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Quantitative analysis of the impact of droughts and floods on internal wars in China over the last 500 years

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Science China Earth Sciences 2017年第12期60卷 2078-2088页

作者： harry f.lee David D.ZHANG PEI Qing JIA Xin Ricci P.H.YUE Department of Geography and International Center for China Development Studies The University of Hong Kong School of Geographical Sciences Guangzhou University Department of Social Sciences The Education University of Hong Kong School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences Nanjing University

Although many large-N quantitative studies have evidenced the adverse effects of climatic extremes on social stability in China during the historical period, most of them rely on temperature and precipitation as major explanatory variables, while the influence of floods and droughts on social crises is rarely measured. furthermore, a comparison of the climate-society nexus among different geographic regions and at different temporal scales is missing in those studies. To address this knowledge gap,this study examines quantitatively the influence of floods and droughts on internal wars in three agro-ecological(rice, wheat,and pastoral) regions in China in AD1470–1911. Poisson regression and wavelet transform coherence analyses are applied to allow for the non-linear and non-stationary nature of the climate-war nexus. Results show that floods and droughts are significant in driving internal wars in historical China, but are characterized by strong regional variation. In the rice region, floods trigger internal wars at the inter-annual and multi-decadal time scales. In the wheat region, both floods and droughts cause internal wars at the inter-annual and multi-decadal time scales. In the pastoral region, internal wars are associated with floods only at the multi-decadal time scale. In addition, the multi-decadal coherence between hydro-climatic extremes and internal wars in all three of the agro-ecological regions is only significant in periods in which population density is increasing or the upper limit of regional carrying capacity is being reached. The above results imply that the climate-war nexus is mediated by regional geographic factors such as physical environmental setting and population pressure. Hence, we encourage researchers who study the historical human-climate relationship to boil down data according to geographic regions in the course of statistical analysis and to examine each region individually in follow-up studies.

关键词： floods and droughts Climatic extremes Internal wars Wars Social stability Ming-Qing period

Differentiations of geographic distribution and subsistence strategies between Tibetan and other major ethnic groups are determined by the physical environment in Hehuang Valley

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Science China Earth Sciences 2019年第2期62卷 412-422页

作者： Xin JIA harry f.lee Mengchun CUI Guoquan CHENG Yang ZHAO Hong DING Ricci P.H.YUE Huayu LU School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences Nanjing University College of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lanzhou University Needham Research Institute Department of Geography and Resource Management The Chinese University of Hong Kong School of Marxism Taiyuan University of Technology Department of Geography and International Center for China Development Studies The University of Hong Kong

The people of the Tibetan Plateau have received extensive attention from scholars because of their unique adaptability to the low temperature and anoxic environments. However, the Tibetan communities and their habitats in the low-altitude regions of the plateau have rarely been studied in a scientific manner. Based on the extraction of geographic information of 197 towns in the Hehuang Valley and on variance analysis, this study examines the habitats and subsistence strategies of the Tibetans and other major ethnic groups in the low-latitude region of the Tibetan Plateau. Our statistical results show that the annual average temperature of Tibetan habitats in the Hehuang Valley is relatively high. The relatively warm environment of the valley allows the Tibetans in that area to cultivate wheat and barley and raise cattle and sheep—a subsistence strategy significantly different from that of other Tibetans in the high-altitude regions in the Tibetan Plateau. In addition, the Tibetan communities in the Hehuang Valley include similar agri-pastoral ethnic groups (including Hui and Salar), both of which adopt similar subsistence strategies. The agricultural ethnic groups (Han and Tu) live in a relatively cool and humid environment facilitating agricultural production, while the agri-pastoral ethnic groups (Tibetan, Hui, and Salar) inhabit relatively warm and arid environment in the valley. Due to the lack of agricultural activities, agri-pastoral groups must also engage in animal husbandry to supplement their diet. In the Ando Tibetan region, the subsistence strategies of the ethnic groups are closely related to their physical *** ethnic groups communicate among themselves, integrate, and influence each other, resulting in a diversified culture. This study proves that the habitat variation at a regional scale corresponds significantly to the variation of subsistence strategies. Our findings may further refine knowledge about the human-environmental relationsh

关键词： Tibetan Plateau Ethnic group Ethnic geography Hehuang Valley Ando Tibetan region

Climate Change, Geopolitics, and Human Settlements in the Hexi Corridor over the Last 5,000 Years

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2020年第3期94卷 612-623页

作者： YANG Liu SHI Zhilin ZHANG Shanjia harry flee Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental System(Ministry of Education) College of Earth and Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Department of and Resource Management The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina

Social responses to climate change over human history have been widely discussed in academia over the last two decades. However, the transformation of the human–environment nexus crossing prehistoric and historic periods and the processes associated with it are not yet clearly understood. In this study, based on published works on radiocarbon dating, archaeobotany, zooarchaeology, and archaeological sites, together with a synthesis of historical documents and highresolution paleoclimatic records, we trace the extent to which human settlement patterns in the Hexi Corridor in northwestern China evolved in conjunction with climate change over the last 5,000 years. A total of 129 Neolithic, 126 Bronze Age, and 1,378 historical sites in the Hexi Corridor(n=1,633) were surveyed. Our results show that, in the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age periods(~2800–100 BC), climate change contributed to the transformation of subsistence strategies and the subsequent changes in human settlement patterns in the Hexi Corridor. The warm-humid climate in ~2800–2000 BC promoted millet agriculture and helped the Majiayao, Banshan, and Machang Cultures to flourish. The cold-dry climate in ~2000–100 BC resulted in the divergence and transformation of subsistence strategies in the Xichengyi–Qijia–Siba and Shajing–Shanma Cultures and in a shift in their settlement patterns. However, in the historical period(121 BC–AD 1911), human settlement patterns were primarily determined by geopolitics related to the alternating rule of regimes and frequent wars, especially in the Sui–Tang dynasties. We also find that trans-Eurasian cultural exchange since ~2000 BC improved social resilience to climate change in the Hexi Corridor, mediating the human–environment nexus there. Our findings may provide insights into how human societies reacted to climate change in arid and semi-arid environments over the long term.

关键词： climate change human-environment nexus historical period trans-Eurasia cultural exchange Neolithic and Bronze Age Hexi Corridor

Two centuries of April-July temperature change in southeastern China and its influence on grain productivity

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Science Bulletin 2017年第1期62卷 40-45页

作者： Jiangfeng Shi Jinbao Li David D.Zhang Jingyun Zheng Shiyuan Shi Quansheng Ge harry f.lee Yesi Zhao Jie Zhang Huayu Lu Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences Nanjing University Department of Geography University of Hong Kong Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences

China is a traditional agriculture based country and one main region for crop production is southeastern China where temperature is a dominant climate variable affecting agriculture. Temperature and social disturbances both influence crop production, yet distinguishing their relative impacts is difficult due to a lack of reliable, high-resolution historical climatic records before the very recent period. Here we present the first tree-ring based warm-season temperature reconstruction for southeastern China, a core region of the East Asian monsoon, for the past 227 years. The reconstruction target was April-July mean temperature, and our model explained 60.6% of the observed temperature variance during 1953–*** correlation analysis showed that the reconstruction is representative of April-July temperature change over most of eastern China. The reconstructed temperature series agrees well with China-scale(heavily weighted in eastern China) agricultural production index values quite well at decadal *** impacts of social upheavals on food production, such as those in the period 1920–1949, were confirmed after climatic influences were excluded. Our study should help distinguish the influence of social disturbance and warm-season temperature on grain productivity in the core agricultural region of China during the past two centuries.

关键词： Temperature Grain productivity Social disturbance China Tree-rings

Amelioration of habitat since the early Holocene contributed to the origin of agriculture in the farming-pastoral zone of northern China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第8期67卷 2535-2546页

作者： Xin JIA Zhiping ZHANG Yonggang SUN Runqi JIANG Shuangwen YI Wei CHEN Jue SUN Guoqiang LI Shuzhi WANG Enrui LI Xiaonong HU Qingchun BAO harry f.lee Huayu LU Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application Nanjing 210023China Schlool of History and Culture Chifeng UniversityChifeng 024000China School of Geography and Ocean Science Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and PalaeontologyChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) College of Earth and Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Institute of Archaeology Chinese Academy of Social SciencesBeijing 100710China Ulanqab Museum Ulanqab 012000China The Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Hohhot 010011China Department of Geography and Resource Management The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong 999077China Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment(Ministry of Education of PRC) Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210023China School of Geography Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210023China Institute of Environmental Archaeology Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210023China

