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Tuberculosis in the Carcinal Environment in Chad Due to the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Circulante Complex

Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2024年第2期12卷 214-224页

作者： Ahmat Idriss Ahmat mahamat Tahir Ngaré hassan Ngandolo Bongo Nare Richard mahamat Adanao Adoudou Mbah Ntepe Leonel Javeres Hamidou Yacoubou ali mahamat Moussa Laboratory for Diagnostic Research and Scientific Expertise University of N’Djamena N’Djamena Chad Veterinary and Zootechnical Research Laboratory of Farcha N’Djamena Livestock and Development Research Institute N’Djamena Chad Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies (IMPM) Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation Yaoundé Cameroon Cameroon Ministry of Public Health Yaoundé Cameroon Faculty of Human Health Sciences University of N’Djamena N’Djamena Chad

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease and its control is considered a challenge, particularly among vulnerable populations such as prisoners. The prevalence of TB in prisons is an alarming public health problem in many countries. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology of tuberculosis and the strategies for controlling this disease in the Chadian prison population. During the course of our study, the prevalence of tuberculosis in prisons was 9.64%. The age group between 55 years and over (43.33%) was the most represented in this study, and all patients were men with a frequency of 62.66%. The cross-tabulation of Culture_7H9G and Culture_7H9P showed that out of our total positive sample, we found a total of 87 positive strains and 63 negative strains. Our study shows that it is essential to know the prevalence of tuberculosis in all the country’s prisons. Indeed, this can serve as an indication of the need for action in prisons to reduce TB rates, in particular by improving the structure of prison environments, diagnosing new cases quickly and accurately, identifying drug-resistant strains and implementing effective, direct treatment observed in people with tuberculosis.

关键词： Mycobacterium Prison Tuberculosis and Chad

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Evaluation of the Strategy and Efficacy of Treatment of Chronic Viral Hepatitis C with the Sofosbuvir/Daclatasvir Combination in a Resource-Limited Country

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Open Journal of Gastroenterology 2024年第7期14卷 233-240页

作者： Mayanna Habkreo ali mahamat Moussa Adama Ahmed Ngare Abdraman Kossou Tahir mahamat Saleh Maire Dehainsala mahamat ali Hachim mahamat ali Bolti Oumaima Djarma Joseph Madtoingue Service de Gastroentrologie/Mdecine Interne du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire la Rfrence Nationale NDjamena Chad Service de Gastroentrologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire la Renaissance NDjamena Chad Service de Maladies Infectieuses du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire la Renaissance NDjamena Chad Service de Maladies Infectieuses du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire la Rfrence Nationale NDjamena Chad

Introduction: The treatment of viral hepatitis C (HCV), a major public health problem, has evolved considerably since the introduction of direct-acting anti-virals (DAAs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the strategy for initiating treatment with Sofosbuvir/Daclatasvir, and also to assess its efficacy. Patients and Methods: Included were patients aged at least 15 years, with detectable hepatitis C viremia and treated with a pan-genotypic Sofosbuvir/Daclatasvir regimen at the Centre “Hospitalier Universitaire la Référence Nationale de N’Djamena” between October 2019 and October 2023. The APRI score was used to assess fibrosis. Cure was defined by an undetectable viral load 12 weeks after the end of treatment. Results: A total of 835 patients were included (sex ratio 1.55, mean age 50.5 ± 13.73, extremes 20 and 84 years). The 60 - 69 age group was the most represented. The mean APRI score was 0.42 ± 0.29, with extremes of 0.019 and 1.84. The mean viral load was 2,316,193.086 IU/mL. All subjects had good renal function. Cytolysis was absent in 70% of cases. Without genotyping, a pan-genotypic regimen was used in all patients: Sofosbuvir (400 mg)/Daclatasvir (60 mg). The cure rate was 99.4%, with good tolerability. However, four cases of failure were recorded out of the 668 patients who underwent follow-up HCV-PCR testing after 12 weeks of treatment. Conclusion: The Sofosbuvir/Daclatasvir regimen is highly effective, with an excellent safety profile. However, the still high cost of these molecules limits their accessibility to a large proportion of patients.

