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An Ultimate Approach to Retarding the Aging Process by Integrating Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine

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Chinese Medicine 2024年第3期15卷 35-48页

作者： Kam Ming Ko hoi yan leung Division of Life Science Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Hong Kong SAR China

Aging and death are unavoidable in life. While immortality may be impossible, many people dream of living a long and healthy life. Throughout history, humans have searched for ways to stay young, but have not found an effective way. This may be because the methods used do not target the causes of aging directly. To address this, we investigated how to delay aging using traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western medicine approaches. In this article, we will explain the causes of aging in the context of TCM and Western medicine and suggest methods to delay it. By integrating TCM and Western medicine, I hope to help everyone age healthily and enjoy a long life.

关键词： Aging Traditional Chinese Medicine Zang Xiang System Zheng Qi Western Medicine Mitochondria Mitophagy Senolytics Glutathione Antioxidant Response

The Essential Role of Zheng Qi in Promoting Health: From the Perspective of Chinese Medicine and Modern Medicine

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Chinese Medicine 2024年第2期15卷 27-33页

作者： Kam Ming Ko hoi yan leung Division of Life Science Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Hong Kong SAR China

The concept of Zheng Qi in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) refers to the vital energy produced by the interaction of Yin and yang forces in the body. Zheng Qi performs two main functions: Wei Qi (defensive Qi), which shields the body from external pathogens, and Ying Qi (nutritive Qi), which sustains the internal organs and enhances their functionality. In TCM, Chinese tonifying herbs can help restore the balance of Yin/yang and Qi/Blood function in visceral organs (i.e., optimal physiological functions), thereby fostering the efficient production of Zheng Qi and enhancing health. To ensure the quality of Chinese herbal products, functional assays to measure Yin/yang, Qi/Blood functions, and Zheng Qi production should be implemented. The efficacy of yang and Qi herbs can be evaluated by their ability to increase mitochondrial ATP in cultured mouse cardiomyocytes, while Yin and Blood herbs are tested through their immunostimulatory effects on antigen-induced T/B cell proliferation in mouse splenocytes and the production of erythropoietin/nitric oxide in hepatocytes/vascular endothelial cells, respectively. Additionally, Zheng Qi’s effect can be gauged by examining natural killer cell activity and antigen-induced T/B cell proliferation in mice ex vivo. These assays act as biomarkers for assessing the quality and effectiveness of herbal health products within TCM theory.

关键词： Traditional Chinese Medicine Zheng Qi Immunity Biomarkers Functional Assays

Pharmacological Investigation on the Qi-Invigorating Action of Schisandrin B: Effects on Mitochondrial ATP Generation in Multiple Tissues and Innate/Adaptive Immunity in Mice

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Chinese Medicine 2024年第2期15卷 15-26页

作者： hoi yan leung Suen Chit Sze Kam Ming Ko Division of Life Science Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Hong Kong SAR China

Schisandrae Fructus, containing schisandrin B (Sch B) as its main active component, is recognized in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for its Qi-invigorating properties in the five visceral organs. Our laboratory has shown that the Qi-invigorating action of Chinese tonifying herbs is linked to increased mitochondrial ATP generation and an enhancement in mitochondrial glutathione redox status. To explore whether Sch B can exert Qi-invigorating actions across various tissues, we investigated the effects of Sch B treatment on mitochondrial ATP generation and glutathione redox status in multiple mouse tissues ex vivo. In line with TCM theory, which posits that Zheng Qi generation relies on the Qi function of the visceral organs, we also examined Sch B’s impact on natural killer cell activity and antigen-induced splenocyte proliferation, both serving as indirect measures of Zheng Qi. Our findings revealed that Sch B treatment consistently enhanced mitochondrial ATP generation and improved mitochondrial glutathione redox status in mouse tissues. This boost in mitochondrial function was associated with stimulated innate and adaptive immune responses, marked by increased natural killer cell activity and antigen-induced T/B cell proliferation, potentially through the increased generation of Zheng Qi.

