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Tipping the balance:Haemoglobinopathies and the risk ofdiabetes

World journal of Diabetes 2016年第1期7卷 8-13页

作者： henry j baldwin Aislinn E Green Kayleigh M Spellar Philip j Arthur Hannah G Phillips jeetesh V Patel University of Nottingham Medical School Nottingham NG7 2UHUnited Kingdom University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS TrustWest Midlands B18 7QHUnited Kingdom Sandwell Medical Research Unit LyndonSandwell General HospitalWest Midlands B71 4HJUnited Kingdom

AIM: To establish a link between the risk of diabetes with haemoglobinopathies by examining available evidence of the effects of iron and blood glucose homeostasis from molecular to epidemiological ***: A systematic literature search was performed using electronic literature databases using various search terms. The International Diabetes Federation World Atlas was used to generate a list of populations with high rates of diabetes. Pub Med, Scopus and Google Scholar were used to identify which of these populations also had a reported prevalence of haemoglobin ***: Abnormalities in iron homeostasis leads to increases in reactive oxygen species in the blood. This promotes oxidative stress which contributes to peripheral resistance to insulin in two ways:(1) reduced insulin/insulin receptor interaction; and(2) β-cell dysfunction. Hepcidin is crucial in terms of maintaining appropriate amounts of iron in the body and is in turn affected by haemoglobinopathies. Hepcidin also has other metabolic effects in places such as the liver but so far the extent of these is not well understood. It does however directly control the levels of serum ferritin. High serum ferritin is found in obese patients and those with diabetes and a meta-analysis of the various studies shows that high serum ferritin does indeed increase diabetes ***: From an epidemiological standpoint, it is plausible that the well-documented protective effects of haemoglobinopathies with regard to malaria may have also offered other evolutionary advantages. By contributing to peripheral insulin resistance, haemoglobinopathies may have helped to sculpt the so-called "thrifty genotype", which hypothetically is advantageous in times of famine. The prevalence data however is not extensive enough to provide concrete associations between diabetes and haemoglobinopathies- more precise studies are required.

关键词： Diabetes Ferritin Haemoglobinopathy Ironmetabolism Malaria

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Silencing NOA1 Elevates Herbivory-Induced jasmonic Acid Accumulation and Compromises Most of the Carbon-Based Defense Metabolites in Nicotiana attenuata

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journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2011年第8期53卷 619-631页

作者： Hendrik Wünsche Ian T. baldwin Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology

Nitric oxide-associated protein 1 （NOA1） is involved in various abiotic stress responses and is required for plant resistance to pathogen infections. However, the role of NOA1 in plant-herbivore interactions has not been explored. We created NOA1-silenced Nicotiana attenuata plants （irNaNOA1）. Compared with wild-type （WT） plants, irNaNOA1 plants had highly decreased photosynthesis rates. We further examined various traits important for plant defense against its specialist herbivore Manduca sexta by treating WT and irNaNOA1 plants with mechanical wounding and M. sexta oral secretions （OS）. NOA1-silenced plants showed elevated levels of herbivory-induced jasmonic acid （jA）, but decreased jA-isoleucine conjugate （jA-Ile） levels. The decreased jA-Ile levels did not result from compromised jAR （jasmonic acid resistant） activity in irNOA1 plants. Moreover, nitrogen-rich defensive compounds, nicotine and trypsin proteinase inhibitors, did not differ between WT and irNaNOA1 plants. In contrast, concentrations of most carbon-based defensive compounds were lower in these plants than in WT plants, although the levels of chlorogenic acid were not changed. Therefore, silencing NOA1 alters the allocation of carbon resources within the phenylpropanoid pathway. These data suggest the involvement of NOA1 in N. attenuata’s defense against M. sexta attack, and highlight its role in photosynthesis, and biosynthesis of jasmonates and secondary metabolites.

关键词： NOA1 defense herbivory nitric oxide-associated protein 1 secondary metabolites.

