room heat transfer. For one experimental room and four types of external walls under discontinuous radiant heating condition, both the influence of the external wall inner surface temperature deviation on the indoor air temperature and that of the outdoor air temperature deviation on the external wall inner surface temperature were determined effectively with the first and second impact factors of temperature deviation. In addition, favourable performance for the self-insulation and inner insulation walls were found, due to their superiority in effectively and timely improving the indoor thermal environment under discontinuous radiant heating condition.

关键词： temperature deviation impact factor building external wall thermal performance discontinuous radiant heating

ROS-initiated in-situ polymerization of diacetylene-containing lipidated peptide amphiphile in living cells

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Science China Materials 2022年第10期65卷 2861-2870页

作者： Niannian Lv Teng Ma huimin Qin Zhuo-Ran Yang Yanggui Wu Danqi Li Juan Tao hao Jiang Jintao Zhu Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and Technology(HUST)Wuhan 430074China Department of Dermatology Union HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHUSTWuhan 430022China

Recently,in-situ polymerization inside living cells has attracted much attention due to the efficient cellular internalization and elevated drug ***,the lack of tracking of the in-situ polymerization process and the unclear effects of polymerization on cellular functions restrict its biomedical ***,we designed a Y-shaped diacetylene-containing lipidated peptide amphiphile(YDLPA1)with positive charges,which underwent in-situ polymerization initiated by reactive oxygen species in the intracellular *** comparison,zwitterionic YDLPA2 and negatively charged Y-DLPA3 were polymerized in aqueous solution,but cannot polymerize in the intracellular *** polymerized Y-DLPA1 with red fluorescence provides a platform to label cells for long-term tracking *** polymerization reaction induced tumor cell apoptosis,increased cell viscosity and decreased cell motility,which potentially inhibited tumor metastasis and served as a novel antitumor *** work provides a novel strategy to track in-situ polymerization process and modulate cell biofunctions.

关键词： diacetylene lipidated peptide amphiphile electrostatic interaction reactive oxygen species in-cellulo polymerization

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玄武岩纤维增韧混凝土冲击性能

复合材料学报 2010年第6期27卷 120-125页

作者：赵庆新董进秋潘慧敏郝圣旺燕山大学建筑工程与力学学院秦皇岛066004

采用三点弯曲冲击试验装置,结合超声波测试技术,研究了玄武岩纤维质量分数为0%～0.60%时,玄武岩纤维增韧混凝土(Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete,BFRC)的冲击性能及其损伤演化规律,研究了混凝土冲击破坏过程中基于超声波波速的损伤演... 详细信息

采用三点弯曲冲击试验装置,结合超声波测试技术,研究了玄武岩纤维质量分数为0%～0.60%时,玄武岩纤维增韧混凝土(Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete,BFRC)的冲击性能及其损伤演化规律,研究了混凝土冲击破坏过程中基于超声波波速的损伤演化过程,并应用体视显微镜观测了冲击过程中试件表面裂纹的发展,分析了玄武岩纤维提高混凝土冲击韧性的机制。结果表明:玄武岩纤维对混凝土的抗压强度无明显改善,但可以显著提高混凝土的冲击韧性,当纤维质量比为0.36%时冲击韧性提高了2.2倍。各玄武岩纤维掺量下混凝土的冲击破坏均表现出脆性特征,但玄武岩纤维的加入有效提高了混凝土对冲击能量的吸收,其临近破坏时损伤变量较素混凝土提高了40%～83%;玄武岩纤维混凝土冲击破坏过程表现出多缝开裂的特征,在最终破坏时主裂缝附近有明显的副裂缝出现。

关键词：玄武岩纤维混凝土抗冲击性能损伤演化表面裂纹

从课堂提问看学习机会的公平——基于Z市初中生的调查分析

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教育发展研究 2016年第2期36卷 64-70页

作者：郝亚迪胡惠闵华东师范大学课程与教学研究所上海200062

学习机会的公平是课堂教学过程公平的重要体现。本文利用教育部人文社会学科重点研究基地华东师范大学课程与教学研究所的重大项目"中国学校课程与教学调查"的数据,从课堂提问的客观情况即学生被提问的频率、学生的主观感受即提问的叫... 详细信息

学习机会的公平是课堂教学过程公平的重要体现。本文利用教育部人文社会学科重点研究基地华东师范大学课程与教学研究所的重大项目"中国学校课程与教学调查"的数据,从课堂提问的客观情况即学生被提问的频率、学生的主观感受即提问的叫答情况以及二者的对比等方面探究教学过程中学习机会的公平。调查得出的基本结论是:课堂中学生答问机会的不公平客观存在;问题设计难度偏大;类型单一导致提问指向特定群体;教师的叫答方式是答问机会公平实现的关键。建议教师提问的问题适宜且选择合理的叫答方式;了解学生多方面的差异,兼顾公平与效率;教学设计与反思增加"公平"视角;灵活切换,打破教学方式的定势。

关键词：课堂提问学习机会教育公平