The origin of agriculture in the farming-pastoral zone of northern China remains in *** central region of the Inner Mongolia Plateau is located in the core area of the farming-pastoral zone;thus,it is a critical region for exploring the origin of the dryland farming system in northern *** study selected the Yumin Site and Banan Site,which belong to the Yumin Culture-the beginning of Neolithic culture in Inner Mongolia-as the research *** on the quartz optically stimulated luminescence(OSL)dating on the sedimentary sections from the Yumin site(YM)and Banan site(BN1 and BN2),the Holocene chronology framework of each section was *** that,by identifying carbonized grains in the Yumin site and the multi-proxy analysis of each section,we investigated the relationship between the origin of agriculture and climate change in this *** results revealed that the timing of the origin of agriculture recorded in the Yumin site lagged behind the timing of a significant increase of precipitation during the early Holocene but coincided with the timing of a significant increase of vegetation around 8.4 *** phenomenon was further confirmed by the published high-resolution paleoenvironmental records from the surrounding area of the Yumin *** propose that with the gradual amelioration of hydrothermal conditions since the beginning of the Holocene,the regional ecosystem had been improved,resulting in the gradual conversion of the land surface from infertile sand to organic-rich soil,providing an appropriate environmental foundation for the origin of dryland farming in northern China around 8.4 *** study highlighted that the“accumulative environmental effects”during the early Holocene played a vital role in the origin of agriculture in northern China and provided a reference for agricultural management in the context of future climate change.

关键词： Origin of agriculture Accumulative environmental effects Yumin Culture Northern China Holocene

Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis-associated neoplasia:a promising model for the development of chemopreventive interventions

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Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2007年第9期28卷 1450-1459页

作者： Margie lee CLAPPER harry Stanley COOPER Wen-Chi lee CHANG Divisions of Population Science Medical Science Fox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphiaPA 19111USA

Individuals diagnosed with ulcerative colitis face a significantly increased risk ofdeveloping colorectal dysplasia and cancer during their *** date,littleattention has been given to the development of a chemopreventive interventionfor this high-risk *** mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis represents an excellent preclinical system in which to both charac-terize the molecular events required for tumor formation in the presence of inflam-mation and assess the ability of select agents to inhibit this *** admin-istration of DSS in drinking water results in the establishment of chronic colitisand the development of colorectal dysplasias and cancers with pathological fea-tures that resemble those of human colitis-associated *** incidenceand multiplicity of lesions observed varies depending on the mouse strain used(ie,Swiss Webster,C57BL/6J,CBA,ICR) and the dose (0.7%-5.0%) and schedule(1-15 cycles with or without a subsequent recovery period) of *** incidenceof neoplasia can be increased and its progression to invasive cancer acceleratedsignificantly by administering DSS in combination with a known colon carcinogen(azoxymethane (AOM),2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ),2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP)) or *** recent induction ofcolitis-associated neoplasia in genetically defined mouse strains has providednew insight into the role of specific genes (ie,adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc),p53,inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS),Msh2) in the development of colitis-associated *** data from chemopreventive intervention studiesdocument the efficacy of several agents in inhibiting DSS-induced neoplasiaand provide great promise that colitis-associated colorectal neoplasia is a pre-ventable disease.

关键词： colorectal colitis chemoprevention dextran sulfate sodium mouse models

Spatial and temporal variations in prehistoric human settlement and their influencing factors on the south bank of the Xar Moron River, Northeastern China

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frontiers of Earth Science 2017年第1期11卷 137-147页

作者： Xin JIA Shuangwen YI Yonggang SUN Shuangye WU harry f. lee Lin WANG Huayu LU School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China School of History and Culture Chifeng University Chifeng 024000 China Department of Geology University of Dayton Dayton OH 45469 USA Department of Geography The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China School of Architecture Huaqiao University Xiamen 361021 China

The West Liao River Basin is the hub of ancient civilizations as well as the birthplace of rain-fed agriculture in Northern China. In the present study, based on 276 archaeological sites on the south bank of the Xar Moron River, Northeastern China, we trace the changes in prehistoric cultures as well as the shifts in the spatial and temporal patterns of human settlement in the West Liao River Basin. Location information for those sites was obtained from fieldwork. factors such as climate change, landform evolution of the Horqin Dunefield, and sub- sistence strategies practiced at the sites were extracted via the meta-analysis of published literature. Our results show that the Holocene Optimum promoted the emergence of Neolithic Culture on the south bank of the Xar Moron River. Monsoon failure might have caused the periodic collapse or transformation of prehistoric cultures at （6.5, 4.7, 3.9, and 3.0） kyr B.P., leaving spaces for new cultural types to develop after these gaps. The rise and fall of different cultures was also determined by subsistence strategies. The Xiaoheyan Culture, with mixed modes of subsistence, weakened after 4.7 kyr B.P., whereas the Upper Xiajiadian Culture, supported by sheep breeding, expanded after 3.0 kyr B.P. Global positioning system data obtained from the archaeological sites reveal that cultures with different subsistence strategies occupied distinct geographic regions. Humans who subsisted on hunting and gathering resided at higher altitudes during the Paleolithic Age （1074 m a.s.1.）. Mixed subsistence strategies led humans to settle down at 600-1000 m a.s.1. in the Neolithic Age. Agricultural activities caused humans to migrate to 400-800 m a.s.1, in the early Bronze Age, whereas livestock production shifted human activities to 800-1200 m a.s.l, in the late Bronze Age.

