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Modeling transmission dynamics of rabies in Nepal

Infectious Disease Modelling 2021年第1期6卷 284-301页

作者： Buddhi Pantha Sunil Giri hem raj joshi Naveen K.Vaidya Department of Science and Mathematics Abraham Baldwin Agricultural CollegeTiftonGAUSA Department of Mathematics Florida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonFLUSA Department of Mathematics Xavier UniversityCincinnatiOHUSA Department of Mathematics and Statistics San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCAUSA Computational Science Research Center San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCAUSA Viral Information Institute San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCAUSA

Even though vaccines against rabies are available,rabies still remains a burden killing a significant number of humans as well as domestic and wild animals in many parts of the world,including Nepal.In this study,we develop a mathematical model to describe transmission dynamics of rabies in Nepal.In particular,an indirect interspecies transmission from jackals to humans through dogs,which is relevant to the context of Nepal,is one of the novel features of our model.Our model utilizes annual dog-bite data collected from Nepal for a decade long period,allowing us to reasonably estimate parameters related to rabies transmission in Nepal.Using our model,we calculated the basic reproduction number(R_(0)=1:16)as well as intraspecies basic reproduction numbers of dogs(R_(0)^(D)=1:14)and jackals(R_(0)^(J)=0:07)for Nepal,and identified that the dog-related parameters are primary contributors to R0.Our results show that,along with dogs,jackals may also play an important role,albeit lesser extent,in the persistence of rabies in Nepal.Our model also suggests that control strategies may help reduce the prevalence significantly but the jackal vaccination may not be as effective as dog-related preventive strategies.To get deeper insight into the role of intraspecies and interspecies transmission between dog and jackal populations in the persistence of rabies,we also extended our model analysis into a wider parameter range.Interestingly,for some feasible parameters,even though rabies is theoretically controlled in each dog and jackal populations(R_(0)^(D)1)due to interspecies transmission.These results may be useful to design effective prevention and control strategies for mitigating rabies burden in Nepal and other parts of the world.

关键词： Interspecies transmission Intraspecies transmission Mathematical models Nepal Rabies R_(0)

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Functional composition of tall-statured trees underpins aboveground biomass in tropical forests

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Journal of Forestry Research 2023年第2期34卷 333-344页

作者： Suwash Kunwar Li-Qiu Wang Maryam Kazempour Larsary rajeev Chaudhary Puspa raj joshi Arshad Ali Department of Forest Resources Management College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037JiangsuPeople’s Republic of China Forest Ecology Research Group College of Life SciencesHebei UniversityBaoding 071002HebeiPeople’s Republic of China Division Forest Offi ce DadeldhuraMinistry of ForestDhangadhiSudurpashchim ProvinceNepal Department of Forestry Faculty of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Guilan43619-96196 SomehsaraIran Division Forest Offi ce PahalmanpurMinistry of ForestDhangadhiSudurpashchim ProvinceNepal Institute of Forestry Tribhuvan UniversityHetauda CampusHetauda 44107Nepal

The influences of trait diversity(i.e.,the niche complementarity effect)and functional composition(i.e.,the mass ratio effect)on aboveground biomass(AGB)is a highly debated topic in forest ecology.Therefore,further studies are needed to explore these mechanisms in unstudied forest ecosystems to enhance our understanding,and to provide guidelines for specific forest management.Here,we hypothesized that functional composition would drive AGB better than trait diversity and stem size inequality in the(sub-)tropical forests of Nepal.Using data from 101 forest plots,we tested 25 structural equation models(SEMs)to link elevation,stem DBH inequality,trait diversity(i.e.,trait richness,evenness,dispersion and divergence),functional composition[i.e.,community-weighted of maximum height mean(CWM of Hmax),specific leaf area(CWM of SLA),leaf dry matter content(CWM of LDMC),and wood density(CWM of WD)]and AGB.The best-fitted SEMs indicated that CWM of Hmax promoted AGB while overruling the impacts of trait diversity indices on AGB.However,low trait diversity indices were linked with higher AGB while overruling the effects of CWM of SLA,LDMC and WD on AGB.In addition,AGB decreased with increasing elevation,whereas stem size inequality did not influence AGB.Our results suggest that divergent species’functional strategies could shape AGB along an altitudinal gradient in tropical forests.We argue that forest management practices should include plant functional traits in the management plan for the co-benefits of biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration that underpins human wellbeing.

