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estimate of the energy value of soybean meal relative to corn based on growth performance of nursery pigs

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2020年第3期11卷 912-919页

作者： Henrique S.Cemin hayden e.williams Mike D.Tokach Steve S.Dritz Jason C.Woodworth Joel M.DeRouchey Robert D.Goodband Kyle F.Coble Brittany A.Carrender Mandy J.Gerhart Department of Animal Sciences and Industry College of AgricultureKansas State UniversityManhattanKS 66506USA Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKS 66506USA JBS USA GreeleyCO 80634USA

Background:Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increasing amounts of soybean meal(SBM)in swine diets and estimate the energy value of ***:A total of 2233 pigs(PIC 337×1050,Hendersonville,TN)and 3796 pigs(PIC 359×C40),initially 11.0 kg and 17.6 kg body weight(BW),were used in exp.1 and 2,*** exp.1,pigs were placed in 92 pens each containing 20 to 27 *** exp.2,pigs were placed in 84 pens each containing 37 to 43 *** were assigned in a randomized complete block design with BW as the blocking *** treatments consisted of 21%,27%,33%,or 39%SBM in exp.1 and 17.5%,22%,26.5%,31%,35.5%,or 40%SBM in exp.2,obtained by changing the inclusion rate of feed-grade amino acids and corn *** exp.1,representative samples of corn grain,SBM,and distillers dried grains with solubles were analyzed for total AA content prior to diet *** exp.2,diets were formulated using NRC(2012)nutrient *** diets were fed for 21 and 22 d(exp.1 and 2)and there were 23 replicates in exp.1 and 14 replicates in *** were weighed and feed disappearance measured weekly to calculate average daily gain(ADG),average daily feed intake(ADFI),gain-to-feed ratio(G:F),and caloric efficiency(Ce).Data were analyzed with block as a random effect and treatment as a fixed effect,and contrasts were constructed to test the linear and quadratic effects of increasing ***:In exp.1,there was a tendency(linear,P=0.092)for a decrease in ADFI as SBM *** was a tendency(P=0.090)for a quadratic response for ADG,with a decrease in ADG observed with 39%SBM *** fed diets with increasing SBM had a tendency(quadratic,P=0.069)for an increase in G:F up to 33%SBM and an improvement(linear,P=0.001;quadratic,P=0.063)in Ce with increasing *** Ce to estimate the energy of SBM relative to corn,a value of 105.4%of corn energy or 2816 kcal/kg Ne was determined using all data *** removing the Ce value

关键词： Caloric efficiency energy Soybean meal Swine

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Late Cryogenian glaciation in South Australia:Fluctuating ice margin and no extreme or rapid post-glacial sea-level rise

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第4期10卷 1397-1408页

作者： George e.williams Victor A.Gostin Department of earth Sciences University of Adelaide

Postulated extreme sea-level rise of up to 1-1.5 km with the late Cryogenian Ghaub deglaciation in Namibia is contentious,as is the great rapidity(<104 yr)of the sea-level *** extreme glacioeustatic events,if real,wou... 详细信息

Postulated extreme sea-level rise of up to 1-1.5 km with the late Cryogenian Ghaub deglaciation in Namibia is contentious,as is the great rapidity(e sea-level *** extreme glacioeustatic events,if real,would have been global and affected all *** South Australia,up to six glacial advances and retreats during the late Cryogenian elatina glaciation indicate a fluctuating ice *** latter stage of the elatina glaciation and the immediate post-glacial environment are examined here for evidence of extreme and rapid sea-level *** the central Adelaide Rift Complex,diamictite with faceted and striated clasts occurs at the top of the elatina Formationeneath the early ediacaran Nuccaleena Formation’cap carbonate’.One hundred kilometres to the south,~30 m of siltstone and sandstone followed by^6 m of clast-poor diamictite with clasts 10+cm long occur between tidal rhythmites and the cap *** hundred kilo metres further south,~70 m of siltsto ne,dolo mitic siltstone and minor dolomite separate tidal rhythmites and early ediacaran *** the rhythmites were deposited during a high stand(interstadial or interglacial),not during post-glacial sea-level ***-generated erosional surfaces within tidal rhythmites at Warren Gorge indicate intermittent rhythmite deposition,and water depth and other palaeoenvironmental factors are uncertain,casting doubt on a published estimate of rapid sea-level rise during rhythmite *** lack of late Cryogenian deeply incised valleys and thick valley-fill deposits in South Australia and central Australia argues against extreme sea-level variations.A hiatus occurred between elatina deglaciation and deposition of the Nuccaleena cap carbonate,and three palaeomagnetic polarity chrons identified in the cap carbonate imply slow deposition spanning 10^5-10^6 *** is supported by independent evidence from magnetic chronostratigraphy for ediacaran strata in South Australia and Califo

