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Numerical investigation on melting characteristics of scrap with heat and mass transfers in molten steel

Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International) 2023年第6期30卷 1090-1100页

作者： Cong-lin Yao hong-chun Zhu Zhou-hua Jiang Hua-bing Li hong-bin lu Shu-cai Zhang Hao Feng School of Metallurgy Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819LiaoningChina Institute for Frontier Technologies of Low-Carbon Steelmaking Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819LiaoningChina Liaoning Province Engineering Research Center for Technologies of Low-Carbon Steelmaking Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819LiaoningChina State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819LiaoningChina Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Ores(Ministry of Education) Shenyang 110819LiaoningChina

Herein,a numerical simulation with simultaneous heat and mass transfers is carried out to investigate the scrap melting characteristics in molten steel after model verification by published experimental data.The numerical results show that the scrap melting stages consist of the frozen shell formation stage,the frozen shell remelting stage and the parent scrap melting stage.The heat transfer coefficient and the carbon mass transfer coefficient between the scrap and the molten steel are,respectively,in the range of 4209-6249 W m^(-2) K^(-1) and 6.4×10^(-5) m s^(-1).Meanwhile,the effects of process parameters on scrap melting time were studied.An increase in the scrap preheating temperature(T_(scrap)),the molten steel temperature(T_(steel))and the carbon content of molten steel(C_(steel)),and a decrease in the scrap thickness dscrap,can reduce the frozen shell existence time,as well as the scrap melting time.On this basis,a quantitative relationship between the aforementioned process parameters and the scrap melting time is obtained to predict the formation of frozen shell(W),which provides process guidance for shortening the scrap melting time.The quantitative relationship is expressed as:lnΨ=311.32-2.34ln(T_(scrap))-39.99ln(T_(steel))-0.08ln(d_(scrap))-0.57ln(C_(steel)).

关键词： Frozen shell Scrap melting Heat transfer Mass transfer Numerical simulation Electric arc furnace

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The lymphatic system:a therapeutic target for central nervous system disorders

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第6期18卷 1249-1256页

作者： Jia-Qi Xu Qian-Qi Liu Sheng-Yuan Huang Chun-Yue Duan hong-bin lu Yong Cao Jian-Zhong Hu Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan ProvinceChina Key Laboratory of Organ Injury Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan ProvinceChangshaHunan ProvinceChina Mobile Health Ministry of Education-China Mobile Joint Laboratory ChangshaHunan ProvinceChina National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan ProvinceChina Department of Cardiovascular Surgery The Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan ProvinceChina Department of Sports Medicine Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan ProvinceChina

The lymphatic vasculature forms an organized network that covers the whole body and is involved in fluid homeostasis,metabolite clearance,and immune surveillance.The recent identification of functional lymphatic vessels in the meninges of the brain and the spinal cord has provided novel insights into neurophysiology.They emerge as major pathways for fluid exchange.The abundance of immune cells in lymphatic vessels and meninges also suggests that lymphatic vessels are actively involved in neuroimmunity.The lymphatic system,through its role in the clearance of neurotoxic proteins,autoimmune cell infiltration,and the transmission of pro-inflammatory signals,participates in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological disorders,including neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases and traumatic injury.Vascular endothelial growth factor C is the master regulator of lymphangiogenesis,a process that is critical for the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis.In this review,we summarize current knowledge and recent advances relating to the anatomical features and immunological functions of the lymphatic system of the central nervous system and highlight its potential as a therapeutic target for neurological disorders and central nervous system repair.

关键词： central nervous system central nervous system injury glymphatic system lymphatic vessels meninges neurodegenerative disorders neuroinflammatory diseases vascular endothelial growth factor C

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Metformin promotes angiogenesis and functional recovery in aged mice after spinal cord injury by adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第7期18卷 1553-1562页

作者： Jin-Yun Zhao Xiao-Long Sheng Cheng-Jun Li Tian Qin Run-Dong He Guo-Yu Dai Yong Cao hong-bin lu Chun-Yue Duan Jian-Zhong Hu Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopedics Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan ProvinceChina Key Laboratory of Organ Injury Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan ProvinceChangshaHunan ProvinceChina National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan ProvinceChina Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health ChangshaHunan ProvinceChina Department of Sports Medicine Research Centre of Sports MedicineXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan ProvinceChina