关键词： Functional traits Mass ratio Niche complementarity Niche overlap Topography

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城市树木对抵消喜马拉雅中部加德满都谷地环路地区交通排放二氧化碳的贡献

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2023年第6期14卷 1272-1281页

作者： joshi Nabin raj joshi rajeev MISHRA Jay raj 亚洲可持续农业和生物资源网络加德满都44600尼泊尔尼泊尔农林大学自然资源管理学院林学系乌代普尔卡塔里56310尼泊尔 ApiEco咨询研究有限公司(AECAR) 加德满都44600尼泊尔

城市树木是城市地区的宝贵资源,因为它们具有降低环境温度、缓解城市热岛效应和减少雨水径流的能力,在通过吸收大气二氧化碳(CO_(2))进而减轻气候变化影响方面发挥着重要作用。同时,它也有助于减少空气悬浮颗粒物,增加城市景观的视觉吸... 详细信息

城市树木是城市地区的宝贵资源,因为它们具有降低环境温度、缓解城市热岛效应和减少雨水径流的能力,在通过吸收大气二氧化碳(CO_(2))进而减轻气候变化影响方面发挥着重要作用。同时,它也有助于减少空气悬浮颗粒物,增加城市景观的视觉吸引力。本文对加德满都谷地环城公路地区城市树木的碳储量进行了量化,以评估城市树木在缓解全球气候变化影响方面的规模和作用。本研究随机对40个样地进行了详细的碳评估。详细评估中考虑到了地上和地下碳库。此外,在收集生物物理数据时,通过现场工作人员的定期监测,对数据的质量进行了控制。评估记录了环城公路树木中共33种不同的树种,幼苗、树苗和树木的平均密度分别为每公顷2149、585和194棵。2021年,环路区树木平均碳储量为24.03 t C ha^(-1),总碳储量为7785.72 t C。环路区树木总标准二氧化碳当量(t CO_(2)e)为28573.60 t CO_(2)e。在全移动情景模式下,交通产生的二氧化碳排放量为年312888 t CO_(2)e,净排放量为42547 t CO_(2)e。环路区树木的二氧化碳储量不足14000.8 t CO_(2)e。这项研究表明,现有的城市树木种植无法封存或抵消交通排放的二氧化碳。因此,如河岸等公共区域可以为绿色基础设施建设和多用途树木种植所使用。为了应对全球气候变化的不利影响,城市地区及其周围树木的独特价值必须在可持续管理城市和城郊树木的具体政策和计划中得到重视。这项研究为决策者提供了建议,以更好地了解城市树木的作用,并为加德满都等山谷城市的城市树木种植制定可持续管理计划提供帮助。

关键词：道路树木生物质和碳碳排放量气候变化加德满都谷地

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Numerical Modeling of Neotectonic Movements and State of Stresses in the Central Seismic Gap Region,Garhwal Himalaya

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Journal of Mountain Science 2008年第4期5卷 279-298页

作者： Ganesh raj joshi Daigoro HAYASHI Simulation Tectonics Laboratory Faculty of ScienceUniversity of the RyukyusOkinawa 903-0213Japan

This paper presents finite element modeling(FEM) to simulate the present-day stress field and crustal deformation using NE-SW structural section in the central Seismic Gap region of the Garhwal Himalaya.Our study deals with the effect of geometrical characteristics and rock layer parameters on the upper crust.Modeling results show that two types of tectonic regimes developed in the central Seismic Gap region:the geotectonics of the northern part has been controlled by regional compression,whereas southern part is characterized by regional extension.Correspondingly,thrust faults are induced in the northern part and normal faults are extensively developed in the southern front.Those evidences noticeably indicate that the compressive tectonic environment of the Himalaya becomes change into the extensional tectonic regime in its front.The computed shear stress accumulation along the northern flat of Main Himalayan Thrust(MHT) implies that considerable amount of interseismic stress is building up along the MHT system in the Himalaya,which ultimately release through the possible future great Himalayan earthquake(M>8).The comparison between our modeled stress field,faulting pattern and horizontal shortening rate with the distribution of the microseismic events,focal mechanism solutions,active faulting and GPS data in the central Seismic Gap region shows good agreement.