关键词： Late Cryogenian glaciation Sea level Adelaide Rift Complex elatina Formation Nuccaleena Formation

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Utilizing zebrafish and okadaic acid to study Alzheimer's disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2018年第9期13卷 1538-1541页

作者： Daniel Koehler Frederick e.williams Department of Pharmacology and experimental Therapeutics University of Toledo

Despite the many years of extensive research using rodent models to study Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）, no cure or disease halting drug exists. An increasing number of people are suffering from the disease and a therapeutic intervention is needed. Therefore, it is necessary to have complementary models to aid in the drug discovery. The zebrafish animal model is emerging as a valuable model for the investigation of AD and neurodegenerative drug discovery. The main genes involved in human AD have homologous counter- parts in zebrafish and have conserved function. The basic brain structure of the zebrafish is also conserved when compared to the mammalian brain. Recently an AD model was established by administering okadaic acid to zebrafish. It was used to test the efficacy of a novel drug, lanthionine ketimine-5-ethyl ester, and to elucidate its mechanism of action. This demonstrated the ability of the okadaic acid-induced AD zebrafish model to be implemented in the drug discovery process for therapeutics against AD.

关键词： Alzheimer's disease Zebrafish okadaic acid protein phosphatase 2A learning and memory lanthionine ketimine-5-ethyl ester

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Shuram-Wonoka carbon isotope excursion:ediacaran revolution in the world ocean's meridional overturning circulation

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第2期9卷 391-402页

作者： George e.williams Phillip W.Schmidt Department of earth Sciences University of Adelaide Magneticearth

The late ediacaran Shuram-Wonoka excursion, with δ^(13)C_(carb) values as low as-12‰(PDB) in marineshelf deposits and spanning up to 10 Myr, is the deepest and most protracted δ^(13)C_(carb) negative anomaly recognised in earth history. The excursion formed on at least four continents in low(≤32°) palaeolatitudes, and in China is associated with a major phosphogenic event. Global and intrabasinal correlation, magnetostratigraphy, isotope conglomerate tests and further geochemical data are consistent with a primary or syn-depositional origin for the excursion. Continental-margin phosphorites are generated by oceanic upwelling driven by surface winds, and δ^(13)C_(carb) negative anomalies are explicable by oceanic upwelling of 13 C-depleted deep oceanic waters, arguing that a feature common to these exceptional ediacaran events was unprecedented perturbation of the world ocean. These events occurred during the transition from an alien Proterozoic world marked by low-palaeolatitude glaciation near sea level and strong seasonality to the familiar Phanerozoic earth with circum-polar glaciation and temperate climate, suggesting that the Shuram-Wonoka excursion is related to this profound change in earth's climate system. Of various hypotheses for Proterozoic low-palaeolatitude glaciation, only the high obliquity(>54°) hypothesis, which posits secular decrease in obliquity to near the present-day value(23.5°) during the ediacaran, predicts an unparalleled revolution in the ediacaran world ocean. The obliquity controls the sense of the world ocean's meridional overturning circulation, which today is driven by the sinking of cold, dense water at the poles and upwelling driven by zonal surface *** the decreasing obliquity passed the critical value of 54° during the ediacaran the meridional temperature gradient reversed, with the equator becoming warmer than the poles and Hadley lowlatitude(eric zonal circulation reversing. This reversal of the temperat

关键词： ediacaran Shuram-Wonoka carbon isotope excursion Oceanic meridional circulation Atmospheric circulation Proterozoic paleoclimate Obliquity of the ecliptic

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evaluating implicit gender bias at Canadian otolaryngology meetings through use of professional title

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World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2024年第1期10卷 12-17页

作者： Kylen Van Osch Agnieszka Dzioba Khadija Ahmed Andrew MacDonald Jamila Skinner Harley williams Julie e.Strychowsky M.elise Graham Department of Otolaryngology-Head&Neck Surgery Schulich School of Medicine&DentistryWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada Department of Otolaryngology London Health Sciences Centre Children's HospitalLondonOntarioCanada Faculty of Medicine Schulich School of Medicine&DentistryWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada

Objectives:Increasing numbers of women enter medical school *** number of female physicians in leadership positions has been much slower to *** are also well‐documented differences in the treatment of women as compared to men in professional *** presenters are less likely to be introduced by their professional title(“Doctor”)for grand rounds and conferences,especially with a man performing the *** study reviewed the Canadian Society of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery(CSOHNS)meetings from 2017 to 2020 to determine the proportion of presenters introduced by their professional title and whether this varied by ***:Recordings from CSOHNS meetings were reviewed and coded for introducer and presenter demographics,including leadership positions and ***‐squared tests of proportion and multivariate logistic regression was used to compare genders and identify factors associated with professional versus unprofessional forms of ***:No significant association was found between professional title use and introducer or presenter *** presenters were introduced with professional title 69.6%of the time,while male presenters were introduced with professional title 67.6%of the time(P=0.69).Residents were introduced with a professional title with the most frequency(75.8%),while attending staff were introduced with a professional title with the least frequency(63.0%)(P=0.02).Conclusions:The lack of gender bias in speaker introductions at recent CSOHNS meetings demonstrates progress in achieving gender equity in *** efforts should continue to define additional forms of unconscious bias that may be contributing to gender inequity in leadership positions.

