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Household energy stacking and structures in Pakistan-Results from a multiple-energy study in Azad Kashmir and Punjab

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第11期133卷 152-160页

作者： Xiaoqiao Jiao Rui Xiong Zhihan Luo Yaojie Li hefa cheng Audil Rashid Guofeng Shen Shu Tao College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Faculty of Science Botany DepartmentUniversity of GujratGujrat 50700Pakistan College of Environmental Science and Technology Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055China

Solid fuel use(SFU)is common in most developing countries and would release many hazardous air pollutants posing high risks on human *** Global Burden of Disease(GBD)study highlighted risks associated with household SFU in Pakistan,however,high uncertainties prevail because of scanty data on SFU and unaccounted energy *** study conducted a field campaign aiming at collecting first-hand data on household energy mix in *** first survey was in Punjab and Azad Kashmir,and revealed that stacked energy use was pervasive,especially for *** stacking was found to be much more obvious in SFU households(defined as those using SFU dominantly)compared to those *** were significantly substantial differences between Azad Kashmir and Punjab because of distinct resources available and economic *** materials comprised up to nearly 70% in Azad Kashmir,but in Punjab,gas was frequently used for *** investigating primary household energy would probably overestimate main energy types that being used for a longer time but underestimated other supplements,suggesting the preference of multiple-energy surveys in household energy studies.

关键词： Household energy Solid fuel use Energy stacking Developing country Pakistan

Vertically-resolved indoor measurements of air pollution during Chinese cooking

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Environmental Science and Ecotechnology 2022年第4期12卷 37-45页

作者： Shuxiu Zheng Huizhong Shen Guofeng Shen Yilin Chen Jianmin Ma hefa cheng Shu Tao College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Laboratory for Earth Surface ProcessesSino-French Institute for Earth System SciencePeking UniversityBeijing100871China School of Environmental Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China

Chinese cooking features several unique processes,e.g.,stir-frying and pan-frying,which represent important sources of household air ***,factors affecting household air pollution and the vertical variations of indoor pollutants during Chinese cooking are less ***,using low-cost sensors with high time resolutions,we measured concentrations of five gas species and particulate matter(PM)in three different sizes at multiple heights in a kitchen during eighteen different Chinese cooking *** found indoor gas species were elevated by 21%-106%during cooking,compared to the background,and PMs were elevated by 44%-159%.Vertically,the pollutants concentrations were highly variable during cooking *** species generally showed a monotonic increase with height,while PMs changed more diversely depending on the cooking activity's *** cooking,e.g.,stir-frying,pan-frying,or cooking on high heat,tended to shoot PMs to the upper layers,while moderate ones left PMs within the breathing *** with different heights would be subject to different levels of household air pollution exposure during *** high vertical variability challenges the current indoor standard that presumes a uniform pollution level within the breathing zone and thus has important implications for public health and policy making.

关键词： Indoor air pollution Chinese cooking Vertical distribution Particulate matter

Enhancing thermoelectric performance of Cu-modified Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 by electroless plating and annealing

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2018年第2期28卷 218-224页

作者： Zhongyue Huang He Zhang Kun Zheng Xueting Dai Yuan Yu hefa cheng Fangqiu Zu Zhi-Gang Chen School of Materials Science & Engineering Hefei University of Technology Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials Beijing University of Technology Centre for Future Materials University of Southern Queensland Materials Engineering The University of Queensland

With the capacity of energy conversion from heat to electricity directly, thermoelectric materials have been considered as an alternative solution to global energy crisis. In this work, Cu modified Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3(BST)composites are prepared by a facile electroless plating Cu method, spark plasma sintering, and annealing. The annealed 0.22 wt.%Cu/BST has an enhanced peak Figure of Merit(z T) of0.71 at 573 K with high average z T of0.65 in the wide temperature range between 300 and 573 K. Due to the significant increase of electrical conductivity and low lattice thermal conductivity, the annealed 0.22 wt.%Cu/BST shifts peak z T to high temperature, and shows 492% enhancement than that of pristine BST with z T of 0.12 at 573 K. Through detailed structural characterization of the annealed 0.22 wt.%Cu/BST, we found that Cu can dope into BST matrix and further form Cu2 Te nanoprecipitates, dislocations, and massive grain boundaries, leading to a low lattice thermal conductivity of 0.30 Wm-1 K-1 in the annealed 0.22 wt.%Cu/BST. Such enhanced peak z T in high-temperature and high average z T in the wide temperature range shows that the electroless plating Cu method and annealing can improve the thermoelectric performance of commercial BST and expand the applicability of Bi2Te3thermoelectric materials in the power generations.