关键词： Efficacy Tolerance Sofosbuvir/Daclatasvir HCV Chad

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Visceral Leishmaniasis at the National Reference University Hospital Center of N’Djamena (Chad): Epidemiological, Clinical, Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Prognostic Aspects

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2024年第2期14卷 478-486页

作者： Joseph Mad-Toïngué mahamat ali Ahmat Oumaïma mahamat Djarma alifa Adjibera Philippe ali mahamat Moussa Ngakoutou Rangar Choua Ouchemi mahamat ali Bolti Djiddi ali Sougoudi Mamissou Didi mahamat Doungous Atim Service des Maladies Infectieuses CHU de Référence Nationale N’Djamena Chad Service de Gastroentérologie et Médecine Interne CHU de Référence Nationale N’Djamena Chad Service de Pneumologie et Phtisiologie CHU de Référence Nationale N’Djamena Chad Service de Chirurgie viscérale CHU de Référence Nationale N’Djamena Chad Service de Médecine CHU de la Renaissance N’Djamena Chad

Introduction: leishmaniasis is a group of parasitic diseases caused by a parasite of the genus Leishmania transmitted by the bite of an infected vector called a sandfly. There are four forms. Visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form. The aim of our work is to study the epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic aspects of the disease in the Infectious Diseases Department of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Référence Nationale in N'Djaména. Methodology: Patients were recruited on the basis of clinical signs suggestive of visceral leishmaniasis, i.e. prolonged fever, splenomegaly and altered general condition. Biological confirmation was performed with a rapid diagnostic test using recombinant K39 parasite antigen, which is known to have good specificity and sensitivity. Epidata version 3.1 software was used to process patient data. Results: From 05/04/21 to 15/12/23, 153 positive cases were managed. The mean age of patients was 18 years, with a sex ratio of 9.2. Of these patients, 103 (67.3%) had recently stayed at gold mining sites. Patients testing positive were treated with sodium stibogluconate combined with paromomycin for 17 days. The mortality rate was 13.2%. Conclusion: Leishmaniasis is a serious and little-known disease in Chad. In order to respond to the disease, it is necessary to reinforce the capacities of health structures and to carry out appropriate actions in the outbreaks.

关键词： Visceral Leishmaniasis Gold Mining Sites Chad

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Secure and Reliable Routing in the Internet of Vehicles Network:AODV-RL with BHA Attack Defense

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2024年第4期139卷 633-659页

作者： Nadeem Ahmed Khalid Mohammadani ali Kashif Bashir Marwan Omar Angel Jones Fayaz hassan School of Electronic Science Beijing University of Post and TelecommunicationBeijing100086China Department of Computer Science Huanggang Normal UniversityHuanggangChina Department of Computing and Mathematics Manchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK Woxsen School of Business Woxsen UniversityHyderabad502345India Department of Computer Science and Mathematics Lebanese American UniversityBeirutLebanon Information Technology and Management Illinois Institute of TechnologyChicagoUSA College of Computing Capital Technology UniversityLaurelUSA

Wireless technology is transforming the future of transportation through the development of the Internet of Vehicles(IoV).However,intricate security challenges are intertwinedwith technological progress:Vehicular ad hoc Networks(VANETs),a core component of IoV,face security issues,particularly the Black Hole Attack(BHA).This malicious attack disrupts the seamless flow of data and threatens the network’s overall reliability;also,BHA strategically disrupts communication pathways by dropping data packets from legitimate nodes *** the importance of this challenge,we have introduced a new solution called ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector-Reputation-based mechanism Local Outlier Factor(AODV-RL).The significance of AODVRL lies in its unique approach:it verifies and confirms the trustworthiness of network components,providing robust protection against *** additional safety layer is established by implementing the Local Outlier Factor(LOF),which detects and addresses abnormal network *** testing of our solution has revealed its remarkable ability to enhance communication in ***,Our experimental results achieve message delivery ratios of up to 94.25%andminimal packet loss ratios of just 0.297%.Based on our experimental results,the proposedmechanismsignificantly improves VANET communication reliability and *** results promise a more secure and dependable future for IoV,capable of transforming transportation safety and efficiency.

