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Thiopurines and inflammatory bowel disease: Current evidence and a historical perspective

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2016年第46期22卷 10103-10117页

作者： Jordan e Axelrad Abhik Roy garrett Lawlor Burton Korelitz Simon Lichtiger Department of Medicine Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases Columbia University Medical Center Department of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology University of California Department of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital

The use of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) has been examined in numerous prospective, controlled trials, with a majority demonstrating a clinical benefit. We conducted this review to describe the historical and current evidence in the use of thiopurines in IBD. A systematic search was performed on MeDLINe between 1965 and 2016 to identify studies on thiopurines in IBD. The most robust evidence for thiopurines in IBD includes induction of remission in combination with anti-tumor necrosis factor(antiTNF) agents, and maintenance of remission and postoperative maintenance in Crohn's disease. Less evidence exists for thiopurine monotherapy in induction of remission, maintenance of ulcerative colitis, chemoprevention of colorectal cancer, and in preventing immunogenicity to anti-TNF. evidence was often limited by trial design. Overall, thiopurines have demonstrated efficacy in a broad range of presentations of IBD. With more efficacious novel therapeutic agents, the positioning of thiopurines in the management of IBD will change and future studies will analyze the benefit of thiopurines alone and in conjunction with these new medications.

关键词： Inflammatory bowel disease Ulcerative colitis Crohn’s disease Thiopurines Mercaptopurine Azathioprine

Mechanism of hamstring muscle strain injury in sprinting

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2017年第2期6卷 130-132页

作者： Bing Yu Hui Liu William e.garrett Center for Human Movement Science The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Biomechanics Laboratory Beijing Sport University Duke Sports Medicine Center Duke University

Hamstring muscle strain injury is one of the most common injuries in sports involving sprinting and *** muscle strain injuries occur at a high rate and have a high re-injury rate,which results in loss of training and competition time,which has a significant impact on the quality of life of the injured athletes.~1Preventing and rehabilitating hamstring muscle strain injury is an important task for clinicians and scientists in sports *** the mechanisms underlying hamstring injury is critical for developing appropriate strategies to prevent and rehabilitate hamstring *** the

关键词：拉伤短跑肌机制时间损失质量产生运动医学临床医生

Comment on “The late swing and early stance of sprinting are most hazardous for hamstring injuries” by Liu et al.

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2017年第2期6卷 137-138页

We have carefully read the description of the proposed mechanisms of hamstring muscle strain injury by Liu et al.1and noticed that they suggest that hamstring strain injuries may be associated with extensive muscle force and occur during the early stance phase of sprinting when the hamstrings are thought to work *** did not find any evidence in our extensive literature review to support this

关键词：早期后期摆动受伤短跑危险肌肉力量文献综述

Relationships among hamstring muscle optimal length and hamstring flexibility and strength

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2017年第3期6卷 275-282页

作者： Xianglin Wan Feng Qu William e.garrett Hui Liu Bing Yu Biomechanics Laboratory Beijing Sport University Duke Sports Medicine Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryDuke University Medical Center Center for Human Movement Science The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Background:Hamstring muscle strain injury(hamstring injury) due to excessive muscle strain is one of the most common injuries in *** relationships among hamstring muscle optimal lengths and hamstring flexibility and strength were unknown,which limited our understanding of risk factors for hamstring *** study was aimed at examining the relationships among hamstring muscle optimal length and flexibility and ***:Hamstring flexibility and isokinetic strength data and three-dimensional kinematic data for hamstring isokinetic tests were collected for11 male and 10 female recreational *** maximal hamstring muscle forces,optimal lengths,and muscle lengths in standing were determined for each ***:Hamstring muscle optimal lengths were significantly correlated to hamstring flexibility score and gender,but not to hamstring *** greater the flexibility score,the longer the hamstring muscle optimal *** the same flexibility score,females tend to have shorter hamstring optimal muscle lengths compared to *** flexibility score and hamstring strength were not *** muscle optimal lengths were longer than but not significantly correlated to corresponding hamstring muscle lengths in ***:Hamstring flexibility may affect hamstring muscle maximum strain in *** similar hamstring flexibility,hamstring muscle maximal strain in a given movement may be different between *** muscle lengths in standing should not be used as an approximation of their optimal lengths in calculation of hamstring muscle strain in musculoskeletal system modeling.

