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Investigating Transgenic Corn Hybrids as a Method for Mycotoxin Control

Food and Nutrition Sciences 2016年第1期7卷 44-54页

作者： hamed k. abbas Nacer Bellaloui H. Arnold Bruns Biological Control of Pests Research Unit USDA-ARS Stoneville USA Crop Genetic Research Unit USDA-ARS Stoneville USA Crop Production Systems Research Unit USDA-ARS Stoneville USA

Transgenic Bt corn hybrids have been available for more than 10 years and are k.own to control specific insects. More recently, so-called “stack.d-gene” hybrids, have been released with multiple insect resistance genes and genes for herbicide resistance, resulting in up to 6 traits per plant. Because insect damage can lead to increased levels of mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins and fumonisin, we designed a study to compare ten commercially available corn hybrids, two non-transgenic, four with both herbicide and insect tolerance (stack.d-gene) and four with glyphosate tolerance only to determine if any hybrid class had the advantage of reduced mycotoxin contamination. The experiment was carried out in the Mississippi State University Delta Research Extension fields in Stoneville, MS for two years in fine sandy loam and clay soil. Rows were either inoculated at the V10 stage of growth with toxigenic Aspergillus flavus k.4 (NRRL 58987, isolated from corn k.rnels in Mississippi), grown on wheat, and applied at a rate of 22.42 k./ha or allowed to become naturally infected with disease-producing fungi, including various Fusarium and other Aspergillus spp. Mycotoxin production differed according to the soil type with lower levels detected in the hybrids planted in clay soil vs. sandy soil. However, no significant differences in mycotoxin production were found amongst the hybrid classes. More research is needed to identify conditions under which transgenic hybrids might produce higher yields and lower mycotoxin levels. Presently, selection of transgenic hybrids will not replace integrated strategies of biocontrol, host plant resistance, or good crop management practices for achieving adequate mycotoxin control in corn.

关键词： Stack.d-Gene Corn Hybrids Soil Type Mycotoxins Aflatoxin Fumonisin

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Soybean Seed Phenolics, Sugars, and Minerals Are Altered by Charcoal Rot Infection in MG III Soybean Cultivars

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2014年第19期5卷 1843-1859页

作者： Nacer Bellaloui Alemu Mengistu Luiz Henrique Saes Zobiole hamed k. abbas My Abdelmajid k.ssem Crop Genetics Research Unit USDA-ARS Stoneville USA Crop Genetics Research Unit USDA-ARS Jackson USA Crop Protection R & D Dow AgroSciences—Brazil Cascavel Brazil Biological Control of Pests Research Unit USDA-ARS Stoneville USA Plant Genomics and Biotechnology Lab Department of Biological Sciences Fayetteville State University Fayetteville USA

Soybean seed is a major source of phytochemical compounds that impact human health nutrition and livestock.meal. Charcoal rot is a disease caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, and thought to infect the plants through roots by a toxin-mediated mechanism, resulting in yield loss and poor seed quality, especially under drought conditions. Limited information is available on the effect of charcoal rot on seed phytochemical compounds and mineral nutrition in soybean. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the effect of charcoal rot infection on seed phenol, seed coat lignin, isoflavones, and minerals using susceptible (S) (Dk.3964) and moderately resistant (MR) (AG 3905) maturity group (MG)III soybean cultivars to charcoal rot. A two-year field experiment was conducted, and infested soil with charcoal rot (infested soil conditions, INF) or control (non-infested soil conditions, NINF) was used. The results showed that the moderately resistant genotype had higher concentrations of seed phenolics, total isoflavones, and seed coat lignin under infested and non-infested conditions and under irrigated or non-irrigated conditions compared with the susceptible genotype. The same general trend was found for seed k. Ca, P, Mn, Zn, B, and Cu concentrations in the moderately resistant genotype compared with the susceptible genotype. Our research demonstrated that these seed phytochemical constituents may explain the differences between susceptible and moderately resistant cultivars and may play an important role in the resistance to charcoal rot.