关键词： Black hole attack IoV vehicular ad hoc network AODV routing protocol

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Eradication Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Evaluation of Therapeutic Strategies in N’Djamena

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Open Journal of Gastroenterology 2024年第2期14卷 59-67页

作者： Mayanna Habkréo ali mahamat Moussa Tahir mahamat Saleh Djerabet Franckly Fany Haby Mairé Dehainssala Adama Ngaré mahamat ali Hachim Service de Medecine Interne et Gastroenterologie Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Reference Nationale N’Djamena Tchad Service de Medecine Interne Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Renaissance N’Djamena Tchad Service de Médecine Hopital de l’Amitié Tchad-Chine N’Djamena Tchad

Background: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is the most widespread bacterial infection in the world. The infection is generally acquired in childhood, but can persist into adulthood. Eradication therapy has undergone several modifications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the different therapeutic strategies used in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Reference Nationale of N’Djaména. Patients and Methods: This was a prospective, descriptive analytical study spread over one year, from September 2021 to September 2022. Patients at least 15 years of age presenting with dyspeptic symptoms, seen consecutively in a hepato-gastroenterology consultation and with a positive stool test for H. pylori infection, were included in the study. Equally, 1/3 of patients were treated with dual or triple therapy. The remaining third received quadritherapy. Results: A total of 268 patients were included in the study (mean age 38.40 ± 14.66 with extremes of 16 and 80 years). Males predominated in 58% of cases. Overall therapeutic efficacy was 88.9%. According to different therapeutic strategies, efficacy was 90.75% for dual therapy with PPI (Rabeprazole) and Amoxicillin. On the other hand, efficacy was 87% and 88.88% for PPI-based triple therapy and dual antibiotic therapy, and for PPI-based quadruple therapy and triple antibiotic therapy. Conclusion: H. pylori infection is a common disease in Chad. Dual therapy with rabeprazole combined with a high dose of amoxicillin over a period of at least two weeks showed similar if not better efficacy than triple or quadruple therapy.

关键词： Helicobacter pylori Therapeutic Strategies Eradication Dyspepsia Chad

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Upper Tract Treatment of Urogenital Fistulas at the National Fistula Treatment Center (CNTF)

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Open Journal of Urology 2024年第1期14卷 11-19页

作者： mahamat ali mahamat Vadandi Valentin Aché Haroun Saleh Nedjim Abderassoul Abdraman Gadam Kimassoum Rimtebaye Faculty of Health Sciences University of N’Djamena N’Djamena Chad Faculty of Health Sciences University of Adam Barka Abeche Chad University Hospital of National Reference N’Djamena Chad

Introduction: Urogenital fistula is the existence of an abnormal pathway between a urinary organ and a genital organ. It is a public health problem because of its frequency and social aspect. The aim of this study was to analyse the management of urogenital fistulas by the upper route at the National Fistula Treatment Centre in N’Djamena. Material and Methods: This was a 10-year retrospective descriptive and analytical study from May 2011 to April 2021. The records of all patients who had received fistula treatment during this period were identified and analysed. Results: During the study period 2369 patients were managed for cure of urogenital fistula including 84 by the upper route, i.e. 3.5%. The mean age was 28.5 ± 8.13 years. Loss of urine was the most common reason for consultation (71.4%). Primigravida were represented in 50% (n = 42). The average gestational age was 3.2 ± 2.8 with extremes of 0 to 9 pregnancies. Obstetric aetiology was the most common (92.8%). Ureterovaginal fistulas were the most common anatomoclinical type (36.9%). Uretero-vesical reimplantation was the main surgical procedure (41.7%). Late postoperative follow-up was successful in 85.7% of cases. Conclusion: Urogenital fistulas are common in our practice. The only way to combat this scourge is through prevention through information, education and communication.

