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Microstructure-based multiphysics modeling for semiconductor integration and packaging

Chinese Science Bulletin 2014年第15期59卷 1696-1708页

作者： Zhiheng Huang Hua Xiong Zhiyong Wu Paul Conway hugh Davies Alan Dinsdale Yunfei en Qingfeng Zeng School of Physics and engineering Sun Yat-sen University Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing engineering Loughborough University National Physical Laboratory China Electronic Produce Reliability and environmental Testing Research Institute School of Materials Science and engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University

Semiconductor technology and packaging is advancing rapidly toward system integration where the packaging is co-designed and co-manufactured along with the wafer ***,materials issues,in particular the mesoscale microstructure,have to date been excluded from the integrated product design cycle of electronic packaging due to the myriad of materials used and the complex nature of the material phenomena that require a multiphysics approach to *** the context of the materials genome initiative,we present an overview of a series of studies that aim to establish the linkages between the material microstructure and its responses by considering the multiple perspectives of the various multiphysics *** microstructure was predicted using thermodynamic calculations,sharp interface kinetic models,phase field,and phase field crystal *** on the predicted mesoscale microstructure,linear elastic mechanical analyses and electromigration simulations on the ultrafine interconnects were *** microstructural index extracted by a method based on singular value decomposition exhibits a monotonous decrease with an increase in the interconnect *** artificial neural network-based fitting revealed a nonlinear relationship between the microstructure index and the average von Mises stress in the ultrafine *** work to address the randomness of microstructure and the resulting scatter in the reliability is discussed in this study.

关键词：微观结构半导体技术电子封装建模技术集成基础物理场产品设计周期

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Finite element analysis of small-scale hot compression testing

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2021年第17期76卷 174-188页

作者： Patryk Jedrasiak hugh Shercliff Department of engineering University of CambridgeTrumpington StCambridgeCB21PZUK

This paper models hot compression testing using a dilatometer in loading *** small-scale tests provide a high throughput at low cost,but are susceptible to inhomogeneity due to friction and temperature gradients.A novel method is presented for correcting the true stress-strain constitutive response over the full range of temperatures,strain-rates and *** nominal response from the tests is used to predict the offset in the stress-strain curves due to inhomogeneity,and this stress offsetΔσis applied piecewise to the data,correcting the constitutive response in one iteration.A key new feature is the smoothing and fitting of the flow stress data as a function of temperature and strain-rate,at multiple discrete *** corrected model then provides quantitative prediction of the spatial and temporal variation in strain-rate and strain throughout the sample,needed to correlate the local deformation conditions with the microstructure and texture *** study uses a detailed series of 144 hot compression tests of a Zr-Nb *** this is an important wrought nuclear alloy in its own right,it also serves here as a test case for modelling the dilatometer for hot testing of high temperature alloys,particularly those with dualα-βphase microstructures(such as titanium alloys).

关键词： Finite element analysis Process modelling Hot compression testing Upsetting Zr alloys Ti alloys

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Stress-augmented thermal activation:Tribology feels the force

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Friction 2018年第1期6卷 1-31页

作者： hugh SPIKES Tribology Group Department of Mechanical EngineeringImperial College

In stress-augmented thermal activation, the activation energy barrier that controls the rate of atomic and molecular processes is reduced by the application of stress, with the result that the rate of these processes increases exponentially with applied stress. This concept has particular relevance to Tribology, and since its development in the early twentieth century, it has been applied to develop important models of plastic flow, sliding friction, rheology, wear, and tribochemistry. This paper reviews the development of stress-augmented thermal activation and its application to all of these areas of Tribology. The strengths and limitations of the approach are then discussed and future directions considered. From the scientific point of view, the concept of stress-augmented thermal activation is important since it enables the development of models that describe macroscale tribological performance, such as friction coefficient or tribofilm formation, in terms of the structure and behaviour of individual atoms and molecules. This both helps us understand these processes at a fundamental level and also provides tools for the informed design of lubricants and surfaces.

关键词： stress activation stress augmented thermal activation mechanochemistry friction EHD friction wear Eyring

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Masirah-the other Oman ophiolite:A better analogue for mid-ocean ridge processes?

