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Signaling Mechanisms in Pattern-Triggered Immunity （PTI）

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Molecular Plant 2015年第4期8卷 521-539页

作者： Jean Bigeard Jean Colcombet heribert Hirt Unite de Recherche en Genomique Vegetale (URGV) UMR INRA/CNRS/Universite d'Evry Val d'Essonne/Saclay Plant Sciences 2 rue Gaston Cremieux 91057 Evry France Center for Desert Agriculture 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwa123955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

In nature, plants constantly have to face pathogen attacks. However, plant disease rarely occurs due to efficient immune systems possessed by the host plants. Pathogens are perceived by two different recognition systems that initiate the so-called pattern-triggered immunity （PTI） and effector-triggered immunity （ETI）, both of which are accompanied by a set of induced defenses that usually repel pathogen attacks. Here we discuss the complex network of signaling pathways occurring during PTI, focusing on the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases.

关键词： plant defenses plant immunity PTI signaling mechanisms MAPKs

Rhizosphere Microbes as Essential Partners for Plant Stress Tolerance

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Molecular Plant 2013年第2期6卷 242-245页

作者： Axel de Zelicourt Mohamed AI-Yousif heribert Hirt UGRV Plant Genomics INRA-CNRS-Univ. of Evry 2 rue Gaston Cremieux F-91057 Evry France King Saud University PO Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia

Ever since plants colonized land, they evolved mechanisms to respond to changing environmental conditions and settle in extreme habitats. Recent studies show that several plant species require microbial associations for stress tolerance and survival. Although many plants lack the adaptive capability to adapt to stress conditions, the ability of a variety of plants to adapt to stress conditions often appears to depend on their association with certain microbes, raising a number of ques-tions： What distinguishes the microbes and plants that can adapt to extreme environmental conditions？

关键词： STRESS tolerance (Psychology) PLANTS MICROORGANISMS ENDOPHYTIC fungi MYCORRHIZAS PLANT growth-promoting rhizobacteria

A Major Role of the MEKK1-MKK1/2-MPK4 Pathway in ROS Signalling

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Molecular Plant 2009年第1期2卷 120-137页

作者： Andrea Pitzschke Armin Djamei Frederique Bitton heribert Hirt Department of Plant Molecular Biology Max F. Perutz Laboratories University of Vienna Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9 1030 Vienna Austria Present address: Max-Planck-lnstitute for Terrestrial Microbiology Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 35043 Marburg Germany URGV Plant Genomics Laboratory 2 Rue Gaston Cremieux 91057 Evry France

Over the last few years, it has become evident that reactive oxygen species （ROS） signalling plays an important role in various physiological responses, including pathogen defense and stomatal opening/closure. On the other hand, ROS overproduction is detrimental for proper plant growth and development, indicating that the regulation of an appropriate redox balance is essential for plants. ROS homeostasis in plants involves the mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） pathway consisting of the MAPK kinase kinase MEKK1 and the MAPK MPK4. Phenotypic and molecular analysis revealed that the MAPK kinases MKK1 and MKK2 are part of a cascade, regulating ROS and salicylic acid （SA） accumulation. Gene expression analysis shows that of 32 transcription factors reported to be highly responsive to multiple ROS-inducing conditions, 20 are regulated by the MEKK1, predominantly via the MEKK1-MKK1/2-MPK4 pathway. However, MEKK1 also functions on other as yet unknown pathways and part of the MEKK1-dependent MPK4 responses are regulated independently of MKK1 and MKK2. Overall, this analysis emphasizes the central role of this MAPK cascade in oxidative stress signalling, but also indicates the high level of complexity revealed by this signalling network.

关键词： Mitogen-activated protein kinases MEKK1 MKK1 MKK2 MPK4 reactive oxygen species redox homeostasis stress signalling differential gene expression.

Activation of mitogen activated protein kinases via complement receptor type 2

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Chinese Medical Journal 2004年第12期17卷 1802-1808页

作者：罗敏华陈明亮 heribert Stoiber Manfred P Dierich Institut für Hygiene Innsbruck Universitt Fritz-Pregl-Str.β A 6010 Innsbruck Austria Laboratory of Virology Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha 410078 China Department of Dermatology Xiangya Hospital Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha 410008 China

