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Enhanced heavy and extra heavy oil recovery:Current status and new trends

Petroleum 2024年第3期10卷 399-410页

作者： Sayed gomaa Khalaf G.Salem A.n.El-hoshoudy Mining and Petroleum Engineering Department Faculty of EngineeringAl-Azhar UniversityEgypt Department of Reservoir Engineering South Valley Egyptian Petroleum Holding Company(GANOPE)CairoEgypt PVT Lab-Production Department Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute(EPRI)Cairo 11727Egypt PVT-Service Center Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute(EPRI)Cairo 11727Egypt

Due to the increased demand for energy resources these days,especially due to the Russian-Ukrainian war,the focus of the major countries is turning strongly towards improving oil production,especially heavy and extra heavy oil,which represents 40%of the world oil ***-based and thermal(EOR)procedures are promising techniques for recovering heavy oil reservoirs,but they suffer from a sequence of problems and complications that arise after long-term *** complications comprise steam breakthrough,steam overlap,and steam/rock *** research presents the currently applied techniques to maximize the productivity of heavy oil,such as steam injection,cyclic steam stimulation,in-situ combustion,and steam-assisted gravity *** technologies face numerous obstacles,as they are energy and water-intensive processes that are not environmentally *** research also presents future trends in energy-saving and environmentally friendly techniques that enhance heavy oil recovery through vapor extraction(VAPEX)steam-solvent hybrid techniques,electromagnetic energy,sonication,and *** findings of this review reported that all the presented techniques focus on how to reduce the oil viscosity and in-situ upgrade the crude oil *** turn,these enhance both the productivity rate and oil recovery and minimize the production *** article can be considered a comprehensive review of thermal recovery methods in heavy and extra-heavy oil,in addition to screening criteria used for each method.

关键词： Enhanced oil recovery Heavy crude oil Steam flood Hybrid techniques nanotechnology

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Magnetic nanoparticles for environmental and biomedical applications： A review

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Particuology 2017年第1期15卷 1-14页

作者： Leena Mohammed Hassan G.gomaa Doaa Ragab Jesse Zhu Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department Western UniversityLondonOntario N6A 5B9Canada

Engineered magnetic nanoparticles （MnPs） hold great potential in environmental, biomedical, and clin- ical applications owing to their many unique properties. This contribution provides an overview of iron oxide MnPs used in environmental, biomedical, and clinical fields. The first part discusses the use of MnPs for environmental purposes, such as contaminant removal, remediation, and water treatment, with a focus on the use of zero-valent iron, magnetite （Fe304）, and maghemite （~,-Fe203） nanoparticles, either alone or incorporated onto membrane materials. The second part of this review elaborates on the use of MnPs in the biomedical and clinical fields with particular attention to the application of superparamag- netic iron oxide nanoparticles （SP1Ons）, which have gained research focus recently owing to their many desirable features such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, ease of synthesis and absence of hysteresis. The properties of MnPs and their ability to work at both cellular and molecular levels have allowed their application in vitro and in vivo including drug delivery, hyperthermia treatment, radio-therapeutics, gene delivery, and biotherapeutics. Physiochemical properties such as size, shape, and surface and magnetic properties as well as agglomeration of MnPs and methods to enhance their stability are also discussed.

关键词： Magnetic nanoparticle Water treatment SPIOn Biomedical application

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GIS-Based Spatial Mapping of Flash Flood Hazard in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia

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Journal of Geographic Information System 2011年第3期3卷 225-231页

作者： gomaa M. Dawod Meraj n. Mirza Khalid A. Al-Ghamdi 不详

Flash floods occur periodically in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia, due to several factors including its rugged to-pography and geological structures. Hence, precise assessment of floods becomes a more vital demand in development planning. A GIS-based methodology has been developed for quantifying and spatially mapping the flood characteristics. The core of this new approach is integrating several topographic, metrological, geological, and land use datasets in a GIS environment that utilizes the Curve number (Cn) method of flood modelling for ungauged arid catchments. Additionally, the computations of flood quantities, such as depth and volume of runoff, are performed in the attribute tables of GIS layers, in order to assemble all results in the same environment. The accomplished results show that the runoff depth in Makkah, using a 50-years re-turn period, range from 128.1 mm to 193.9 mm while the peak discharge vary from 1063 m3/s to 4489 m3/s. The total flood volume is expected to reach 172.97 million m3 over Makkah metropolitan area. The advan-tages of the developed methodology include precision, cost-effective, digital outputs, and its ability to be re-run in other conditions.