Treatment with metformin can lead to the recovery of pleiotropic biological activities after spinal cord injury.However,its effect on spinal cord injury in aged mice remains unclear.Considering the essential role of angiogenesis during the regeneration process,we hypothesized that metformin activates the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway in endothelial cells,thereby promoting microvascular regeneration in aged mice after spinal cord injury.In this study,we established young and aged mouse models of contusive spinal cord injury using a modified Allen method.We found that aging hindered the recovery of neurological function and the formation of blood vessels in the spinal cord.Treatment with metformin promoted spinal cord microvascular endothelial cell migration and blood vessel formation in vitro.Furthermore,intraperitoneal injection of metformin in an in vivo model promoted endothelial cell proliferation and increased the density of new blood vessels in the spinal cord,thereby improving neurological function.The role of metformin was reversed by compound C,an adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase inhibitor,both in vivo and in vitro,suggesting that the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway likely regulates metformin-mediated angiogenesis after spinal cord injury.These findings suggest that metformin promotes vascular regeneration in the injured spinal cord by activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway,thereby improving the neurological function of aged mice after spinal cord injury.

关键词： adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway angiogenesis aged mice compound C metformin spinal cord injury

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Collective Molecular Machines: Multidimensionality and Reconfigurability

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Nano-Micro Letters 2024年第8期16卷 309-340页

作者： bin Wang Yuan lu Department of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084People’s Republic of China Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis Ministry of EducationTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084People’s Republic of China

Molecular machines are key to cellular activity where they are involved in converting chemical and light energy into efficient mechanical work.During the last 60 years,designing molecular structures capable of generating unidirectional mechanical motion at the nanoscale has been the topic of intense research.Effective progress has been made,attributed to advances in various fields such as supramolecular chemistry,biology and nanotechnology,and informatics.However,individual molecular machines are only capable of producing nanometer work and generally have only a single functionality.In order to address these problems,collective behaviors realized by integrating several or more of these individual mechanical units in space and time have become a new paradigm.In this review,we comprehensively discuss recent developments in the collective behaviors of molecular machines.In particular,collective behavior is divided into two paradigms.One is the appropriate integration of molecular machines to efficiently amplify molecular motions and deformations to construct novel functional materials.The other is the construction of swarming modes at the supramolecular level to perform nanoscale or microscale operations.We discuss design strategies for both modes and focus on the modulation of features and properties.Subsequently,in order to address existing challenges,the idea of transferring experience gained in the field of micro/nano robotics is presented,offering prospects for future developments in the collective behavior of molecular machines.

关键词： Molecular machines Collective control Collective behaviors DNA Biomolecular motors

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Optical grade (Gd_(0.95-x)lu_(x)Eu_(0.05))_(3)Al_(5)O_(12) ceramics with near-zero optical loss: Effects of lu^(3+) doping on structural feature, microstructure evolution, and far-red luminescence

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Journal of Advanced Ceramics 2024年第1期13卷 113-123页

作者： Zhigang Sun Ji-Guang Li Huiyu Qian Yoshio Sakka Tohru SSuzuki bin lu School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211China Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials National Institute for Materials ScienceIbaraki 305-0044Japan Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province Ningbo 315211China

