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Quality Assessment of Artemether/Lumefantrine Tablets Sampled from Pharmacies in Accra, Using the *** Color Software

Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2013年第8期4卷 567-572页

作者： Ebenezer Adu Nyarko henry nettey Department of Pharmaceutics and Microbiology School of Pharmacy College of Health Sciences University of Ghana Legon Ghana.

Background: Widespread resistance has been recorded with the use of monotherapy in the management of malaria. In 2000, Ghana initiated the process of using Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) following the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommendation. Globally and in Ghana, there stands a high risk of development of resistance to the ACTs due to the act of counterfeiting or substandard drugs. In 2009, there was a report that fake Coartem, an ACT had been found in Ghana by the Drug Quality and Information (DQI) Program;this is a serious national problem that needs redress thus the need to conduct this study to check if there are any substandard or counterfeit Artemether/ Lumefantrine tablets on the Ghanaian market. Method: Using Representative sampling method, a total of nine different brands or samples of artemether/lumefantrine tablets were sampled from nine different Pharmacies in Accra. The samples were analyzed using a validated *** colour software technology. Results: The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) recommend that for assay of tablets, the percentage concentration should fall within 80%-120%. After the analysis, seven out of the nine samples passed the test to varying degrees. Two samples (AL-S4 and AL-S6) however failed the test with AL-S4 recording artemether concentration (126.07%) above and Lumefantrine concentration (78.38%) below the recommended figure while AL-S6’s 51.53% failed to meet the minimum allowable concentration for lumefantrine in a tablet. Conclusion: The results presented show that some Artemether/Lumefantrine tablets on the Ghanaian market still have issues with regards to quality or level of active ingredients. There would therefore be the need for further studies to be conducted into these products especially those that failed the test.

关键词： Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy Resistance Counterfeit or Substandard Drugs

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The Evaluation of Vancomycin Microspheres on Intracellular <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>and the Effect of Bacteria on Eukaryotic Cell Wall Permeability

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2013年第4期4卷 385-391页

作者： henry nettey Grace Lovia Allotey-Babington Martin J. D’Souza Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Mercer University Atlanta USA Department of Pharmaceutics and Microbiology School of Pharmacy University of Ghana Legon Ghana

Sepsis is a host’s response to an intravascular infection;however, in most patients the disease recurs after a seemingly effective treatment. The reappearance of bacteria in the systemic circulation has been attributed to their ability to enter and hide within host endothelial cells. This study shows that internalized S. aureus is released into circulation by a possible mechanism of exocytosis through actin polymerization. Bacterial cell wall components (permeation enhancers) were significantly more effective in altering endothelial cell monolayer integrity than controls. Vancomycin has been determined to be effective in the treatment of S. aureus infections;however, the microencapsulated formulation of vancomycin was significantly more effective in reducing plasma and intra-tissue S. aureus than the conventional solution formulation. Microencapsulation of vancomycin, using albumin as a matrix, did not alter the bioactivity of the drug.

关键词： Microencapsulation Endothelial Cells Permeation Enhancers Albumin

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The Quality and <i>in Vitro</i>Efficacy of Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid Formulations in the Central Region of Ghana

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2014年第1期5卷 49-60页

作者： henry nettey Grace Lovia Allotey-Babington Philip Debrah Ofosua Adi-Dako Manal Shaick Isaac Kintoh Francis Arnansi Makafui Nyagblordzro Marvin Holison Department of Pharmaceutics and Microbiology School of Pharmacy University of Ghana Legon Ghana.

Aim: To assess the quality and in vitro efficacy of five brands of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid tablet, suspension and injectable preparations selected from pharmacies in the Central Region of Ghana. Method: Using a Stratified Representation Sampling method, forty preparations (tablets, suspensions and injectable powders) containing amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were sampled from nine different locations within the Central Region of Ghana. To determine drug quality, several procedures, namely, content assay, disintegration and dissolution testing were employed. In vitro drug efficacy was determined by comparing the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC’s) obtained with published values. Results: All tablets passed the disintegration test, with disintegration time ranging between six (6) and fifteen (15) minutes. Analyses of all the tablets for drug content showed 100% failure (14 out of 14) for amoxicillin and 14% failure (2 out of 14) for clavulanic acid. Injectable formulations showed similar results. All four (4) samples analyzed for content failed the amoxicillin content assay (0 out of 4) but all passed clavulanic acid assay (4 out of 4). For tablet dissolution tests, there was a 93% (13 out of 14) pass rate for both amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. Content analysis of all suspension formulations involved twenty-two (22) samples from five (5) brands. Only 41% (9 out of 22) passed for both amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. All the other samples failed for either amoxicillin, clavulanic acid or both. Results obtained from drug quality tests were confirmed by in vitro efficacy tests against selected microorganisms. Conclusion: The samples were therefore not of good quality, since content assay is the most crucial test. It is hypothesized that this is due to poor storage conditions, and recommendations, such as air conditioning and more structured procedures along the supply chain, are put forward to counteract this.