关键词： Flood Assessment Rainfall-Runoff Model nRCS GIS Saudi Arabia

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Mechanism of Cluster Formation on Cerium Borosilicate Glasses Based on TEM-EDP and SEM-EDEX Investigations

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Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering 2022年第2期10卷 153-162页

作者： Salma Ahmeed gomaa El Damrawi Physics Department Sirte University Sirte Libya Physics Department Faculty of Science Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt

Cerium oxide has a great capacity to remove nonbridging oxygen atoms (nBO) from the glass network and serves as glass former units. The well formed CeO4 units played the role of decreasing nBO from the silicate network and cause a reduction in the concentration of tetrahedral boron groups (n4). The highest content of nBO in glass of lower CeO2 (1 mol%) has a dominant role in constructing crystalline clusters in the glass. Higher CeO2 concentration leads to formation of an amorphous glass network as documented by XRD and TEM-EDP spectra. Coordination of cerium with oxygen atoms gives uniform units of spherical morphology in the pure CeO2 as well as in cerium rich glass. Clustered species has a great benefit in the field of application, used as a shielding material for ionized radiations.

关键词： TEM-EDP SEM-EDEX Cluster Formation Cerium Borosilicate Glasses

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Utility of Styrylpyrazoloformimidate in the Synthesis of Fused Heterocyclic Compounds

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International Journal of Organic Chemistry 2015年第4期5卷 213-222页

作者： Hamdi M. Hassaneen Zakaria Ahmed gomaa Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Cairo University Giza Egypt

Refluxing of (E)-5-amino-1-phenyl-3-styryl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile 2 with triethylor-thoformate in acetic anhydride afforded the corresponding formimidate 3. Treatment of 3 with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol afforded amino imino compound 4. Reaction of 4 with diethyl dicarbonate at reflux gave (E)-7-phenyl-9-styryl-7H-pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine 7. Refluxing of 4 with hydrazine hydrate afforded (E)-4-hydrazinyl-1-phenyl-3-styryl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d] pyrimidine 8. Treatment of the latter compound 8 with aldehydes in boiling ethanol in the presence of acetic acid afforded the corresponding hydrazone 10. Oxidative cyclization of the hydrazone 10 led to the formation of pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidine 11. The latter products re-arranged to pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines 13. The structures of the new products were established on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral data.

关键词： (Z)-n'-Phenylcinnamohydrazonoyl Chloride (E)-5-Amino-1-Phenyl-3-Styryl-1H-Pyrazole-4-Carbonitrile Formimidate Dimroth Rearrangement

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GIS-Based Public Services Analysis Based on Municipal Election Areas: A Methodological Approach for the City of Makkah, Saudi Arabia

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Journal of Geographic Information System 2013年第4期5卷 378-395页

作者： gomaa M. Dawod Meraj n. Mirza Ramze A. Elzahrany Khalid A. Al-Ghamdi Deaprtment of Geography Umm Al-Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia

The spatial fairness of public services is a major aspect in offering a healthy and cheerful living environment in a city. The Geographic Information System (GIS) technology has been applied to investigate the spatial distribution of some selected public services over the municipal election areas within Makkah city, Saudi Arabia. These services include education, health, security, religious, commercial, and sports services. The attained results show that except for religious services, other public services are not quantitatively proportional with the population variations in Makkah. It has been found that the third election area posses almost one third of five public services and two thirds of the sport services. That might be attributed to the fact that the third election area possesses almost a quarter of the city population. But, although the first election area has a closer percentage of the total population, it does not include a comparable percentage of public services. On a spatial basis, results of GIS spatial analysis (particularly the Euclidian distance, the mean distance band to a neighbor, the standard distance, the directional distribution ellipse, and the average nearest neighbor ratio tools) have concluded that there is inequity in the services distribution over municipal election areas in Makkah city. Consequently, it is recommended that local planners and decision makers should take the obtained results into consideration to achieve fair and better distribution of public services in the city.