关键词：地震变形应力分布有限元分析

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Characteristics of microbial community functional structure of a biological coking wastewater treatment system

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第1期30卷 105-115页

作者： Dev raj joshi Yu Zhang Hong Zhang Yingxin Gao Min Yang State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijin9 100049China

Nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds are key pollutants in coking wastewater; however, the functional potential of microbial communities for biodegradation of such contaminants during biological treatment is still elusive. Herein, a high throughput functional gene array（Geo Chip 5.0）in combination with Illumina Hi Seq2500 sequencing was used to compare and characterize the microbial community functional structure in a long run（500 days） bench scale bioreactor treating coking wastewater, with a control system treating synthetic wastewater. Despite the inhibitory toxic pollutants, Geo Chip 5.0 detected almost all key functional gene（average61,940 genes） categories in the coking wastewater sludge. With higher abundance, aromatic ring cleavage dioxygenase genes including multi ring1,2 diox; one ring2,3 diox; catechol represented significant functional potential for degradation of aromatic pollutants which was further confirmed by Illumina Hi Seq2500 analysis results. Response ratio analysis revealed that three nitrogenous compound degrading genes-nbz A（nitro-aromatics）, tdn B（aniline）, and scn ABC（thiocyanate） were unique for coking wastewater treatment, which might be strong cause to increase ammonia level during the aerobic process. Additionally, Hi Seq2500 elucidated carbozole and isoquinoline degradation genes in the system. These findings expanded our understanding on functional potential of microbial communities to remove organic nitrogenous pollutants;hence it will be useful in optimization strategies for biological treatment of coking wastewater.

关键词： Coking wastewater GeoChip Illumina HiSeq Functional genes Nitrogenous pollutants

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Fluoroalcohol-mediated reductive iodonio-Claisen rearrangement： Synthesis of complex ortho-substituted-allyl iodoarenes

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2015年第3期9卷 359-368页

作者： hem raj Khatri Hai Nguyen James K. Dunaway Jianglong Zhu Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering The University of Toledo Toledo OH 43606 USA

Reductive iodonio-Claisen rearrangement （RICR） involving 23-iodanes and allyl or substituted-allyl silanes in fluoroalcohols, such as 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroi- sopropanol （HFIP） and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol （TFE）, was studied for the synthesis of complex ortho-allyl or substituted-allyl iodoarenes. In comparison to the pre- viously reported condition involving boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, the RICR mediated by fluoroalcohols was found to proceed more effectively. The resulting complex ortho-allyl iodoarenes are useful synthetic intermediates and can be readily converted to various heterocyclic compounds.

关键词： hypervalent iodine allylation fluoroalcohol Claisen rearrangement heterocycles

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Genome Editing Strategies Towards Enhancement of Rice Disease Resistance

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Rice science 2021年第2期28卷 133-145页

作者： Rukmini MISHRA WEI Zheng raj Kumar joshi ZHAO Kaijun School of Applied Sciences Centurion University of Technology and ManagementBhubaneswar 752050OdishaIndia National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Science Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesBeijing 100081China Department of Biotechnology Rama Devi Women’s UniversityBhubaneswar 751022OdishaIndia

The emerging pests and phytopathogens have reduced the crop yield and quality, which hasthreatened the global food security. Traditional breeding methods, molecular marker-based breedingapproaches and use of genetically modified crops have played a crucial role in strengthening the foodsecurity worldwide. However, their usages in crop improvement have been highly limited due to multiplecaveats. Genome editing tools like transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases and clustered regularlyinterspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated endonuclease Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) haveeffectively overcome limitations of the conventional breeding methods and are being widely accepted forimprovement of crops. Among the genome editing tools, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has emerged as themost powerful tool of genome editing because of its efficiency, amicability, flexibility, low cost andadaptability. Accumulated evidences indicate that genome editing has great potential in improving thedisease resistance in crop plants. In this review, we offered a brief introduction to the mechanisms of differentgenome editing systems and then discussed recent developments in CRISPR/Cas9 system-based genomeediting towards enhancement of rice disease resistance by different strategies. This review also discussed thepossible applications of recently developed genome editing approaches like CRISPR/Cas12a (formerlyknown as Cpf1) and base editors for enhancement of rice disease resistance.