关键词： Zheng Qi Schisandrin B Mitochondria ATP Generation Glutathione Redox Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity Natural Killer Cell Activity Splenocyte Proliferation

Schisandrin B decreases the sensitivity of mitochondria to calcium ioninduced permeability transition and protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat hearts

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Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2007年第10期28卷 1559-1565页

作者： Po-yee CHIU hoi-yan leung Ada HL SIU Michel KTPOON Kam-ming KO Department of Biochemistry Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong SAR China

Aim:In order to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the cardioprotectionafforded by schisandrin B （Sch B）,the effect of Sch B treatment on the sensitivityof mitochondria to Ca2+-stimulated permeability transition （PT） was investigatedin rat hearts under normal and ischemia-reperfusion （I-R） ***:Myocardial I-R injury caused an increase in the sensitivity of mitochondria toCa2+-stimulated PT in *** enhanced sensitivity to mitochondrial PT wasassociated with increases in mitochondrial Ca2+content as well as the extent ofreactive oxidant species production in vitro and cytochrome c release in *** cardioprotection afforded by Sch B pretreatment against I-R-induced injurywas paralleled by the decrease in the sensitivity of myocardial mitochondria toCa2+-stimulated PT,particularly under I-R ***:The resultssuggest that Sch B treatment increases the resistance of myocardial mitochondriato Ca2+-stimulated PT and protects against I-R-induced tissue injury.

关键词： schisandrin B mitochondria permeability transition calcium myocardial ischemiareperfusion

Cell-Based Biological Markers for Blood-Enriching Chinese Herbs: Erythropoietin Production in HepG2 Cells and Nitric Oxide Release in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs)

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Chinese Medicine 2023年第2期14卷 57-67页

作者： hoi yan leung Kam Ming Ko Division of Life Science Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Hong Kong China

Chinese tonifying herbs, which are classified into four functional categories (namely, yang, Qi, Yin, Blood) are commonly used for restoring normal body function and the prevention of diseases. To explore cell-based biological markers for Blood-enriching Chinese herbs, we investigate the effect of 11 commonly used Blood-enriching herbs on erythropoietin (EPO) production in HepG2 cells. Herbs for nourishing Yin were tested for determining the specificity of Blood-enriching herbs in inducing EPO production. In addition, the effects of Blood-enriching herbs on nitric oxide (NO) production in both HepG2 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were also investigated. The results indicated that methanolic extracts of Blood-enriching herbs (but not Yin-nourishing herbs) showed characteristic pharmacological activity in inducing EPO production in HepG2 cells and NO release in HUVECs. The experimental findings, therefore, support the use of cell-based EPO production and NO release as biological markers for Blood-enriching Chinese tonifying herbs.

关键词： Blood-Enriching Chinese Herbs Erythropoietin Nitric Oxide

Differential Effects of Yin- and yang-Chinese Tonifying Herbs on Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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Chinese Medicine 2023年第2期14卷 68-78页

作者： hoi yan leung Kam Ming Ko Division of Life Science Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Hong Kong China

The present study investigated the effect of treatment with methanolic extracts of Yin- and yang-Chinese tonifying herbs on concanavalin A (Con A)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated splenocyte proliferation (adaptive immunity) and natural killer (NK) cell activity (innate immunity) in an ex vivo mouse model. The results indicated that while treatment with most Yin herbal extracts potentiated the Con A/LPS-stimulated splenocyte proliferation, only yang (but not Yin) herbal extracts stimulated NK cell activity. The differential effects of Yin- and yang-Chinese tonifying herbs on innate and adaptive immunity are consistent with the Chinese medicine theory which depicts the Yin and yang functional components of Zheng Qi (vital energy), with the yang component being responsible for the first line of defense against invading microorganisms (i.e., innate immunity) and the Yin oner serving as a follow-up defensive response (adaptive immunity).