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ZEITLUPE is required for shade avoidance in the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata^FA

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journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2020年第9期62卷 1341-1351页

作者： Yong Zou Ran Li Ian T.baldwin Department of Molecular Ecology Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical EcologyJena 07745Germany Institute of Insect Sciences Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China

Being shaded is a common environmental stress for plants, especial y for densely planted crops. Shade de-creases red: far-red (R:FR) ratios that inactivate phyto-chrome B (PHYB) and subsequently release phytochrome interaction factors (PIFs). Shaded plants display elongated hypocotyls, internodes, and petioles, hyponastic leaves, early flowering and are inhibited in branching: traits col ectively cal ed the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). ZEITLUPE (ZTL) is a circadian clock component and blue light photoreceptor, which is also involved in floral rhythms and plant defense in Nicotiana attenuata. ztl mutants are hypersensitive to red light and ZTL physical y interacts with PHYB, suggesting the involvement of ZTL in R:FR light signaling. Here, we show that N. attenuata ZTL-silenced plants display a phenotype op-posite to that of the SAS under normal light. After simulated shade, the normal y induced transcript levels of the SAS mar-ker gene, ATHB2 are attenuated in ZTL-silenced plants. The auxin signaling pathway, known to be involved in SAS, was also significantly attenuated. Furthermore, NaZTL directly in-teracts with NaPHYBs, and regulates the transcript levels of PHYBs, PIF3a, PIF7 and PIF8 under shade. Our results suggest that ZTL may regulate PHYB- and the auxin-mediated sig-naling pathway, which functions in the SAS of N. attenuata.

关键词： traits planted branching

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Arabidopsis Plants Having Defects in Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay Factors UPF1, UPF2, and UPF3 Show Photoperiod-dependent Phenotypes in Development and Stress Responses

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journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2012年第2期54卷 99-114页

作者： Chuan Shi Ian T. baldwin jianqiang WU Department of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Applied Sciences Jena 07745 Germany Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology 07745 Germany

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay （NMD） is an important mRNA quality surveillance pathway in all eukaryotes that eliminates aberrant mRNAs derived from various sources. Three NMD factor proteins, UPF1, UPF2, and UPF3 are required for the NMD process and were found to be also involved in certain stress responses in mammalian and yeast cells. Using Arabidopsis thaliana mutants of UPF1 and UPF3 and UPF2-silenced lines （irUPF2）, we examined the involvement of UPF1, UPF2, and UPF3 in development and in response to stresses, wounding and infection by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000. Under the long （16 h） photoperiod condition, Arabidopsis having a defect in NMD factors exhibited altered morphologies of various organs, disturbed homeostasis of wounding-induced jasmonic acid and pathogen-elicited salicylic acid, and abnormal wounding- and methyl jasmonate-induced changes in the transcript levels of two defense-related genes, LOX2 and VSP2. Importantly, when plants were cultivated under the short （10 h） photoperiod condition, mutants of UPF1 and UPF3 and irUPF2 showed smaller differences from the wild-type plants in growth and stress-induced responses. These data suggest a complex regulatory network, likely composed of light signaling and NMD factor-mediated pathways, in influencing plant development and adaption to environmental stresses.

关键词： Development nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathogen photoperiod wounding

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Finite Capacitive Response at the Quantum Hall Plateau

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Chinese Physics Letters 2022年第9期39卷 53-56页

作者：赵利利林文璐 Y.j.Chung K.W.baldwin L.N.Pfeiffer 刘阳 International Center for Quantum Materials Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Department of Electrical Engineering Princeton UniversityPrincetonNew Jersey 08544USA

We study ultra-high-mobility two-dimensional(2D)electron/hole systems with high precision capacitance *** is found that the capacitance charge appears only at the fringe of the gate at high magnetic field when the 2D conductivity decreases *** integer quantum Hall effects,the capacitance vanishes and forms a plateau at high temperatures T≥300 m K,which surprisingly disappears at T≤100 m *** anomalous behavior is likely a manifestation that dilute particles/vacancies in the top-most Landau level form Wigner crystals,which have finite compressibility and can host polarization current.