关键词： genome editing technology rice improvement CRISPR/Cas9 CRISPR/Cas12a base editor disease resistance

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A Comprehensive Review of Animal Models for Coronaviruses: SARSCoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV

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Virologica Sinica 2020年第3期35卷 290-304页

作者： Ashutosh Singh Rahul Soloman Singh Phulen Sarma Gitika Batra Rupa joshi Hardeep Kaur Amit raj Sharma Ajay Prakash Bikash Medhi Department of Pharmacology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarh 160012India

The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease(COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) has already affected a large population of the world. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the same family of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERSCoV). COVID-19 has a complex pathology involving severe acute respiratory infection, hyper-immune response, and coagulopathy. At present, there is no therapeutic drug or vaccine approved for the disease. There is an urgent need for an ideal animal model that can reflect clinical symptoms and underlying etiopathogenesis similar to COVID-19 patients which can be further used for evaluation of underlying mechanisms, potential vaccines, and therapeutic strategies. The current review provides a paramount insight into the available animal models of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV for the management of the diseases.

关键词： Coronaviruses SARS MERS COVID-19 Animal model

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Forest fire risk assessment in parts of Northeast India using geospatial tools

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Journal of Forestry Research 2011年第4期22卷 641-647页

作者： Kanchan Puri G. Areendran Krishna raj Sraboni Mazumdar P.K. joshi Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Kashmere Gate Delhi 110006 India IGCMC WWF India Lodi Estate New Delhi 110003 India TERI University New Delhi 110070 India.

Forest fire is a major cause of changes in forest structure and function. Among various floristic regions, the northeast region of India suffers maximum from the fires due to age-old practice of shifting cultivation and spread of fires from jhum fields. For proper mitigation and management, an early warning of forest fires through risk modeling is required. The study results demonstrate the potential use of remote sensing and Geographic Information System （GIS） in identifying forest fire prone areas in Manipur, southeastern part of Northeast India. Land use land cover （LULC）, vegetation type, Digital elevation model （DEM）, slope, aspect and proximity to roads and settlements, factors that influence the behavior of fire, were used to model the forest fire risk zones. Each class of the layers was given weight according to their fire inducing capability and their sensitivity to fire. Weighted sum modeling and ISODATA clustering was used to classify the fire zones. TO validate the results, Along Track Scanning Radiometer （ATSR）, the historical fire hotspots data was used to check the occurrence points and modeled forest fire locations. The forest risk zone map has 55-63% of agreement with ATSR dataset.

关键词： ATSR forest fire modeling risk zonation weights Manipur

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Appendiceal tie syndrome:A very rare complication of a common disease

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2015年第4期7卷 67-70页

作者： Laligen Awale Brikh raj joshi Saroj rajbanshi Shailesh Adhikary Department of Surgery Gastrointestinal Surgery DivisionBP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences Department of Surgery General Surgery DivisionB.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences

Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical emergency that we encounter. Adynamic Intestinal obstruction due to appendicitis or its complication may be seen time and often. Mechanical obstruction because of appendicitis is uncommon and even rarer for a closed loop obstruction to occur. Although it was described as early as 1901, very few cases have been reported. We report the case of a 20 years male who presented with generalized colicky pain abdomen, abdominal distension, vomiting and obstipation for three to four days. Vital signs were stable. His abdomen was distended and peritonitic, especially in the right iliac fossa. Rest of the physical examination was unremarkable. Blood tests were normal except for leucocytosis with neutrophilia. An abdominal X-ray finding was indicating a small bowel obstruction. A midline laparotomy was performed. On intraoperative examination, distended loops of small bowel from the jejunum to the distal ileum was observed, and a constricting ring around the terminal ileum created by a phlegmonous appendicitis with its tip adherent to the root of mesentery was found, obstructing an edematous loop of small bowel without signs of ischemia. As the bowel was viable simple appendectomy was done. Postoperatively, he had an uneventful recovery and was discharged after 3 d.

关键词： Appendicitis Appendicular band Intestinalobstruction Mechanical small bowel obstruction Closedloop obstruction

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