关键词： Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Dissolution

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Screening of Anti-Infectives against Leishmania donovani

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Advances in Microbiology 2016年第1期6卷 13-22页

作者： henry nettey Grace Lovia Allotey-Babington Benoit Banga Nguessan Barima Afrane Mustafa Tagoe Anokye Ababio Patience Botchway Yvonne Darko Clement Sasu Alexander Nyarko School of Pharmacy University of Ghana Legon Ghana School of Pharmacy Mercer University Atlanta GA USA

Aim: To evaluate in vitro the effectiveness of several anti-infective agents alone and in combination against Leishmania donovani. Method: A convenient stratified sampling method was used to obtain selected anti-infective agents. For individual drug samples, Half Maximal Inhibitory Concentrations (IC50) were obtained using the broth dilution method. The IC50’s of the drugs which were active against L. donovani were used as reference values to prepare drug combinations for the modified microdilution checkerboard method. Results: Five (5) out of the fifty-six (56) drugs used showed activity (inhibition of cell growth) against L. donovani cells. They include Quinine sulphate (IC50 = 0.089 μg/ml), gentamicin (IC50 = 8.1 μg/ml), amodiaquine (IC50 = 138 μg/ml) and the two standard drugs: Amphotericin B (IC50 = 6.3 μg/ml) and Pentamidine (IC50 = 25 μg/ml). The remaining fifty-one (51) drugs did not show any inhibition within the range of concentrations used (1.25 - 160 μg/ml). The drug combinations of Pentamidine/Amodiaquine, Pentamidine/ Quinine sulphate, Pentamidine/Gentamicin, Amphotericin B/Quinine Sulphate, Amphotericin B/ Gentamicin, Amodiaquine/Quinine sulphate and Amodiaquine/Gentamicin showed synergistic effects against L. donovani whereas the Amphotericin B/Amodiaquine combination was antagonistic. Notable in the results obtained was the high effectiveness of quinine sulphate in inhibiting the growth of L. donovani. Quinine sulphate, though not indicated for leishmania treatment, was more effective than the two standard drugs and has a potential of playing a significant role in the treatment of leishmaniasis. Conclusion: This study has revealed five (5) anti-infective agents that by themselves or in combinations show activity against L. donovani. Some of the drug combinations which showed synergism should further be investigated. These results have to be confirmed by in vivo studies to d

关键词： Anti-Infectives Half Maximal Inhibitory Concentration Leishmania donovani

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Screening of Several Anti-Infectives for in Vitro Activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis

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Advances in Microbiology 2014年第16期4卷 1197-1203页

作者： Grace Lovia Allotey-Babington henry nettey Philip Debrah Ofosua Adi-Dako Clement Sasu Anastasia Antwi Yvonne Darko Newriza Nartey Jida Asare University of Ghana School of Pharmacy Legon Ghana Mercer University School of Pharmacy Atlanta GA USA

Aim: To evaluate in vitro the effectiveness of several anti-infective agents alone or in combination against Mycobacterium smegmatis. Method: A convenient stratified sampling method was used to obtain selected anti-infective agents. For individual drug samples, Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) were obtained using the agar-well plate diffusion technique. Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Indices (FICI) were calculated for drug combinations using their MIC as obtained from the broth dilution method. Results: Of the thirty (30) anti-infective agents analyzed, ten (10) had MIC equivalent to or better than rifampicin (reference TB drug). Seven (7) drugs had MIC higher than rifampicin, while twelve (12) showed no growth inhibition of M. smegmatis. Analysis of the effect of drug combinations on M. smegmatis indicated that four (4) combinations, including rifampicin/ethambutol showed synergism. One (1) was additive, two (2) were indifferent and one (1) combination showed antagonism. Conclusion: Notable in the results obtained was the high effectiveness of the carbapenems in inhibiting the growth of M. smegmatis. Carbapenems, though not indicated for TB treatment, has a potential of playing a significant role in the treatment of tuberculosis. Also the drug combinations which showed synergism, especially those that involved the macrolide antibiotics, should further be investigated. These results have to be confirmed by in vivo clinical studies to define their roles in tuberculosis treatment.

关键词： Antimicrobials Minimum Inhibitory Concentration M. smegmatis Tuberculosis

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