关键词： capacitance integer dilute

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Mechanisms of Optimal Defense Patterns in Nicotiana attenuata: Flowering Attenuates Herbivory-elicited Ethylene and jasmonate Signaling

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journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2011年第12期53卷 971-983页

作者： Celia Diezel Silke Allmann Ian T.baldwin Department of Molecular Ecology Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena 07745 Germany Department of Plant Physiology Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences Amsterdam 1098 XH the Netherlands

To defend themselves against herbivore attack, plants produce secondary metabolites, which are variously inducible and constitutively deployed, presumably to optimize their fitness benefits in light of their fitness costs. Three phytohormones, jasmonates （jA） and their active forms, the jA-isoleucine （jA-Ile） and ethylene （ET）, are known to play central roles in the elicitation of induced defenses, but little is known about how this mediation changes over ontogeny. The Optimal Defense Theory （ODT） predicts changes in the costs and benefits of the different types of defenses and has been usefully extrapolated to their modes of deployment. Here we studied whether the herbivore-induced accumulation of jA, jA-Ile and ET changed over ontogeny in Nicotiana attenuata, a native tobacco in which inducible defenses are particularly well studied. Herbivore-elicited ET production changed dramatically during six developmental stages, from rosette through flowering, decreasing with the elongation of the first corollas during flower development. This decrease was largely recovered within a day after flower removal by decapitation. A similar pattern was found for the herbivore-induced accumulation of jA and jA-Ile. These results are consistent with ODT predictions and suggest that the last steps in floral development control the inducibility of at least three plant hormones, optimizing defense-growth tradeoffs.

关键词： flowering jasmonic acid jasmonic acid-isoleucine ethylene Manduca sexta Nicotiana attenuata ontogeny optimal defense theory plant-herbivore interactions.

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Research on New—CMAC with Differentiability Output and Its Learning Convergence

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软件学报 2001年第5期12卷 659-665页

作者： WANGShi－tong j.F.baldwin 等 DepartmentofComputerScience EastchinaShipbuildingInstituteZhengjiang212003China AdvancedComputingRe

基于传统的 CMAC神经网络和局部加权回归技术 ,提出了与传统 CMAC(cerebellar model articulation com-puter)有着同样存储空间量的改进的新 CMAC网络 New- CMAC,它具有传统的输出和具有其微分信息的输出 ,因而更适合于自动控制 .接着 ... 详细信息

基于传统的 CMAC神经网络和局部加权回归技术 ,提出了与传统 CMAC(cerebellar model articulation com-puter)有着同样存储空间量的改进的新 CMAC网络 New- CMAC,它具有传统的输出和具有其微分信息的输出 ,因而更适合于自动控制 .接着 ,又提出了其新的学习算法 ,并研究了其学习收敛性 .

关键词：神经模糊系统 CMAC结构加权回归微分输出普适近似器

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Silencing Brassinosteroid Receptor BRI1 Impairs Herbivory-elicited Accumulation of jasmonic Acid-isoleucine and Diterpene Glycosides, but not jasmonic Acid and Trypsin Proteinase Inhibitors in Nicotiana attenuata

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journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2013年第6期55卷 514-526页

作者： Da-Hai Yang Ian T. baldwin jianqiang Wu Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans-Knll Stra e 8 D-07745 Jena Germany Plant Stress Biology Group Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology Kunming Institute of Botany the Chinese Academy of Sciences

The brassinosteroid （BR） receptor, BR insensitive 1 （BRI1）, plays a critical role in plant development, but whether BRI1-mediated BR signaling is involved in plant defense responses to herbivores was largely unknown. Here, we examined the function of BRI1 in the resistance of Nicotiana attenuata （Solanaceae） to its specialist insect herbivore Manduca sexta. jasmonic acid （jA） and jA-isoleucine conjugate （jA-Ile） are important hormones that mediate resistance to herbivores and we found that after wounding or simulated herbivory NaBRI1 had little effect on jA levels, but was important for the induction of jA-Ile. Further experiments revealed that decreased jAR （the enzyme for jA-Ile production） activity and availability of Ile in NaBRI1-silenced plants were likely responsible for the low jA-Ile levels. Consistently, M. sexta larvae gained more weight on NaBRI1-silenced plants than on the control plants. Quantification of insect feeding-induced secondary metabolites revealed that silencing NaBRI1 resulted in decreased levels of carbon-rich defensive secondary metabolites （hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides, chlorogenic acid, and rutin）, but had little effect on the nitrogen-rich ones （nicotine and trypsin proteinase inhibitors）. Thus, NaBRI1-mediated BR signaling is likely involved in plant defense responses to M. sexta, including maintaining jA-Ile levels and the accumulation of several carbon-rich defensive secondary metabolites.