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Geoscience Frontiers 2017年第6期8卷 1253-1262页

作者： hugh Rollinson Geoscience University of DerbyKedleston RoadDerby DE22 1GBUK

Oman has two ophiolites-the better known late Cretaceous northern Oman(or Semail)ophiolite and the lesser known and smaller,Jurassic Masirah ophiolite located on the eastern coast of the country adjacent to the Indian Ocean.A number of geological,geochronological and geochemical lines of evidence strongly suggest that the northern Oman ophiolite did not form at a mid-ocean ridge but rather in a supra-subduction zone setting by fast spreading during subduction *** contrast the Masirah ophiolite is structurally part of a series of ophiolite nappes which are rooted in the Indian Ocean *** are significant geochemical differences between the Masirah and northern Oman ophiolites and none of the supra-subduction features typical of the northern Oman ophiolite are found at *** Masirah is MORB,although in detail it contains both enriched and depleted MORB reflecting a complex source for the lavas and *** enrichment of this source predates the formation of the *** condensed crustal section on Masirah(ca.2 km)contains a very thin gabbro sequence and is thought to reflect its genesis from a cool mantle source associated with the early stages of sea-floor spreading during the early separation of eastern and western *** data suggest that the Masirah ophiolite is a suitable analogue for an ophiolite created at a mid-ocean ridge,whereas the northern Oman ophiolite is *** stratigraphic history of the Masirah ophiolite shows that it remained a part of the oceanic crust for ca.80 *** chemical variability and enrichment of the Masirah lavas is similar to that found elsewhere in Indian Ocean basalts and may simply reflect a similar provenance rather than a feature fundamental to the formation of the ophiolite.

关键词： Oman Ophiolite Suprasubduction Sea-floor spreading Masirah

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Limitations in assessment of mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第1期16卷 15-20页

作者： hugh James Freeman Department of Medicine University of British Columbia

An emerging parameter to define the effectiveness of new therapeutic agents in clinical trials,and by extension,for use in day-to-day clinical practice has been labeled mucosal *** has been hypothesized that complete healing of the intestinal mucosa in inflammatory bowel diseases should result in reduced disease complications,reduced hospitalization and reduced surgical *** implication,the natural history of inflammatory bowel disease might then be altered. Measurement of mucosal healing,however,is largely observational,requiring repeated invasive endoscopic examinations,sometimes with mucosal *** indirect imaging methods may play a role in this assessment along with other surrogate markers,including intestinal *** measurements may have significant limitations that prohibit precise correlation with symptom-based disease activity indices in clinical *** likely reflects the dynamic nature of this evolving and individualized inflammatory process that tends to be focused,but not limited,to the mucosa of the intestinal tract.

关键词： Intestinal mucosa Digestive system endoscopy Clinical trials

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Surveillance for colitis-associated colon neoplasia

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第37期16卷 4646-4651页

作者： hugh James Freeman Department of Medicine University of British Columbia

The risk of developing colon cancer is increased in colitis patients, particularly if the disease is extensive and its duration long-standing. endoscopic guidelines have been developed with the goal of detecting early neoplastic changes prior to development of advanced malignancy. Unfortunately, the natural history of this superimposed neoplastic process in colitis appears to be very heterogeneous and poorly understood. Moreover, there are numerous confounding variables in colitis patients that limit accurate assessment of the surveillance effectiveness of colonoscopy and multi-site biopsy protocols. Although the clinical challenge posed to even the most experienced clinicians remains significant, evolving methods of endoscopic imaging may facilitate better evaluation of this highly select group of patients.

关键词： Ulcerative colitis Crohn’s disease Colon cancer Surveillance colonoscopy Colon biopsies

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Multifocal stenosing ulceration of the small intestine

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第39期15卷 4883-4885页

作者： hugh James Freeman Department of Medicine University of British ColumbiaUBC Hospital

Several reports have described an apparently uncommon clinicopathological disorder that is characterized by multifocal stenosing small-intestinal *** to Crohn's disease,the ulcers are not transmural and typically remain shallow,and involve only the mucosa and *** disorder seems to be localized in the jejunum and proximal ileum only,and not the distal ileum or *** nonspecif ic inflammatory changes are present without giant cells or other typical features of granulomatous *** patients present clinically with recurrent obstructive events that usually respond to steroids,surgical resection,or *** the development of newer imaging modalities to visualize the small-intestinal mucosa,such as double-balloon enteroscopy,improved understanding of the long-term natural history of this apparently distinctive disorder should emerge.