Background Complement receptor type 2 (CR2) is the receptor for C3d and C3dg and for Epstein Barr virus The aim of our study was to explore whether CR2 can independently mediate the activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs, including ERK, JNK, and p38MAPK), and to highlight the molecular mechanism of CD 4 + cell deletion in AIDS Methods HOS cells (HOS CR2) and HOS CD4 cells (HOS CD4CR2) stably expressing CR2 were established and then identified by FACS and Western blotting Activation and blocking tests of MAPKs were assessed by Western blot Cell proliferation was determined using Cell Titer 96  Aqueous One Solution Reagent Results FACS results showed that the positive rates of HOS CR2 and HOS CD4CR2 cells were greater than 96%, and Western blot showed that the CR2 expression levels on HOS CR2 and HOS CD4CR2 cells were high Activation and blocking tests of MAPKs (ERK, JNK, and p38MAPK) were carried out in HOS CR2, HOS CD4, and HOS CD4CR2 cells The activation of MAPKs in HOS CR2 cells stimulated with PMA (100 ng/ml) and NHS (10%) was identical The activation of MAPKs increased at 5 minutes, reached a peak at 10 minutes, and decreased to baseline within 30 minutes, all in a time dependent manner; the activation of MAPKs was blocked by anti CR2 McAb, PD98059 (inhibitor of ERK), and Wortmanin (inhibitor of PI 3K), respectively In HOS CD4 cells, MAPKs were activated by HIV gp160 In HOS CD4CR2 cells, MAPK activation was induced by HIV gp160, 10% NHS, and HIV gp160+10%NHS; phosphorylation of p38MAPK was dramatically induced by HIV gp160+NHS, and lasted for 1 hour The cell proliferation results showed that HIV gp160 inhibited the proliferation of HOS CD4 and HOS CD4CR2 cells ( P <0 01) and that NHS enhanced the effect of HIV gp160 ( P <0 01) Conclusions The activation of MAPKs is independently mediated by CR2 and that anti CR2 McAb, PD98059, and Wortmanin block the activation of MAPKs, respectively The results of the signal transduction and cell proliferation

关键词： complement receptor type 2 · signal transduction · mitogen activated protein kinases · human immunodeficiency virus

Effect of Lactate and Starter Inoculum on Biogas Production from Fresh Maize and Maize Silage

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Advances in Microbiology 2017年第5期7卷 358-376页

作者： Preseela Satpathy Sven Steinigeweg Eike Siefert heribert Cypionka EUTEC Institute University of Applied Sciences Emden/Leer Emden Germany Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM) University of Oldenburg Oldenburg Germany

Lactate is a key intermediate during anaerobic digestion of carbohydrates;however, it fails to receive significant consideration in biogas plants. We examined the influence of lactic acid on biogas production. Two commonly used feeds, fresh maize and maize silage, were selected as substrates due to their difference in lactic acid contents. Additionally, inocula from an agriculture-based biogas plant, a waste water treatment plant and a standardised laboratory reactor were selected to investigate the impact of starter culture on the process. Experiments demonstrated increased total biogas yield of up to 45% in the lactate-rich maize silage over the lactate-devoid fresh maize, but only in cases where the starting inocula had been previously exposed to lactic acid. Our findings suggest lactic acid is a significant intermediate in biogas production and merits consideration. Additionally, the ability of the starter inoculum to utilize lactic acid is an important factor in process optimization and enhanced biogas production.

关键词： Biogas Lactic Acid Maize Silage Starter Inoculum

Salmonella enterica Flagellin Is Recognized via FLS2 and Activates PAMP-Triggered Immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana

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Molecular Plant 2014年第4期7卷 657-674页

作者： Ana Victoria Garcia Amelie Charrier Adam Schikora Jean Bigeard Stephanie Pateyron Marie-Ludivine de Tauzia-Moreau Alexandre Evrard Axel Mithofer Marie Laure Martin-Magniette Isabelle Virlogeux-Payant heribert Hirt Unite de Recherche en Genomique Vegetale (URGV) UMR INRA/CNRS/Universite d'Evry Val d'Essonne 91057 Evry France Institute for Plant Pathology and Applied Zoology Research Centre for BioSystems Land Use and Nutrition JL University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 35392 Giessen Germany Transcriptomic Platform Unite de Recherche en Genomique Vegetale (URGV) 91057 Evry France Department of Bioorganic Chemistry Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans-Knoll-Str. 8 07745 Jena Germany INRA UMR 518 MIA 75005 Paris France AgroParisTech UMR 518 MIA 75005 Paris France INRA UMR 1282 infectiologie et Sante Publique 37380 Nouzilly France

Infections with Salmonella enterica belong to the most prominent causes of food poisoning and infected fruits and vegetables represent important vectors for salmonellosis. Recent evidence indicates that plants recognize S. enterica and raise defense responses. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms controlling the interaction of S. enterica with plants are still largely unclear. Here, we show that flagellin from S. enterica represents a prominent pathogenassociated molecular pattern （PAMP） in Arabidopsis thaliana, which induces PAMP-triggered immunity （PTI） via the recognition of the fig22 domain by the receptor kinase FLS2. The Arabidopsis fls2 mutant shows reduced though not abolished PTI activation, indicating that plants rely also on recognition of other S. enterica PAMPs. Interestingly, the S. enterica type III secretion system （T3SS） mutant prgH- induced stronger defense gene expression than wild-type bacteria in Arabidopsis, suggesting that T3SS effectors are involved in defense suppression. Furthermore, we observe that S. enterica strains show variation in the fig22 epitope, which results in proteins with reduced PTI-inducing activity. Altogether, these results show that S. enterica activates PTI in Arabidopsis and suggest that, in order to accomplish plant colonization, S. enterica evolved strategies to avoid or suppress PTI.