关键词： Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 Thermoelectric materials Electroless plating Annealing Average zT

Global brown carbon emissions from combustion sources

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Environmental Science and Ecotechnology 2022年第4期12卷 46-53页

作者： Rui Xiong Jin Li Yuanzheng Zhang Lu Zhang Ke Jiang Huang Zheng Shaofei Kong Huizhong Shen hefa cheng Guofeng Shen Shu Tao Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China Department of Environmental Science and Technology School of Environmental StudiesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074China School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China

Light-absorbing organic carbon(OC),sometimes known as Brown Carbon(BrC),has been recognized as an important fraction of carbonaceous aerosols substantially affecting radiative *** study firstly developed a bottom-up estimate of global primary BrC,and discussed its spatiotemporal distribution and source contributions from 1960 to *** global total primary BrC emission from both natural and anthropogenic sources in 2010 was 7.26(5.98-8.93 as an interquartile range)Tg,with 43.5%from anthropogenic *** primary BrC emissions were in regions such as Africa,South America,South and East Asia with natural sources(wild fires and deforestation)contributing over 70%in the former two regions,while in East Asia,anthropogenic sources,especially residential solid fuel combustion,accounted for over 80%of the regional total BrC ***,the historical trend was mainly driven by anthropogenic sources,which increased from 1960 to 1990 and then started to *** emissions significantly impacted on emissions and temporal trends that varied by *** South and Southeast Asia,the emissions increased obviously due to population growth and a slow transition from solid fuels to clean modern energies in the residential *** is estimated that in primary OC,the global average was about 20%BrC,but this ratio varied from 13%to 47%,depending on sector and *** areas with high residential solid fuel combustion emissions,the ratio was generally twice the value in other *** in the work are associated with the concept of BrC and measurement technologies,pointing to the need for more studies on BrC analysis and quantification in both emissions and the air.

关键词： Brown carbon Emission inventory Historical changes Spatial distribution

泡沫ZL104合金中的密度梯度对压缩性能的影响

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特种铸造及有色合金 2003年第4期23卷 3-5页

作者：程和法合肥工业大学

采用渗流铸造法制备开孔泡沫ZL1 0 4合金和泡沫工业纯铝 ,对制备的两种泡沫铸块中不同部位的密度进行了检测 ,发现其中存在着自上而下的密度梯度 ,先凝固与后凝固部位之间的密度差异较显著。另外 ,对不同密度的泡沫ZL1 0 4合金及泡沫纯... 详细信息

采用渗流铸造法制备开孔泡沫ZL1 0 4合金和泡沫工业纯铝 ,对制备的两种泡沫铸块中不同部位的密度进行了检测 ,发现其中存在着自上而下的密度梯度 ,先凝固与后凝固部位之间的密度差异较显著。另外 ,对不同密度的泡沫ZL1 0 4合金及泡沫纯铝进行了压缩试验 ,结果表明 :密度对压缩力学性能和吸能性具有显著影响 ;泡沫ZL1 0 4合金的密度低于泡沫纯铝。

关键词：泡沫铝合金密度梯度压缩性能

芬顿及光芬顿法降解氟喹诺酮类抗生素研究进展

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环境化学 2021年第5期40卷 1305-1318页

作者：林爱秋程和发辽宁大学环境学院沈阳110000 北京大学城市与环境学院北京100871

氟喹诺酮类抗生素的广泛使用导致其在环境中被广泛检出。现有的污水处理工艺无法有效去除废水中的氟喹诺酮类抗生素,而高效的降解方法对于控制氟喹诺酮类抗生素的污染至关重要。芬顿法能够降解大多数难处理有机污染物,同时具有适用范围... 详细信息

氟喹诺酮类抗生素的广泛使用导致其在环境中被广泛检出。现有的污水处理工艺无法有效去除废水中的氟喹诺酮类抗生素,而高效的降解方法对于控制氟喹诺酮类抗生素的污染至关重要。芬顿法能够降解大多数难处理有机污染物,同时具有适用范围广、抗干扰能力强、操作简单和污染物降解迅速等优点。本文综述了芬顿和光芬顿反应降解氟喹诺酮类抗生素的最新进展、相关的反应机理和主要工艺条件(如pH值、芬顿试剂剂量和光源等)对降解效率的影响,以及典型氟喹诺酮类抗生素的芬顿及光芬顿降解的产物与降解路径。随着对环境中抗生素污染危害的认识,未来有必要加强对芬顿及光芬顿这类高效、低成本处理技术的研究,为氟喹诺酮类及其它类型抗生素的危害消减提供理论依据与技术支持。

关键词：抗生素污染氟喹诺酮芬顿法光芬顿法降解机理影响因素

青藏农村生活能源结构及一次PM_(2.5)排放估算

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科学通报 2021年第15期66卷 1900-1911页

作者：沈国锋熊瑞程和发陶澍北京大学城市与环境学院地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室北京100871