关键词： attitude of health personnel gender identity Otolaryngology women

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Steel slag carbonation in a flow-through reactor system:The role of fluid-flux

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2015年第1期27卷 266-275页

作者： eleanor J.Berryman Anthony e.williams-Jones Artashes A.Migdisov Department of earth and Planetary Sciences McGill University Technische Universitat Berlin Los Alamos National Laboratory

Steel production is currently the largest industrial source of atmospheric CO2. As annual steel production continues to grow, the need for effective methods of reducing its carbon footprint increases correspondingly. The carbonation of the calcium-bearing phases in steel slag generated during basic oxygen furnace（BOF） steel production, in particular its major constituent, larnite {Ca2SiO4}, which is a structural analogue of olivine {（MgFe）2SiO4}, the main mineral subjected to natural carbonation in peridotites, offers the potential to offset some of these emissions. However, the controls on the nature and efficiency of steel slag carbonation are yet to be completely understood. experiments were conducted exposing steel slag grains to a CO2–H2O mixture in both batch and flow-through reactors to investigate the impact of temperature, fluid flux, and reaction gradient on the dissolution and carbonation of steel slag. The results of these experiments show that dissolution and carbonation of BOF steel slag are more efficient in a flow-through reactor than in the batch reactors used in most previous studies. Moreover, they show that fluid flux needs to be optimized in addition to grain size, pressure, and temperature, in order to maximize the efficiency of carbonation. Based on these results, a two-stage reactor consisting of a high and a low fluid-flux chamber is proposed for CO2 sequestration by steel slag carbonation,allowing dissolution of the slag and precipitation of calcium carbonate to occur within a single flow-through system.

关键词： CO2sequestration Steel slag carbonation Flow-through reactor Fluid flux

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In the presence of danger: the extracellular matrix defensive response to central nervous system injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2014年第4期9卷 377-384页

作者： Lyn B.Jakeman Kent e.williams Bryan Brautigam Department of Physiology and Cell Biology Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOHUSA Neuroscience Graduate Studies Program Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOHUSA Biomedical Research Graduate Program Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOHUSA OSU Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOHUSA

Glial cells in the central nervous system （CNS） contribute to formation of the extracellular matrix, which provides adhesive sites, signaling molecules, and a diffusion barrier to enhance efficient on and axon potential propagation. In the normal adult CNS, the extracellular matrix （eCM） is relatively stable except in selected regions characterized by dynamic remodeling. However, after trauma such as a spinal cord injury or cortical contusion, the lesion epicenter becomes a focus of acute neuroinflammation. The activation of the surrounding glial cells leads to a dramatic change in the composition of the eCM at the edges of the lesion, creating a perilesion environment dominated by growth inhibitory molecules and restoration of the peripheral/ central nervous system border. An advantage of this response is to limit the invasion of damaging cells and diffusion of toxic molecules into the spared tissue regions, but this occurs at the cost of inhibiting migration of endogenous repair cells and preventing axonal regrowth. The following review was prepared by reading and discussing over 200 research articles in the field published in PubMed and selecting those with significant impact and/or controversial points. This article highlights structural and functional features of the normal adult CNS eCM and then focuses on the reactions of glial cells and changes in the perilesion border that occur following spinal cord or contusive brain injury. Current research strategies directed at modifying the inhibitory perilesion microenvironment without eliminating the protective functions of glial cell activation are discussed.

关键词： nerve regeneration glial scar proteoglycan axon growth spinal cord injury contusion inhibitory inflammation astrocyte macrophage neural regeneration

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e-commerce,Pandemic Shock,and the Survival of Small and Medium enterprises

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China & World economy 2024年第5期32卷 113-139页

作者： Zengdong Cao Qin Tu Nichola Latoya williams Business School Beijing Normal UniversityChina Center for Innovation and Development Studies Beijing Normal UniversityChina Department of Finance and economics Sheffield Hallam UniversityUnited Kingdom

This study examines the impact of e-commerce on the survival rate of small and medium enterprises(SMes)during the COVID-19 pandemic using a combined dataset from the enterprise Survey for Innovation and entrepreneurship in China for the period from 2018 to *** conducted a difference-in-differences analysis by exploiting the variation in the adoption of e-commerce across SMes before and after the outbreak of *** results show that e-commerce had a significantly positive effect on the survival rate of SMes during the ***,it improved the survival rate of SMes by 3.0 to 3.4 percentage points by expanding the scale of the enterprises'markets,mitigating declines in orders,shortening the repayment periods of accounts receivable,and improving cash flow during a *** analysis reveals that the impact of e-commerce was more pronounced for SMes with a larger share of online sales and for labor-intensive SMes,and third-party e-commerce platforms or Web sites played a bigger role than self-built Web sites and social *** study offers novel evidence highlighting the value of digitalization for firms during the crisis.