关键词： Salmonella enterica Arabidopsis thaliana flagellin FLS2 immunity.

最新艾伯纳工业炉使用氢气保护气氛的优势分析

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冶金设备 2009年第3期 77-79页

作者： heribert Lochner 艾伯纳工业炉公司

位于奥地利林茨的艾伯纳工业炉公司拥有分别位于美国和中国的两家子公司,生产用于对钢、铝和铜金属进行热处理的设备。主要生产对钢材进行热处理的强对流罩式退火炉、立式光亮退火生产线及调制生产线,此三类产品大约占总产量的60%。前... 详细信息

位于奥地利林茨的艾伯纳工业炉公司拥有分别位于美国和中国的两家子公司,生产用于对钢、铝和铜金属进行热处理的设备。主要生产对钢材进行热处理的强对流罩式退火炉、立式光亮退火生产线及调制生产线,此三类产品大约占总产量的60%。前两种类型的设备是以100%氢气作为过程保护气氛的,同时一些调制线也使用100%氢气作为过程保护气氛。为了更好的比较使用氢气作为保护气氛的突出效果,通过实例来证明当氢用于罩式退火炉及连续热处理生产线时所具有的优势。

关键词：工业炉氢气保护优势

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小体积的冷凝器

流程工业 2011年第14期 18-19页

作者： heribert Offermanns Lob有限责任公司

在许多情况下都无法使用重量或体积较大的冷凝器。板式冷凝器基于重量轻、占地面积小、易清洗等特点，成为了管式换热器的最佳替代方案。

关键词：板式冷凝器小体积管式换热器占地面积重量轻易清洗

Quantitative analysis of cyclooxygenase 2 in the posterior longitudinal ligament of cervical spondylotic myelopathy

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Chinese Medical Journal 2011年第16期124卷 2480-2484页

作者： SONG Hong-xing Michael Scarpatetti wolfgang Kreil SHEN Hui-liang Koppany Bodo Birgit Ebner heribert Schrottner Michael Mokry Department of Orthopaedics Xuanwu Hospital Capital MedicalUniversity Beijing 100053 China Institute of Pathology Medical University of Graz 8036 Graz Austria Department of Neurosurgery Medical University of Graz 8036 Graz Austria Center for Medical Research Medical University of Graz 8010Graz Austria

Background Cervical spondylotic myelopathy （CSM）, in part, results from degeneration of the posterior longitudinal ligament （PLL）, which mechanically compresses the spinal cord. Much research was done on the ossification of PLL, but not concerning the non-ossifying degeneration of cervical PLL. The degeneration of cervical PLL may be related to inflammation. The aim of this study was to elucidate the pathological features of the PLL and the role of cyclooxygenase 2 （COX-2） in the degeneration of the PLL in CSM. Methods A total of 23 PLL specimens were collected during surgery from patients with CSM for the histological and immunohistochemical （type II collagen and Ki-67） study. For the control group 14 cervical PLL autopsy specimens were investigated in the same manner, mRNA expression of COX-2 was quantitatively measured by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） from 18 PLL specimens of patients with CSM and 18 PLL specimens of autopsy cases. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the cellular location of COX-2 in PLL. Results A distinct amount of fibrotic area, chondrometaplastic tissue and calcification were found in the PLL of the patient group, compared with the control group. Type II collagen was apparent around chondrometaplastic cells. Ki-67 positive reaction was less than 5%. A COX-2 positive reaction was found in 9 of the patient specimens （39.1%） in which the COX-2 was released from vascular endothelial cells in the PLL. However, such reactions were not found in the control group. Real-time PCR showed that the mRNA expression level of COX-2 in the patient group was significantly higher than that in the control group （P〈0.01）. Conclusions Chondrometaplastic tissue producing type II collagen was identified as the most predominant pathological feature in the degenerative PLL. The higher expression of COX-2 might be related to degeneration of the PLL in CSM.

关键词： posterior longitudinal ligament cyclooxygenase 2 immunohistochemistry polymerase chain reaction