关键词： Ulcer Stenosis Intestinal diseases Small intestine Crohn's disease

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Complications of collagenous colitis

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第11期14卷 1643-1645页

作者： hugh James Freeman Department of Medicine(Gastroen-terology) University of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1W5Canada

Microscopic forms of colitis have been described, including collagenous colitis. This disorder generally has an apparently benign clinical course. However, a number of gastric and intestinal complications, possibly coincidental, may develop with collagenous colitis. Distinctive inflammatory disorders of the gastric mucosa have been described, including lymphocytic gastritis and collagenous gastritis. Celiac disease and collagenous sprue （or collagenous enteritis） may occur. Colonic ulceration has been associated with use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, while other forms of inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn＇s disease, may evolve from coUagenous colitis. Submucosal ＂dissection＂, colonic fractures or mucosal tears and perforation from air insufflation during colonoscopy may occur and has been hypothesized to be due to compromise of the colonic wall from submucosal collagen deposition. Similar changes may result from increased intraluminal pressure during barium enema contrast studies. Finally, malignant disorders have also been reported, including carcinoma and lymphoproliferative disease.

关键词： Colonic fractures Colonic perforation Celiac disease Collagenous gastritis Collagenous sprue Cat scratch colon Colon cancer Microscopic colitis

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Recent developments on the role of Clostridium difficile in inflammatory bowel disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第18期14卷 2794-2796页

作者： hugh James Freeman Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology) University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1W5Canada

Clostridium difficile (CD), specifically its toxins, have been implicated as a risk factor for exacerbation of the inflammatory process in up to 5% of patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. Typical evidence of colonic changes with CD infection, including pseudomembranous exudate, are often not present; however, a severe clinical course may result, including precipitation of toxic colitis and toxic megacolon. Recently, hypervirulent CD strains have been reported raising concern for a more severe disease process in patients with underlying inflammatory bowel ***, small bowel involvement or CD enteritis has been increasingly described, usually in those with a history of a prior colectomy or total proctocolectomy for prior severe and extensive inflammatory bowel disease. Finally, refractory or treatment-resistant pouchitis may occur with CD infection.

关键词： Crohn's disease Ulcerative colitis Antibiotic-associated colitis Cytotoxin enterotoxin Pseudomembranous colitis Clostridium difficile colitis

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Colitis associated with biological agents

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2012年第16期18卷 1871-1874页

作者： hugh James Freeman Division of Gastroenterology Department of MedicineUniversity of British Columbia HospitalVancouverBCV6T 1W5Canada

In the past,there has been considerable focus on a host of drugs and chemicals that may produce colonic ***,a variety of new biological monoclonal antibody agents,usually administered by infusion,have appeared in the clinical realm over the last decade or so to treat different chronic inflammatory or malignant *** some of these agents,adverse effects have been documented,including apparently new forms of immune-mediated inflammatory bowel *** some,only limited symptoms have been recorded,but in others,severe colitis with serious complications,such as bowel perforation has been *** others,adverse effects may have a direct vascular or ischemic basis,while other intestinal effects may be related to a superimposed *** new onset cases of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease may also be attributed to the same agents used to treat these diseases,or be responsible for disease *** and well documented side effects have been observed with ipilimumab,a humanized monoclonal antibody developed to reduce and overcome cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4,a key negative feedback regulator of the T-cell anti-tumor *** agent has frequently been used in the treatment of different malignancies,notably,malignant *** effects with this agent occur in up to 40% and these are believed to be largely *** of these is a form of enterocolitis that may be severe,and occa-sionally,*** agents include rituximab(an antiCD20 monoclonal antibody),bevacizumab(a monoclonal antibody against the vascular endothelial growth factor) and anti-tumor necrosis factor agents,including infliximab,adalimumab and etanercept.

关键词： Biological agents Colitis Crohn's disease Inflammatory bowel disease Infliximab Ipilimumab Rituximab Ulcerative colitis

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