关键词： Urogenital Fistula Upper Tract CNTF N’Djamena Chad

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Mechanical performance of cold mix asphalt containing cup lump rubber as a sustainable bio-modifier

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Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering(English Edition) 2024年第3期11卷 424-440页

作者： Syed Abdul Ghafar Muhammad Naqiuddin Mohd Warid Norhidayah Abdul hassan Zulfiqar ali Jattak Ashraf Abdalla Mohammed Radwan Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi MalaysiaSkudai 81310Malaysia Department of Civil Engineering Balochistan University of Information TechnologyEngineering&Management SciencesQuettaPakistan Department of Civil Engineering Balochistan University of Engineering and TechnologyKhuzdarPakistan Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of TripoliTripoliLibya

The road construction industry aims to contribute to the protection of already compromised *** mix asphalt(CMA)is a measure initiated by the road industry to protect the environment and preserve *** having additional benefits,CMA has attracted little attention due to its inferior ***'s performance is enhanced using a sustainable binder bio-modifier,natural cup lump rubber(CLR)is one of *** study evaluated the tensile properties,rutting,moisture susceptibility,and adhesion properties of CLR-modified CMA(CMA-CR).The tensile property was enhanced by 26%due to CLR ***-CR had excellent rutting resistance of less than 2 mm rut depth at 10,000 load cycles,showing 70%improvement compared with conventional *** susceptibility evaluation indicated that CMA-CR had tensile strength ratio(TSR)value of 104%,satisfying the minimum 80%requirement of AASHTO *** also retained more than 96%bitumen *** moisture damage resistance was improved by 12%and 10%in terms of TSR and stripping,*** durability results revealed that the CMA-CR mixture prevented higher mass loss,representing 14%improvement compared with conventional CMA.

关键词： Cup lump rubber Cup lump modified cold mix asphalt Moisture damage Tensile property Rutting Digital imaging

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Geometric investigation of entrance proportions of houses from the Qajar to the beginning of the early Pahlavi in Dezful City(1789—1979)

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2024年第1期13卷 57-78页

作者： Raziyeh Rezadoost Dezfuli Mohammad Mehrakizadeh Behnaz Safar ali Najar hassan Bazazzadeh Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad Department of Architecture Poznan University of Technology61-131 PoznanPoland Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Jundi Shapur University of TechnologyDezfulIran College of Engineering and Architecture University of Nizwa616 Birkat Al MawzOman Department of Architecture Faculty of Art and ArchitectureTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran

Due to the importance of the historical context of Dezful City,investigating historic buildings is *** unfortunately,a large part of it is being *** this reason,it is essential to discover the guidelines and logic behind the architectural design of these buildings to help their reconstruction or ***,there is no logical information about the components of this context and the reconstructions are usually done according to taste and based on architecture tested or personal ***,it is necessary to find a logic behind these critical components that support the whole plan or parts of it in a particular *** purpose of this research is to discover and find the logic behind the design of this building in the historical context of *** geometrical proportions can significantly help to reconstruct buildings better and more *** this purpose,30 historical houses of Dezful were randomly selected,and their input information was drawn in 2D form in ***,the length,width,and height proportions were measured,and the obtained ratios were compared with the golden proportions and dynamic *** paper studies entrance based on ratios of√2,√3,√4,√4,√1.25 andφ(the golden section).The results show that golden proportions and proportions derived from dynamic rectangles are present in the wording of all ***,the range of ratios in the plan is from 1.34 to 2,and the content of changes in the section is from 1.22 to *** results can help architects,and particularly building owners,to reconstruct based on existing logic by discovering the proportions of the entrances of the *** is possible to administer a part of the damaged tissue and estimate its dimensions and sizes because the proportions’completeness can help revive half-destroyed historical buildings.