关键词： COVID-19 pandemic difference-in-differences e-commerce survival rate

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Strongly seasonal Proterozoic glacial climate in low palaeolatitudes:Radically different climate system on the pre-ediacaran earth

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Geoscience Frontiers 2016年第4期7卷 555-571页

作者： George e.williams Phillip W.Schmidt Grant M.Young Department of earth Sciences University of AdelaideSA 5005Australia CSIRO Mineral Resources Flagship PO Box 52North RydeNSW 16FOAustralia Department of earth Sciences University of Western OntarioLondonOntario N6A 5B7Canada

Proterozoic （pre-ediacaran） glaciations occurred under strongly seasonal climates near sea level in low palaeolatitudes. Metre-scale primary sand wedges in Cryogenian periglacial deposits are identical to those actively forming, through the infilling of seasonal （winter） thermal contraction-cracks in perma- frost by windblown sand, in present-day polar regions with a mean monthly air temperature range of 40 ~C and mean annual air temperatures of -20 ~C or lower. Varve-like rhythmites with dropstones in Proterozoic glacial successions are consistent with an active seasonal freeze-thaw cycle. The seasonal （annual） oscillation of sea level recorded by tidal rhythmites in Cryogenian glacial successions indicates a significant seasonal cycle and extensive open seas. Palaeomagnetic data determined directly for Prote- rozoic glacial deposits and closely associated rocks indicate low palaeolatitudes： Cryogenian deposits in South Australia accumulated at 〈10% most other Cryogenian deposits at 〈20~ and Palaeoproterozoic deposits at 〈15~ palaeolatitude. Palaeomagnetic data imply that the Proterozoic geomagnetic field approximated a geocentric axial dipole, hence palaeolatitudes represent geographic latitudes. The Cry- ogenian glacial environment included glacier-flee, continental permafrost regions with ground frozen on a kyr time-scale, aeolian sand-sheets, extensive and long-lived open seas, and an active hydrological cycle. This palaeoenvironment confiicts with the ＇snowball earth＇ and ＇slushball earth＇ hypotheses, which cannot accommodate large seasonal changes of temperature near the equator. Consequently, their proponents have attempted to refute the evidence for strong seasonality by introducing Popperian ＇auxiliary assumptions＇. However, non-actualistic arguments that the Cryogenian sand wedges indicate diurnal or weakly seasonal temperature changes are based on misunderstandings of periglacial pro- cesses. Modelling of a strongly seasonal climate for a frozen-over ear

关键词： Proterozoic Glaciation Periglacial structures Varves Paleoclimate Paleomagetism

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east African topography and volcanism explained by a single,migrating plume

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Geoscience Frontiers 2020年第5期11卷 1669-1680页

作者： Rakib Hassan Simon e.williams Michael Gurnis Dietmar Muller School of Geosciences Room 412Madsen Building F09 Eastern AvenueThe University of SydneyNSW2006Australia Seismological Laboratory California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA91125USA Now at Geoscience Australia GPO Box 378CanberraACT2601Australia State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics Department of GeologyNorthwest UniversityXi’an 710069China

Anomalous topographic swells and Cenozoic volcanism in east Africa have been associated with mantle *** models involving one or more fixed plumes beneath the northeastward migrating African plate have been suggested to explain the space-time distribution of magmatism in east *** devise paleogeographically constrained global models of mantle convection and,based on the evolution of flow in the deepest lower mantle,show that the Afar plume migrated southward throughout its *** models suggest that the mobile Afar plume provides a dynamically consistent explanation for the spatial extent of the southward propagation of the east African rift system(eARS),which is difficult to explain by the northeastward migration of Africa over one or more fixed plumes alone,over the last≈45 *** further show that the age-progression of volcanism associated with the southward propagation of eARS is consistent with the apparent surface hotspot motion that results from southward motion of the modelled Afar plume beneath the northeastward migrating African *** models suggest that the Afar plume became weaker as it migrated southwards,consistent with trends observed in the geochemical record.

关键词： Numerical mantle flow models Deep mantle flow LLSVP morphology Plume dynamics Plume motion Dynamic topography

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