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Common Mechanism of Lignification of Compression Wood in Conifers and Buxus

American Journal of Plant Sciences 2016年第7期7卷 1151-1162页

作者： hideto hiraide Masato Yoshida Saori Sato Hiroyuki Yamamoto Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan

Woody plants develop a specialized secondary xylem known as reaction wood to enable formation of an ideal shape. Reaction wood in coniferous species is known as compression wood, and that of woody angiosperms as tension wood. However, the genus Buxus which is classified as an angiosperm, forms compression-wood-like reaction wood. We investigated the mechanism of lignification in coniferous compression wood and Buxus reaction wood: 1) Several lignin synthesis genes were upregulated in differentiating reaction wood of Buxus microphylla;2) B. microphylla possesses a specific laccase gene that is expressed specifically in differentiating reaction wood (BmLac4);3) laccase activity localization was closely related to lignification of reaction wood, and laccase activity was high in the secondary wall middle layer;4) in reaction wood cell walls, galactan was present in the outer portion of the secondary wall middle layer, and the level of xylan was reduced. These findings suggest that lignification in B. microphylla reaction wood is identical to that of coniferous compression wood. These may represent general mechanisms of increasing lignin content in various reaction woods.

关键词： Lignification Laccase Buxus Reaction Wood Compression Wood

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Transcriptome Analysis of Reaction Wood in Gymnosperms by Next-Generation Sequencing

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第18期5卷 2785-2798页

作者： Saori Sato Masato Yoshida hideto hiraide Kunio Ihara Hiroyuki Yamamoto Center for Gene Research Nagoya University Nagoya Japan Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan

Special xylem tissue called “compression wood” is formed on the lower side of inclined stems when gymnosperms grow on a slope. We investigated the molecular mechanism of compression wood formation. Transcriptome analysis by next-generation sequencing (NGS) was applied to the xylem of Chamaecyparis obtusa to develop a catalog of general gene expression in differentiating xylem during compression and normal wood formation. The sequencing output generated 234,924,605 reads and 40,602 contigs (mean size = 529 bp). Based on a sequence similarity search with known proteins, 54.2% (22,005) of the contigs showed homology with sequences in the databases. Of these annotated contigs, 19,293 contigs were assigned to Gene Ontology categories. Differential gene expression between the compression and normal wood libraries was analyzed by mapping the reads from each library to the assembled contigs. In total, 2875 contigs were identified as differentially expressed, including 1207 that were up-regulated and 1668 that were down-regulated in compression wood. We selected 30 genes and compared the transcript abundance between compression and normal wood by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis to validate the NGS results. We found that 27 of the 30 genes showed the same expression patterns as the original NGS results.

关键词： Compression Wood De Novo Assembly Differentiating Xylem RNA-Seq Transcriptome

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Immunolocalization of a Normal Wood Specific Pectin Methylesterase (CoPME) and Quantification of PME Gene Expression in Differentiating Xylem of <i>Chamaecyparis obtusa</i>

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2019年第11期10卷 1949-1968页

作者： Akinori Ota Masato Yoshida Saori Sato hideto hiraide Miyuki Matsuo-Ueda Hiroyuki Yamamoto Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Laboratory of Wood Physics Nagoya University Nagoya Japan

The transverse section of compression wood tracheids has a circular shape and intercellular spaces. The cause has not been determined yet;however, we hypothesized that peeling of the cell wall adhesion would cause cellular intervals, resulting in circularity of the transverse section of tracheids. Homogalacturonan, a type of pectin, functions in cell wall adhesion. Further, pectin methylesterase (PME) is involved in functionalization of homogalacturonan. We quantitated PME gene expression levels in differentiating xylem cells using different degrees of compression wood samples and examined the correlation with circularity of the transverse section of tracheids in each sample. We found that lower gene expression level of the sample corresponded with increasing circularity of the transverse section of tracheids. It is considered that the transverse section of compression wood tracheids becomes circular by suppression of PME gene expression during differentiation. Further, we observed the normal wood specific pectin methylesterase (CoPME) localization in differentiating xylem tracheids by immunolabeling. Labels localized at the entire perimeter of the compound middle lamella in normal wood, whereas sparse labeling was found in compression wood. It suggests that cell walls adhere at sites of CoPME function in differentiating xylem tracheids, but there is inadequate adhesion between cell walls where CoPME does not function. At the end of the expansion zone, the volume of the cell decreases due to a decrease in the turgor pressure of the tracheid. Further, due to moisture shrinkage of the tracheid, the adhesion begins to peel off in places of inadequate adhesion between cell walls, resulting in cell gaps and, thereby, generating a circular cell shape of cell wall formation in compression wood.

关键词： Reaction Wood Wood Formation Cell Differentiation Immunohistochemistry Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Monoclonal Antibody

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Unexpectedly Good Neurological Outcome after Prolonged Cardiac Arrest

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Open Journal of Emergency Medicine 2019年第1期7卷 1-7页

作者： Kohei Ichinohashi Tomoaki Natsukawa Takahiro Ueda Hirotaka Sawano Yasuyuki Hayashi Hironori Shigeoka Yasuhide Kitazawa Atsushi hiraide Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Faculty of Medicine Kindai University Osaka Japan

Backgoround: Generally, neurological outcome of patients who have achieved return of spontaneous circulations (ROSC) with abnormal blood tests date and some severe organ complications is extremely poor. Because we experienced a case of good neurological outcome using two different types of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in spite of prolonged cardiac arrest, we reported this case and reviewed the literature. Case presentation: A 36-year-old male suddenly collapsed at bar after drinking. Initial ECG showed ventricular fibrillation (VF) and subsequently underwent advanced cardiovascular life support. On admission, the ECG still showed VF, but pupillary light reflex was faintly present. Then, veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) support was established 54 minutes after collapse. Blood tests showed lactate was 15.8 mmol/l and NH3 of 251 μg/dl. To improve respiratory function after cardiogenic shock, we changed to veno-venous ECMO (VV-ECMO) and removed superabundant fluid using continuous hemodiafiltration. Patient was discharged on day-26 after a full functional recovery. Conclusion: In severe respiratory disorder, it would be more effective to change to VV-ECMO after recovering from cardiogenic shock while removing superabundant fluid using continuous hemodiafiltration. In predicting the neurological outcome of a post cardiac arrest patient, the presence of a pupillary light reflex may be more significant than NH3 and lactate.

关键词： Cardiac Arrest Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Neurological Outcome

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