关键词： Injury risk factor Muscle biomechanics Muscle length–tension relationship Muscle optimal length Muscle strain Muscle strain injury

Injury rate,mechanism,and risk factors of hamstring strain injuries in sports:A review of the literature

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2012年第2期1卷 92-101页

作者： Hui Liu William e.garrett Claude T.Moorman Bing Yu Sports Biomechanics Laboratory College of Human Movement Science Beijing Sport University Sports Medicine Center Duke University Center for Human Movement Science The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Hamstring strains are one of most common sports *** purpose of this literature review is to summarize studies on hamstring strain injury rate,mechanism,and risk factors in the last several decades with a focus on the prevention and rehabilitation of this *** injury commonly occurs in sporting events in which high speed sprinting and kicking are frequently performed,such as Australian football. english rugby,American football,and *** science studies have demonstrated that a muscle strain injury occurs due to excessive strain in eccentric contraction instead of force,and that elongation speed and duration of activation before eccentric contraction affect the severity of the *** strain injury is likely to occur during the late swing phase and late stance phase of sprint *** optimum muscle length,lack of muscle flexibility,strength imbalance,insufficient warm-up,fatigue,lower back injury,poor lumbar posture,and increased muscle neural tension have been identified as modifiable risk factors while muscle compositions,age,race,and previous injuries are non-modifiable risk *** theoretical basis of some of these risk factors,however,is lacking,and the results of clinical studies on these risk factors are *** studies are needed to establish the cause-and-effect relationships between those proposed risk factors and the injury.

关键词： Hamstring injury Mechanism Prevention Rehabilitation Sport medicine

The effect of hamstring flexibility on peak hamstring muscle strain in sprinting

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2017年第3期6卷 283-289页

Background:The effect of hamstring flexibility on the peak hamstring muscle strains in sprinting,until now,remained unknown,which limited our understanding of risk factors of hamstring muscle strain injury(hamstring injury).As a continuation of our previous study,this study was aimed to examine the relationship between hamstring flexibility and peak hamstring muscle strains in ***:Ten male and 10 female college students participated in this *** flexibility,isokinetic strength data,three-dimensional(3D)kinematic data in a hamstring isokinetic test,and kinematic data in a sprinting test were collected for each *** optimal hamstring muscle lengths and peak hamstring muscle strains in sprinting were determined for each ***:The muscle strain of each of the 3 biarticulated hamstring muscles reached a peak during the late swing *** hamstring muscle strains were negatively correlated to hamstring flexibility(0.1179 ≤ R2≤ 0.4519,p = 0.001) but not to hip and knee joint positions at the time of peak hamstring muscle *** hamstring muscle strains were not different for different *** muscle strains of biceps long head(0.071 ± 0.059) and semitendinosus(0.070 ± 0.055) were significantly greater than that of semimembranosus(0.064 ± 0.054).Conclusion:A potential for hamstring injury exists during the late swing phase of *** hamstring muscle strains in sprinting are negatively correlated to hamstring flexibility across *** magnitude of peak muscle strains is different among hamstring muscles in sprinting,which may explain the different injury rate among hamstring muscles.

关键词： Hamstring flexibility Hamstring muscle strain injury Injury risk factor Muscle biomechanics Muscle strain Muscle strain injury

The effect of performance demands on lower extremity biomechanics during landing and cutting tasks

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2019年第3期8卷 228-234页

作者： Boyi Dai William e.garrett Michael T.Gross Darin A.Padua Robin M.Queen Bing Yu Division of Kinesiology and Health University of Wyoming Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Duke University Division of Physical Therapy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of exercise and Sport Science University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Kevin Granata Biomechanics Lab Department of Biomedical Engineering and MechanicsVirginia Tech

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) injuries commonly occur during the early phase of landing and cutting tasks that involve sudden decelerations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of jump height and jump speed on lower extremity biomechanics during a stop-jump task and the effect of cutting speed on lower extremity biomechanics during a side-cutting ***: Thirty-six recreational athletes performed a stop-jump task under 3 conditions: jumping fast, jumping for maximum height, and jumping for 60% of maximum height. Participants also performed a side-cutting task under 2 conditions: cutting at maximum speed and cutting at 60% of maximum speed. Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were ***:The jumping fast condition resulted in increased peak posterior ground reaction force(PPGRF), knee extension moment at PPGRF,and knee joint stiffness and decreased knee flexion angle compared with the jumping for maximum height condition. The jumping for 60% of maximum height condition resulted in decreased knee flexion angle compared with the jumping for maxrimum height condition. Participants demonstrated greater PPGRF, knee extension moment at PPGRF, knee valgus angle and varus moment at PPGRF, knee joint stiffness, and knee flexion angle during the cutting at maximum speed condition compared with the cutting at 60% maximum speed ***: Performing jump landing at an increased jump speed resulted in lower extremity movement patterns that have been previously associated with an increase in ACL loading. Cutting speed also affected lower extremity biomechanics. Jump speed and cutting speed need to be considered when designing AC.L injury risk screening and injury prevention programs.