关键词： Proportions Historical houses House entrance Dezful city Qajar period to early Pahlavi

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Gangrene of the External Genitalia at Chu-Abeche

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Open Journal of Urology 2024年第4期14卷 197-206页

作者： Vadandi Valentin mahamat ali mahamat Abdelmahamoud Chene Vounouzia Barthelemy Temga Ouang Michael Minguemadji Allah Siyangar Ndormadjita Allah Siyangar Rimtebaye Kimassoum Urology Department University Hospital Center Abeche Chad Urology Department University Hospital of National Reference N&#8217Djamena Chad Urology Department University Hospital of Renaissance N&#8217Djamena Chad

Introduction: Gangrene of the external genitalia organs (EGO) is a medico-surgical emergency that is still very common in Third World countries. The main etiologies are urogenital, dermocutaneous and proctological. Mortality remains very high despite therapeutic advances. Our aim was to report on the epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of gangrene of the external genitalia, and to identify prognostic factors. Patients and Method: This was a 5-year retrospective descriptive study, from February 2016 to February 2021, of cases of gangrene of the external genitalia admitted to and treated in the Urology Department of Abeche University Hospital. Results: We collected 49 cases of gangrene of the external genitalia. The mean age of patients was 42 ± 16.81, with extremes of 20 and 81 years. The age group most concerned was between 20 and 29. The most frequent reasons for consultation were suppuration of the external genitalia and scrotal swelling. The average consultation time was 19.05 ± 16.02 days. The most common comorbidity was diabetes (35.9%). The most frequent pathological antecedents were urinary tract infections and endourethral maneuvers, reported in 40.5% and 38.7% respectively. Urogenital aetiology was predominant in 54.7%, and idiopathic in 35.9%. Lesions involved the scrotum in 60.6%, the scrotum and penis in 16.5%, and the penis alone in 5.7% of cases. Lesions extended to the perineum in 13.6% of cases, and to the abdomen in 3.6%. Vascular filling via the central venous line was performed in 58.6% of cases, and via the peripheral venous line in 41.4%. 3rd-generation cephalosporins and associated imidazoles were the most commonly used antibiotics. Necrosectomy was performed in 37 patients (73.4%), debridement combined with bypass cystostomy in 26.6% of cases. Colostomy was performed in 4% of cases. 90.8% of patients were cured and 9.2% died. The average hospital stay was 30 ± 75 days. Conclusion: The gangrene of the external genitalia is a med

关键词： Gangrene External Genitalia Medical and Surgical Treatment

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Genomic Profile of SARS-COV-2 Associated with COVID-19 Outbreaks in N’Djamena, Chad

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2024年第7期15卷 432-442页

作者： Mathieu Hota Henry Yandai Fissou Dezoumbe Koutaya Djallaye Djimtoïbaye mahamat Moussa ali cole Doctorale Sciences Techniques et Environnement Universit de NDjamena NDjamena Tchad Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Dveloppement NDjamena Tchad Laboratoire des Grandes pidmies Tropicales du CHU le Bon Samaritain NDjamena Tchad Facult des Sciences de la Sant Humaine (FSSH) Universit de NDjamena NDjamena Tchad

Background: SARS-CoV-2 has circulated worldwide with dramatic consequences. In Chad, we have no data reported of variants. The aim of this study was to identify the SARS-CoV-2 variants that circulated during the epidemic from 2020 to 2021. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study carried out between 2020 and 2021. Samples from patients with suspected COVID-19 were tested in five laboratories in N’Djamena. One hundred quality samples of the positives were sequenced in Kinshasa using Oxford nanopore technologies minion and the Protocol Midnight SARS-CoV2. Data were processed using Excel version 16 software. Results: Of the 100 samples sequenced, 77 (77%) produced sequences, 23 (23%) did not. The genomic profiles were wild-type Wuhan and minor mutations (19A, 19B (A), 20A (B.1, B.2), 20B (AV.1), 20D (B.1.1.1 /C.36), 20C), variant of concern Alpha (20I), variant of concern Delta (21A/J), variant of interest Eta (21D), variant of concern Omicron (21K) and unclassified variant under surveillance (B.1.640). Of these variants, the maximums were detected in patients aged 26 - 35 with 30.26% and 25.26% in 36 - 45. However, 24.67% were in travelers and 75.32% in residents, 35.06% in those vaccinated against COVID-19 and 62.33% in non-vaccinates. The estimated case-fatality rate was 2.44% (107/4374). Conclusion: This work has provided preliminary data on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating during the 2020-2021 epidemics in Chad.

关键词： COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Profile Variant Chad

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