在我国农村地区,生物质和煤炭等固体燃料被广泛地用于居民生活炊事和取暖等活动,对区域空气质量、室内空气和居民健康产生危害.本研究基于在青藏农村地区开展的能源消耗实地调研,分析了两地农村居民生活能源消费结构,测算了农村生活燃... 详细信息

在我国农村地区,生物质和煤炭等固体燃料被广泛地用于居民生活炊事和取暖等活动,对区域空气质量、室内空气和居民健康产生危害.本研究基于在青藏农村地区开展的能源消耗实地调研,分析了两地农村居民生活能源消费结构,测算了农村生活燃烧源一次细颗粒物的排放量.研究表明,在西藏和青海农村家庭的炊事活动中,27%和8%的时间用气或电,而大部分时间仍使用固体燃料.西藏地区农村生活能源消费中,薪柴和畜粪消耗量分别占44%和53%.在青海省农村地区,薪柴和畜粪的消耗量占比分别是17%和37%.西藏和青海农村居民生活能源消费总量388.22万t(380.41万t~396.11万t)和428.27万t(327.86万t~530.60万t).炊事和取暖消耗燃料总量几乎相当.在市级层面,就某一种燃料而言,其消耗量与人口并没有显著的相关关系(P>0.05),但是居民生活燃料总消耗量与人口数之间有非常显著的正相关关系(r=0.993,P<0.001),反映出户均能源消费量基本相近.根据调查的能源消耗量,初步测算的青海和西藏地区农村居民生活源排放的一次PM_(2.5)分别是3.21万t(四分位区间为3.19万t~3.34万t)和4.27万t(3.31万t~5.37万t).

关键词：生活能源生物质农村青藏地区 PM_(2.5)排放

环境介质中喹诺酮类抗生素的前处理与检测方法研究进展

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环境化学 2019年第1期38卷 1-22页

作者：张志超程和发中国科学院广州地球化学研究所有机地球化学国家重点实验室广州510640 中国科学院大学北京100049 北京大学城市与环境学院地表过程与模拟教育部重点实验室北京100871

由于在人类医疗保健与集约化禽畜和水产养殖中的大量使用,痕量水平的喹诺酮类抗生素在水体、土壤及沉积物中广泛出现.因此,使用灵敏度高、选择性强的分析方法来检测环境中的痕量喹诺酮类抗生素,对了解其潜在的环境风险极为重要.本文综... 详细信息

由于在人类医疗保健与集约化禽畜和水产养殖中的大量使用,痕量水平的喹诺酮类抗生素在水体、土壤及沉积物中广泛出现.因此,使用灵敏度高、选择性强的分析方法来检测环境中的痕量喹诺酮类抗生素,对了解其潜在的环境风险极为重要.本文综述了水体、土壤及沉积物样品中喹诺酮类抗生素萃取、富集与检测方法的最新进展.固相萃取(solid phase extraction,SPE)和超声/微波辅助萃取联合SPE分别是萃取和富集液相和固相(土壤和沉积物)样品中喹诺酮类抗生素最成熟可靠的方法.液相色谱-荧光检测联用和液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术是使用最为广泛的常规分析方法.此外,近年发展的免疫测定、生物传感器与电化学方法有望在筛检方面替代昂贵的仪器分析,尤其在现场实时监测领域具有较好的应用前景.

关键词：喹诺酮类抗生素环境样品样品预处理固相萃取液相色谱-串联质谱联用在线检测

水体中金属(氧化物)纳米颗粒的环境行为与污染控制研究进展

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环境化学 2021年第2期40卷 436-449页

作者：杨晓月程和发北京大学城市与环境学院地表过程与模拟教育部重点实验室北京100871

金属(氧化物)纳米材料在生产和使用过程中,可以通过各种途径进入到水环境中,对水生生物、生态环境和人体健康产生威胁.理解纳米颗粒在水体中的环境行为,对于评估纳米材料的归趋及其对环境和人体的健康风险至关重要.本文概述了金属(氧化... 详细信息

金属(氧化物)纳米材料在生产和使用过程中,可以通过各种途径进入到水环境中,对水生生物、生态环境和人体健康产生威胁.理解纳米颗粒在水体中的环境行为,对于评估纳米材料的归趋及其对环境和人体的健康风险至关重要.本文概述了金属(氧化物)纳米颗粒的性质、来源和毒性危害,汇总了表征纳米颗粒浓度、粒径及形貌的分析方法与技术,分析了它们在水环境中的环境行为以及影响其稳定性的主要环境因素,并总结了水体中金属(氧化物)纳米颗粒的去除方法和效果的最新研究进展.随着金属(氧化物)纳米材料的广泛应用,未来有必要加强对自然水体中纳米颗粒环境行为的研究,并系统开展纳米颗粒健康风险评估工作,为预测纳米材料进入水环境后的归趋和风险提供科学依据.

关键词：金属(氧化物)纳米颗粒分析技术环境行为毒理效应污染控制