A chemical co-precipitation strategy was employed to synthesize a series of(Gd_(0.95−x)lu_(x)Eu_(0.05))_(3)Al_(5)O_(12)(x=0.1−0.95)powder phosphors,followed by vacuum sintering to achieve transparent garnet ceramic phosphors.The density functional theory indicated lu_(3)Al_(5)O_(12) was formed in priority compared with Gd_(3)Al_(5)O_(12) during solid-phase reaction.Upon high-temperature sintering,the lu^(3+)substitution for Gd^(3+)suppressed point mass diffusion leading to a smaller grain size.The in-line transmittances of bulk specimens with x=0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,and 0.95 nm were~83.5%,80.1%,68.8%,73.7%,and 82.2%at 710 nm(Eu^(3+)emission center),respectively,among which the sample of x=0.1 exhibited the optical grade with near-zero optical loss in agreement with the defect-free single crystal(~100%of the theoretical transmittance).The resulting particle and ceramic materials both presented characteristic Eu^(3+)emission arising from 5D0→7FJ(J=1−4)transition,where the dominant far-red emission at~710 nm arising from ^(5)D_(0)→^(7)F_(4) transition overlapped with the absorption of phytochrome(PFR).The photoluminescence excitation and photoluminescence intensities of(Gd_(0.95−x)lu_(x)Eu_(0.05))_(3)Al_(5)O_(12) powders and ceramics generally increased at a higher Gd^(3+)/lu^(3+)ratio.lu^(3+)dopants delayed the fluorescence lifetime while the bulk samples had shorter lifetime compared to the particle counterparts.The transparent(Gd_(0.85)lu_(0.1)Eu_(0.05))3Al_(5)O_(12) ceramic phosphor exhibited good thermal stability with a high thermal quenching temperature above 533 K.The designed ceramic phosphor-converted light-emitting diode had a saturation injection current of 435 mA and a current-dependent color rendering index.More importantly,our report marked the developmental stage of transparent ceramic materials towards zero optical loss.

关键词： transparent ceramics garnet phosphors light-emitting diode(LED) optical properties Gibbs free energy

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A projected Newton algorithm based on chemically allowed interval for chemical equilibrium computations

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2024年第3期18卷 25-37页

作者： hongbin lu Shaohui Tao Xiaoyan Sun Li Xia Shuguang Xiang Institute of Process Systems Engineering College of Chemical EngineeringQingdao University of Science and TechnologyQingdao266042China

The chemical equilibrium equations utilized in reactive transport modeling are complex and nonlinear,and are typically solved using the Newton-Raphson method.Although this algorithm is known for its quadratic convergence near the solution,it is less effective far from the solution,especially for ill-conditioned problems.In such cases,the algorithm may fail to converge or require excessive iterations.To address these limitations,a projected Newton method is introduced to incorporate the concept of projection.This method constrains the Newton step by utilizing a chemically allowed interval that generates feasible descending iterations.Moreover,we utilize the positive continuous fraction method as a preconditioning technique,providing reliable initial values for solving the algorithms.The numerical results are compared with those derived using the regular Newton-Raphson method,the Newton-Raphson method based on chemically allowed interval updating rules,and the bounded variable least squares method in six different test cases.The numerical results highlight the robustness and efficacy of the proposed algorithm.

关键词： chemical equilibrium reactive transport modeling numerical methods projected Newton method

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Tuning mechanical behaviors of highly entangled hydrogels with the random distribution of mobile entanglements

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2024年第2期45卷 277-294页

作者： Jinlong LIU Di lu bin CHEN Department of Engineering Mechanics Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China Beijing System Design Institute of Electro-Mechanic Engineering Beijing 100854China Intelligent Robotic Research Center Zhejiang LaboratoryHangzhou 310027China Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou 311100China

Highly entangled hydrogels exhibit excellent mechanical properties,including high toughness,high stretchability,and low hysteresis.By considering the evolution of randomly distributed entanglements within the polymer network upon mechanical stretches,we develop a constitutive theory to describe the large stretch behaviors of these hydrogels.In the theory,we utilize a representative volume element(RVE)in the shape of a cube,within which there exists an averaged chain segment along each edge and a mobile entanglement at each corner.By employing an explicit method,we decouple the elasticity of the hydrogels from the sliding motion of their entanglements,and derive the stress-stretch relations for these hydrogels.The present theoretical analysis is in agreement with experiment,and highlights the significant influence of the entanglement distribution within the hydrogels on their elasticity.We also implement the present developed constitutive theory into a commercial finite element software,and the subsequent simulations demonstrate that the exact distribution of entanglements strongly affects the mechanical behaviors of the structures of these hydrogels.Overall,the present theory provides valuable insights into the deformation mechanism of highly entangled hydrogels,and can aid in the design of these hydrogels with enhanced performance.