关键词： Public Services Spatial Analysis GIS Saudi Arabia

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¹¹B nMR Spectroscopy of Lead Borate Glasses: Additive Effect of Cerium Oxide

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new Journal of Glass and Ceramics 2016年第4期6卷 57-63页

作者： gomaa El-Damrawi Fawzia Gharghar Rawia Ramadan Mohamed Aboelez Glass Research Group Physics Department Faculty of Science Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt Microwave and Dielectric Department Physics Division National Research Centre Giza Egypt Faculty of Engineering Monofya University Sheben Elkom Egypt

Glasses and glass ceramics in the system xCeO2·(50 - x)PbO·50B2O3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 50) have been studied, for the first time, by nMR and FTIR techniques. Effect of CeO2 substitution with PbO on nMR parameters has been discussed in terms of changing both boron and cerium coordination. The quantitative fraction of four coordinated boron (n4) has been simply determined from 11B nMR spectroscopy. On the other hand, the fraction of total tetrahedral structural units B4 (BO4 + PbO4 + CeO4) is obtained from FTIR spectral analysis. It is not possible to get the fraction of cerium oxide directly from the applied spectroscopic tools. Therefore, a simple approach is applied, for the first time, to determine CeO4 fraction by using the different criteria of both 11B nMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The fraction of B4 species is equal to n4, within the experimental error, of the same glasses in the composition region of up to 10 mol% CeO2. On the other hand, there is a clear difference between both n4 and B4 values in glasses of higher CeO2 content (>10 mol%). The related difference showed a linear increasing trend with increasing the content of CeO2 in the glass. This was discussed on the bases of structural role of CeO2 which acts as a glass former in the region >10 mol%, while, at lower concentration, it consumed as a glass modifier.

关键词： new Approach Cerium Oxide Boron Fraction

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Characterization of Some Hydrogels Used in Water Purification: Correlation of Swelling and Free-Volume Properties

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Open Journal of Organic Polymer Materials 2015年第3期5卷 79-88页

作者： M. Mohsen n. A. Maziad E. gomaa E. Hassan Aly R. Mohammed Physics Department Faculty of Science Ain Shams University Abbassia Cairo Egypt Polymer Chemistry Department—national Center for Radiation Research and Technology Atomic Energy Authority Naser City Egypt

In this study, the main objective is to develop a good chelation and ion exchange hydrogel. This hydrogel is obtained by polymerization of dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and acrylic acid (AAc) by gamma irradiation, for the purpose of separation of some heavy and toxic metals from water. UV spectroscopy is applied to determine the metal ion concentration before and after treatment. The FTIR spectral analysis has identified the bond structure of PAAc, DMAEMA and P (DMAEMA/AAc) hydrogels. Microstructure and nanostructure are investigated by means of SEM and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) respectively. A maximum swelling percent is found for 80/20 DMAEMA/AAc at free-volume hole size and fraction of 97?3 and 3.4% respectively. The P (DMAEMA/AAc) and PAAc hydrogels have been applied for Cu+2, Co+2 and ni+2 removals from aqueous solutions, and the factors affecting the adsorption capacity are determined. The adsorption capacity of P (DMAEMA/AAc) is found to be higher than the corresponding ones PAAc. Its experimental results showed that, the maximum adsorption of P (DMAEMA/AAc) after 24 h occurs at pH 7 with concentration of 250 ppm for ni+2 ions and at pH 5 with concentration of 40 ppm for Cu+2 and Co+2 ions. The adsorption affinity of P (DMAEMA/AAc) hydrogel at different treatment contact times is in the following order ni > Cu > Co. However, the order becomes Co > ni > Cu by the variation of the pH of the metal ion solution;the variation of its concentration leads to a different order of Cu > Co > ni.