关键词： climate change dunefield evolution subsistence strategy the Holocene West Liao River Basin

The Alpe Arami Story: Triumph of Data over Prejudice

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Journal of Earth Science 2010年第5期21卷 731-743页

作者： harry W Green II Larissa f Dobrzhinetskaya Krassimir N Bozhilov Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics Department of Earth Sciences University of California at Riverside Riverside CA92521 USA Department of Earth Sciences University of California at Riverside Riverside CA92521 USA

The Alpe Arami garnet peridotite of the Southern Swiss Alps is associated with eclogites and included within quartzofeldspathic gneisses. Controversy has swirled around the depth of origin of this massif since the 1970s when application of the newly-developed technique of thermobarometry suggested a depth of last equilibration of greater than 120 kin. Such controversy accelerated in 1996 when we reported microstructural evidence of extensive precipitation of ilmenite and spinel from olivine and proposed a much greater depth of origin. Subsequent experiments showed that it was possible to dissolve the observed amount of TiO2 in olivine, but only at depths in excess of 300 kin, agreeing with the earlier proposal. In 1999 we added new, independent, evidence concerning exsolution of high-pressure clinoenstatite from diopside that in-and-of-itself required a depth of origin in excess of 250 km. Subsequently, we also added evidence from the surrounding eclogites of very high pressures and experimental evidence that the pyroxenes included in the amoeboid garnets of this rock had exsolved from a majoritic parent at perhaps even greater pressures. In refutation of the first two of these observations, suggestions were made that （i） we had made a serious error in our estimate of how much ilmenite was present in olivine （and therefore how much TiO2 had been dissolved in olivine）; （ii） the ilmenite had not been exsolved from olivine but former titanian clinohumite had been present and broke down to yield the ilmenite; （iii） the pyroxene exsolved from diopside had been high-temperature clinoenstatite. In all three of these cases, the alternatives offered were claimed to be accommodated at low pressures. Here we review the essence of this controversy and show that the only scenario that can explain all of the data is the one that we originally proposed; indeed, the more recent data have strongly supported that interpretation and pushed the minimum origin of the massif to depths ap

关键词： Alpe Arami TiO2 in olivine high-pressure clinoenstatite deep exhumation.

Crustal Signature of δ^(13)C and Nitrogen Content in Microdiamonds from Erzgebirge, Germany: Ion Microprobe Studies

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Journal of Earth Science 2010年第5期21卷 623-634页

作者： Larissa f Dobrzhinetskaya harry W Green II Naoto Takahata Yuji Sano Korato Shirai Department of Earth Sciences University of California at Riverside Riverside 92521 USA Division of Ocean-Earth Systems Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute University of Tokyo Kashiwanoha Chiba 277-8564 Japan

The study of δ13CCpDB （Pee Dee Belemnite） and nitrogen contents in 1 to 5-pm-diameter microdinmonds included in garnets from the qnartz-feldspathic gneisses （Erzgehirge, Germany） was performed in situ with the Nano-scale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer. The results revealed that there were two stages of diamond crystallization from a C-O-H supeeritical fluid rich in biogenic carbon and diverse minor elements of crustal origin. The δ13CCpDB Of the Erzgebirge diamond of the first stage falls in the range -17‰ to 19‰, with an average value of -17.8‰; the average content of nitrogen is 820 ppm. Diamonds of the second stage are characterized by δ13CPDB=-21.5‰ to -25.5‰, with an average value of -23.24‰; the average nitrogen content is non-homogeneously scattered from 740 ppm to 3 370 ppm among 6 diamonds situated in garnets within the same polished rock slide. Both diamond of the first stage and diamond of the second stage carbon reservoirs belong to biogenic matter, therefore confirming deep subduction of the continental crust sediments and their subsequent exhumation during the Variscan orogeny.

关键词： metamorphic diamond carbon isotope nitrogen content geochemistry.