关键词： highly entangled hydrogel constitutive theory entanglement gamma distribution

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On-spot preparation of EDTA solution for the treatment of band keratopathy:a case report

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2024年第4期17卷 767-769页

作者： Yan-Ting Li bin Chen Tian-hong Wu Bo Jiang Yun-Feng lu Department of Ophthalmology the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215000Jiangsu ProvinceChina Department of Ophthalmology Suzhou EENT HospitalSuzhou 215000Jiangsu ProvinceChina

Dear Editor,We report a case of band keratopathy who experienced several ocular surgeries,secondary uveitis and glaucoma which eventually led to severe band keratopathy.We use commonly-used vacuum blood collection tubes with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid dipotassium salt(EDTA-K2)to prepare chelation solution on-spot to remove the calcium deposits on the corneal surface.It is proved to be relatively safety,efficacy,cost-effective.

关键词： glaucoma eventually preparation

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Simultaneous acceleration of sulfur reduction and oxidation on bifunctional electrocatalytic electrodes for quasi-solid-state Zn–S batteries

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Science China Chemistry 2024年第5期67卷 1531-1538页

作者： Mingli Wang hong Zhang Tianhang Ding Fangjun Wu Lin Fu bin Song Pengfei Cao Ke lu Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of EducationAnhui UniversityHefei 230601China Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025China Institute of Functional Nano&Soft Materials(FUNSOM) Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215123China State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing 100029China

The incomplete sulfur reduction and high ZnS re-oxidation energy barrier along with severe side reactions during the battery cycling compromise the practical application of Zn–S electrochemistry. Herein, a bifunctional electrocatalytic sulfur matrix that simultaneously accelerates the sulfur reduction and ZnS oxidation is proposed to realize a highly-efficient Zn–S cell. It is revealed that the N-heteroatom hotspots are more favorable for facilitating the conversion of S to ZnS while the CoO nanocrystal substantially lowers the ZnS activation energy barrier thereby suppressing the formation of disproportionation species(e.g.,SO_(4)^(2-)) and accumulation of inactive ZnS. Accordingly, the Co O anchored on the N-doped carbon-supported sulfur cathode delivers a high Zn^(2+)storage capacity of 1,172 m Ahg^(-1)and outstanding cycling stability with a capacity retention of 71.6% after500 cycles with a high average Coulombic efficiency of 97.8%. Simultaneously, the stable cycling of solid-state Zn–S pouch cells with an energy density of 585 Whkg^(-1)sulfuris also demonstrated. Moreover, the postmortem analysis reveals that the degradation of Zn–S cells is mainly attributed to the limited reversibility of Zn anodes rather than the ZnS decomposition and/or accumulation. The approach to the bidirectional catalysis manipulated the sulfur redox provides a new perspective to realize the theoretical potentials of Zn–S cells.

关键词： Zn–S battery bifunctional catalysts solid-state battery sulfur redox degradation mechanism

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Regulating ion transport behaviors toward dendrite-free potassium metal batteries:recent advances and perspectives

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Rare Metals 2024年第4期43卷 1435-1460页

作者： lu-Kang Zhao Xuan-Wen Gao Tian-Zhen Ren Da Wang Da-Wei Wang Zhao-Meng Liu hong Chen Wen-bin luo School of Metallurgy Northeastern University School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales

With abundant potassium resources and high capacity,potassium metal batteries（PMBs） present a compelling option for the next generation of energy storage technology.However,PMBs suffer from an unstable anode interface caused by uncontrolled dendrite growth,which results in unsatisfactory cyclability and safety concerns.Extensive investigations suggest that significant progress has been made in enhancing the interfacial stability of PMBs.The various effective strategies for stabilizing interfaces can ultimately be attributed to the regulation of the sluggish ion transfer kinetics and irregular deposition,i.e.,the arrangement of ion transport behaviors at the interface.Rational modulation of ions transport rate and ions deposition directions makes it possible to obtain a dendrite-free and smooth deposition plane.Herein,the influencing factors and action mechanism of K+interface transport behaviors are discussed to understand the nature of material design for constructing stable anode interfaces,including regulating the solvation and desolvation structures,accelerating K+transport kinetics and controlling K+deposition direction.In addition,the deficiencies and prospects of the research on electrolyte,separators and designed electrode involved in the manufacturing and testing and ion transport process of PMBs are discussed.This review is expected to provide some possible directions for constructing dendrite-free interfaces in advanced PMBs-related research and offer significant insights for prospective experimental research and commercial applications.

关键词： Ion transport rate Ion transport direction Interface Potassium metal batteries Dendrites growth

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