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human impact on fish sensory systems in the long term: An evolutionary perspective

Integrative Zoology 2015年第1期10卷 83-90页

作者： harold h.zakon Sections of Neurobiology and Integrative Biology The University of TexasAustinTXUSA

humans have severely impacted global ecosystems and this shows few signs of abating.Many aspects of an animal’s biology,including its sensory systems,may be adversely influenced by pollutants and environmental noise.This review focuses on whether and/or how various environmental disturbances disrupt the sensory systems of fishes.As critical as it is to document and understand the current effects of the human footprint,it is also important to consider how organisms might adapt to these impacts over the long term.The present paper outlines the sources of genetic and genomic variation upon which natural selection can act and then reviews examples of known genetic contributions of variation in fish chemosensory,visual and acoustico-lateralis systems.

关键词： evolution fish genes sensory receptor

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Molecular evolution of Na^(+) channels in teleost fishes

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Integrative Zoology 2009年第1期4卷 64-74页

作者： harold h.zakon Manda C.JOST Derrick J.ZWICKL Ying LU David M.hILLIS Section of Neurobiology Section of Integrative Biology The University of TexasAustinTXUSA

Voltage-dependent sodium channels are critical for electrical excitability.Invertebrates possess a single sodium channel gene;two rounds of genome duplication early in vertebrates increased the number to four.Since the teleost-tetrapod split,independent gene duplications in each lineage have further increased the number of sodium channel genes to 10 in tetrapods and 8 in teleosts.here we review how the occurrence of multiple sodium channel paralogs has influenced the evolutionary history of three groups of fishes:pufferfish,gymnotiform and mor-myriform electric fish.Pufferfish(tetraodontidae)produce a neurotoxin,tetrodotoxin,that binds to and blocks the pore of sodium channels.Pufferfish evolved resistance to their own toxins by amino acid substitutions in the pore of their sodium channels.These substitutions had to occur in parallel across multiple paralogs for organismal re-sistance to evolve.Gymnotiform and mormyriform fishes independently evolved electric organs to generate elec-tricity for communication and object localization.Two sodium channel genes are expressed in muscle in most fishes.In both groups of weakly electric fishes,one gene lost its expression in muscle and became compartmen-talized in the evolutionary novel electric organ,which is a muscle derivative.This gene then evolved at elevated rates,whereas the gene that is still expressed in muscle does not show elevated rates of evolution.In the electric organ-expressing gene,amino acid substitutions occur in parts of the channel involved in determining how long the channel will be open or closed.The enhanced rate of sequence evolution of this gene likely underlies the spe-cies-level variations in the electric signal.

关键词： electric fish molecular evolution pufferfish sodium channels tetrodotoxin.

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