关键词： ACL injury Injury prevention Kinematics Kinetics Loading mechanism Risk factor

Field Performance of Quercus bicolor established as Repeatedly Air-Root-Pruned Container and Bareroot Planting Stock

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Open Journal of Forestry 2016年第3期6卷 163-176页

作者： J. W. Van Sambeek Larry D. Godsey William D. Walter harold.e. garrett John P. Dwyer Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service University of Missouri Columbia MO USA Missouri Valley College Marshall MO USA formerly Center for Agroforestry University of Missouri Columbia MO USA College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources University of Missouri Columbia MO USA Center for Agroforestry University of Missouri Columbia MO USA Department of Forestry University of Missouri Columbia MO USA

Benefits of repeated air-root-pruning of seedlings when stepping up to progressively larger containers include excellent lateral root distribution immediately below the root collar and an exceptionally fibrous root ball. To evaluate long-term field performance of repeatedly air-root-pruned container stock, three plantings of swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor Willd.) 10 to 13 years old were located that also included bareroot planting stock. Initial and final stem diameter and height and above-ground green weights were determined on randomly selected trees at each site. On a site with a sandy, excessively drained, high pH soil, trees (age 10) from container stock were 1.5 times taller, 2.3 times larger in dbh, and 2.8 times greater in green weight than trees from bareroot stock which averaged only 2.9 m tall, 3.9 cm dbh, and 16.3 kg green weight. On a site with high clay, poor internal drainage, and frequent flooding, trees (age 12) from container stock were 1.4 times taller, 1.8 times larger in dbh, and 4.1 times greater in green weight than trees from bareroot stock which averaged 4 m tall, 7.3 cm dbh, and 28 kg green weight. On an upland site with deep loess soils, there was a trend for trees (age 13) from container stock to be only slightly larger than trees from bareroot stock with each stock type averaging 9.6 m tall, 20 cm dbh, and 177 kg green weight. Repeated air-root pruning produced lateral roots immediately below the root collar that resulted in large container stock with large well-balanced root systems that were competitive on harsh or less than ideal oak sites. Although the process is relatively labor intensive, propagation of repeatedly air-root-pruned container stock is readily adaptable internationally to locally available sources of organic matter and open-bottom containers.

关键词： Afforestation Root Fibrosity Root Production Method Seedling Quality Swamp White Oak Whole-Tree Biomass

Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer:Loading mechanisms,risk factors,and prevention programs

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2014年第4期3卷 299-306页

作者： Boyi Dai Dewei Mao William e.garrett Bing Yu Division of Kinesiology and Health University of WyomingLaramieWY 82071.USA Shandong Sports Science Research Center Duke Sports Medicine Center:Duke University.Durham NC 27710.USA Division of Physical Therapy.University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill.NC 27599USA

Anterior cruciate ligament （ACL） injuries are common in soccer. Understanding ACL loading mechanisms and risk factors for ACL injury is critical for designing effective prevention programs. The purpose of this review is to summarize the relevant literature on ACL loading mechanisms, ACL injury risk factors, and current ACL injury prevention programs for soccer players. Literature has shown that tibial anterior translation due to shear force at the proximal end of tibia is the primary ACL loading mechanism. No evidence has been found showing that knee valgus moment is the primary ACL loading mechanism. ACL loading mechanisms are largely ignored in previous studies on risk factors for ACL injury. Identified risk factors have little connections to ACL loading mechanisms. The results of studies on ACL injury prevention programs for soccer players are inconsistent. Current ACL injury prevention programs for soccer players are clinically ineffective due to low compliance. Future studies are urgently needed to identify risk factors for ACL injury in soccer that are connected to ACL loading mechanisms and have cause-and-effect relationships with injury rate, and to develop new prevention programs to improve compliance.

关键词： ACL injuries Biomechanics Injury prevention Soccer