关键词： Hydrogels Irradiation Copolymerization FTIR PAL Water Decontamination

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Prognostic Value of n-Terminal Pro-Brain natriuretic Peptide in Acute Pulmonary Embolism

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Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases 2012年第4期2卷 58-62页

作者： Abdelhakem Selem Hanan Radwan Abdelaziz M gomaa Cardiology Department Zagazig University Ibn Sina Faculty of Medicine Zagazig Egypt

Patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) have a high risk of death and it is important to recognize factors associated with high mortality. n-Terminal pro-Brain natriuretic Peptide (nT-pro BnP) has recently emerged as a promising biomarker for risk assessment in acute pulmonary embolism (PE). The aim of this study is to detect the in hospital prognostic value of nT-pro BnP in patients with acute (PE). Methods: This study included 64 patients diagnosed as (PE) with the mean age of 59.1 ± 16.5 years, 40 patients of them (62.5%) were male. All patients were subjected to 12 leads ECG. X-ray chest, laboratory tests including D-Dimer, troponin I, nT-pro BnP, Doppler ultrasound for the venous system of both lower limbs, Echocardiograhy and 64 multislices CT pulmonary angiography. Results: According to the admission level of nT-pro BnP our patients were divided into two groups: group I included 22 patients with normal nT-pro BnP (less than 300 pg/ml), and group II included 42 patients with elevated nT-pro BnP (more than or equal 300 pg/ml). Patients in group II were found to have a significantly higher incidence of heart failure (28.6% Vs 4.6%, p = 0.025), impaired kidney function (serum creatinine was 1.7 ± 0.6 Vs 1.1 ± 0.2, p = 0.018), tachypnea (85.7% Vs 54.5%, p = 0.006) and cardiogenic shock (26.2% Vs 0%, p = 0.014) but a significantly lower incidence of chest pain (21.4% Vs 45.5%, p = 0.04) and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (51.3% ± 16.9% Vs 67.3% ± 12.8%, p = 0.043) compared to group I. There were a significantly higher treatment with thrombolytic therapy (35.7% Vs 9.1%, p=0.021) and positive inotropics (35.71% Vs 4.55%, p = 0.006) in group II compared to group I. Also group II had a higher need for mechanical ventilation (26.12% Vs 4.55%, p = 0.04) and a longer in hospital stay (19.5 ± 10.3 Vs 5.3 ± 4.5, p = 0.001) than group I. The in hospital mortality was significantly higher in group II compared to group I (19.05% Vs 0.0%, p = 0.042). Conclusion: Elevate

关键词： Pulmonary Embolism n-Terminal Pro-Brain natriuretic Peptide

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nuclear Magnetic Resonance and FTIR Structural Studies on Borosilicate Glasses Containing Iron Oxide

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new Journal of Glass and Ceramics 2016年第4期6卷 47-56页

作者： gomaa El-Damrawi Abdel Meguid Hassan Rawia Ramadan Sammer El-Jadal Glass Research Group Physics Department Faculty of Science Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt Microwave and Dielectric Department National Research Center Dokki Giza Cairo Egypt

The structure of borosilicate glasses of composition 30na2O-2Al2O3-25SiO2-xFe2O3 (43-x) B2O3 has been investigated in the composition range of 0.5 20 mol% Fe2O3. 27Al, 11B, 29 Si MAS nMR and FTIR spectroscopies have been used to measure the fraction of different structural species in the glasses. It is evidenced from nMR data that both sodium and Fe2O3 (in low region up to 7 mol%) are the main glass modifier. Structural determination for borosilicate glasses with a high content of (Fe2O3) was carried out by FTIR spectroscopy, where both 11B and 29Si MAS nMR are impossible because of the high quantities of paramagnetic iron (III) species present. nMR analysis was performed on borosilicate glasses containing up to 7 mol% Fe2O3 and the n4 values obtained by FTIR spectroscopy agree within error with the 11B nMR results of the same glass samples. Fe2O3 is a main glass modifier in the low-Fe2O3-content region (≤6 mol%). On other hand, it plays the role of glass former at higher content of Fe2O3. Increasing both n4 of boron tetrahedral units and chemical shift of silicon nuclei to reach maxima at 5 mol% Fe2O3 confirms the role of Fe2O3 as a glass modifier in the low composition region. On the other hand, fast decrease in n4 with further increasing Fe2O3 contents ≥6 mol%) is an evidence for iron oxide to inter the glass network as a network former.

关键词： nMR-FTIR-Spectroscopy-Borosilicate-Glasses

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