关键词： BRI1 herbivore insect jasmonic acid Nicotiana attenuata secondary metabolites.

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Exercise behaviors and barriers to exercise in adult burn survivors: A questionnaire survey

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Burns & Trauma 2013年第3期1卷 134-139页

作者： jennifer baldwin Frank Li Physiotherapy Department Concord Hospital Hospital Road Concord Sydney New South Wales Australia

Exercise is a key component of burn rehabilitation across all phases of care. Supervised outpatient exercise programs have been shown to improve outcomes following burn injury. However, little is known about the exercise behaviors of burn survivors who do not undertake such programs. This study aimed to investigate self-reported exercise behaviors and barriers to exercise in adult burn survivors. A short questionnaire survey was conducted on adult burn survivors attending the ambulatory burns clinic of a tertiary hospital over a 6-week period. The collected data were subjected to paired t-tests and Pearson's correlation test. A total of 63 adult burn survivors (mean age 36.5 years) completed the questionnaire. Participants reported exercising less frequently and engaged in fewer different types of exercise compared with pre-burn (P jor barriers to exercise. Participation in supervised exercise programs can be limited by a range of factors including the availability of resources and access to facilities. This preliminary study suggests that there is a need to improve compliance with outpatient exercise programs. Burn survivors appear to exercise less frequently after burn injury. Barriers to exercise following burn injury include poor physical condition and reduced motivation. Further investigation into overall physical activity following burn injury and potential physical and psychological limitations is warranted. Burn clinicians should highly encourage injury survivors to participate in supervised exercise programs when available or to do exercises at home to maximize post-burn injury recovery.

关键词： Burns exercise behaviors survey

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jA but not jA-Ile is the cell-nonautonomous signal activating jA mediated systemic defenses to herbivory in Nicotiana attenuata

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journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2017年第8期59卷 552-571页

作者： Tobit A. Bozorov Son Truong Dinh Ian T. baldwin Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knoll-Str.8D-07745JenaGermany Institute of Genetics and Plants Experimental Biology Uzbek Academy of SciencesYukori-Yuz111226KibrayTashkent RegionUzbekistan Department of Plant Biotechnology Faculty of Biotechnology-Vietnam National University of AgricultureNgo Xuan Quang Street100000HanoiVietnam

The whole-plant activation of defense responses to wounding and herbivory requires systemic signaling in which jasmonates （jAs） play a pivotal role. To examine the nature of the slower cell-nonautonomous as compared to the rapid cell-autonomous signal in mediating systemic defenses in Nicotiana attenuata, reciprocal stem graftingexperiments were used with plants silenced for the jA biosynthetic gene ALLENE OXIDE CYCLASE （irAOC） or plants transformed to create jA sinks by ectopicalIy expressing Arabidopsis jA-O-methyltransferase （ovjMT）. jA-impaired irAOC plants were defective in the cell-nonautonomous signaling pathway but not in jA transport. Conversely, ovjMT plants abrogated the production of a graft-transmissible jA signal. Both genotypes displayed unaltered cell-autonomous signaling. Defense responses （17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides, nicotine, and proteinase inhibitors） and metabolite profiles were differently induced in irAOC and ovjMT scions in response to graft-transmissible signals from elicited wild type stocks. The performance of Manduca sexta larvae on the scions of different graft combinations was consistent with the patterns of systemic defense metabolite elicitations. Taken together, we conclude that jA and possibly MejA, but not jA-lle, either directly functions as a long-distance transmissible signal or indirectly interacts with long distance signal（s） to activate systemic defense responses.

关键词： COYOTE tobacco jASMONATE GENOTYPE METABOLITES ALLENE oxide cyclase

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