关键词： Yin yang Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity Natural Killer Cell Activity Splenocyte Proliferation

‘yang-Invigorating’ Chinese Tonic Herbs Enhance Mitochondrial ATP Generation in H9c2 Cardiomyocytes

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Chinese Medicine 2011年第1期2卷 1-5页

作者： hoi Shan Wong hoi yan leung Kam Ming Ko 不详

‘yang-invigorating’ Chinese tonic herbs have been shown to enhance the myocardial mitochondrial ATP generation capacity in mice ex vivo. In the present study, we examined the effect of treatment with the methanol extract of ‘yang-invigorating’ herbs on mitochondrial ATP generation capacity in H9c2 cardio-myocytes. The effect of ‘Yin-nourishing’ herbs was also investigated for comparison. The results indicated that all ‘yang-invigorating’ Chinese tonic herbs dose-dependently enhanced the mitochondrial ATP genera-tion capacity in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Three out of nine ‘Yin-nourishing’ herbs produced a dose-dependent stimulatory effect on ATP generation, but to lesser extents than those of yang herbs. Results obtained from activity-directed fractionation of the three most potent ‘yang-invigorating’ herbs suggested that the ATP-stimulating ingredients were rather water insoluble and largely resided in the butanol fraction. In con-clusion, ‘yang-invigorating’ herbs invariably stimulated mitochondrial ATP generation capacity in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. The cell-based assay of ATP generation capacity may be used as pharmacological test for ‘yang-invigorating’ Chinese tonic herbs.

关键词： yang Yin Chinese Medicine ATP Mitochondria Cardiomyocytes

Antioxidant and Immunopotentiating Effects of <i>Cordyceps </i>Mycelium Extract, Chicken Essence, and Their Combination in Experimental Models

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Chinese Medicine 2021年第1期12卷 1-9页

作者： hoi yan leung Choly Tat Ming yan Kam Ming Ko Division of Life Science Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Hong Kong SAR China Royal Medic Group Holding Limited Hong Kong SAR China

Cordyceps mycelium extract (Cs-4), Chicken Essence (CE), and their combination were investigated for antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities in mouse models. Long-term treatment with Cs-4 or CE at equivalent human doses improved antioxidant status in various tissues, as evidenced by the enhancement of mitochondrial glutathione redox status in the brain, liver, heart, and kidney of mice. Cs-4 or CE treatment also produced an immunomodulatory action, as indicated by the potentiation of Concanavalin A-/lipopolysaccharide-induced proliferation of mouse splenocytes ex vivo. While doubling of the equivalent human doses of Cs-4 and CE did not further enhance their antioxidant or immunopotentiating effects, the combined treatment with Cs-4 and CE at their respective equivalent human doses produced an additive effect, with the extents of stimulation being larger than those produced by Cs-4 or CE alone. The results have demonstrated for the first time that the combined use of Cs-4 and CE can produce an additive effect on both antioxidation and immunopotentiation that cannot otherwise be achieved by increasing the equivalent human doses of Cs-4 or CE alone.

关键词： Cordyceps Chicken Essence Glutathione Redox Status Immunopotentiation Additive Effect

A Unifying Theory of Aging between Modern Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine

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Chinese Medicine 2020年第2期11卷 105-112页

作者： Kai-Chit Cheung hoi-yan leung Kam-Ming Ko Division of Life Science Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Hong Kong China

With the increasing aging population around the world as a result of birth rates and advances in medical technologies, there is an urgent need to unravel the primary cause of aging, in the hope of developing a rational approach to retard the aging process. This is crucial to reduce the societal impact of aging. Although modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine view the process of aging from different perspectives, this article aims to develop a common understanding between these two distinct medical systems in relation to the aging process. As such, a unified approach can hopefully be developed to effectively slow down the aging process. Modern medicine has proposed the “mitochondrial theory” of aging, which implicates a causal relationship between the rate of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and lifespan as noted in a wide spectrum of primate species, while traditional Chinese medicine views aging as the result of a gradual depletion of congenital primordial Qi, which can be spared by the sufficient generation of postnatal pectoral Qi. By amalgamating the knowledge of modern medicine with that of traditional Chinese medicine in relation to aging, it is suggested that while Chinese tonifying herbs can be used to restore the balance of body functions enabling the generation of sufficient pectoral Qi, active ingredients isolated from Chinese tonifying herbs or other plant sources capable of inducing mitohormesis and mitophagy, as well as senolysis, can be used to retard the aging process.

关键词： Aging Theory Modern Medicine Chinese Medicine Mitochondria