关键词： Charcoal Rot Isoflavones Lignin Minerals Phenolics

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Ustilaginoidea virensInfection of Rice in Ark.nsas: Toxicity of False Smut Galls, Their Extracts and the Ustiloxin Fraction

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第21期5卷 3166-3176页

作者： hamed k. abbas Wayne Thomas Shier Rick.D. Cartwright Gabe L. Sciumbato United States Department of Agriculture Agriculture Research Service Biological Control of Pests Research Unit Stoneville USA Department of Medicinal Chemistry College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis USA University of Ark.nsas Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service Little Rock USA Delta Research and Extension Center Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES) Stoneville USA

Cool, wet conditions in the southern US during the maturing stages of rice in 1998 contributed to outbreak. of false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens. Water extracts of false smut galls in Asia have been reported to contain ustiloxin toxins, cyclic peptide antibiotics that interfered with microtubule function and caused “lupinosis”-lik. lesions in mice. Cell-free extracts from false smut galls on rice grown in Ark.nsas were fractionated by a published procedure for the purification of ustiloxins. The ustiloxin fraction was phytotoxic to Lemnapausicostata (duck.eed) at ≥19 μg/ml, but the host plant, rice, was much less susceptible, exhibiting phytotoxic effects in germinating seeds at ≥1000 μg/ml. The aqueous extract of rice false smut galls showed no cytotoxicity to mammalian cell cultures at 200 μg/ml, but the ustiloxin fractionwas cytotoxic at 10 - 100 μg/ml. However, rice false smut galls were not toxic when fed to mice at 10% of chow, but caused feed refusal at higher concentrations. We conclude that for 1) the U. virens which causes false smut in southern USA differs from Asian isolates in that does not produce detectable ustiloxins;and 2) false smut affects the appearance, but not the food safety of rice in the United States.

关键词： Phytotoxicity Cytotoxicity Mouse Toxicity Ustiloxins Chlamydospores

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Biological Control of the Weed Sesbania exaltata Using a Microsclerotia Formulation of the Bioherbicide Colletotrichum truncatum

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第18期5卷 2672-2685页

作者： Clyde D. Boyette hamed k. abbas Bobbie Johnson Robert E. Hoagland Mark.A. Weaver United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Biological Control of Pests Research Unit Stoneville MS USA United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Crop Production Systems Research Unit Stoneville MS USA

Colletotrichum truncatum, grown on rice grain (3 to 4 week., 22°C to 24°C) produced a fungus-infested rice mixture of microsclerotia and conidia (spores) in a ratio of ~9:1, respectively. Greenhouse tests of this formulation (0.4 to 50 mg finely-ground fungus-rice product) which applied pre-emergence to 5 cm2 of soil surface, caused 22% to 96% hemp sesbania plant mortality, after 14 days. Post-emergence treatment (fungus-rice aqueous formulation;2.4 × 105 microsclerotia ml-1, 30% unrefined corn oil and 0.2% Silwet L-77 surfactant) of weeds surviving the pre-emergence application, resulted in 93% mortality, after 14 days. Based on greenhouse results, field tests were undertak.n: 1) pre-emergence treatment (fungus-rice formulation at 2.4 × 105 microsclerotia cm-2), 2) post-emergence (fungus-rice product in 30% unrefined corn oil, 0.2% Silwet) only treatment, applied 15 days after planting and 3) pre-emergence treatment followed by post-emergence treatment (fungus-rice product in 30% unrefined corn oil, 0.2% Silwet) applied 15 days after planting to surviving weeds. Control treatments were: 1) autoclaved rice product sans fungus, 2) unrefined corn oil (30% unrefined corn oil, 0.2% Silwet in water) and 3) untreated plants. Planting dates were: early season (April-May), early-mid season (June-July), late-mid season (July-August), and late season (September-October). Weed mortality was recorded at 15 days for the pre-plus post-treatment, and at 30 days after planting for the pre-emergence only and the post-treatment only. The early season, pre-emergence treatment caused 67% hemp sesbania mortality (3-yr average) within 15 days and the post-emergence treatment caused 91% mortality of the surviving weeds. In the late-mid-season, pre-emergence treatment caused minimal (80%. Results suggest that seasonal environmental conditions are important in the efficacy of this C. truncatum-rice product formula

关键词： Bioherbicide Biological Weed Control Colletotrichum truncatum Mycoherbicide Sesbania exaltata Microsclerotia Solid Growth Media Substrate

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考虑气动载荷的超级高铁系统混合悬挂吊舱稳定性分析

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Acta Mechanica Sinica 2024年第4期40卷 199-211页

作者： hamed Petoft abbas Rahi Vahid Fak.ari Faculty of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Shahid Beheshti UniversityTehran***Iran

超级高铁运输技术(HTT)是一种新型运输方式.它的工作原理是将一种称为吊舱的超高速车辆移动到低气压管中.本文研究了考虑空气动力载荷的新型混合悬浮吊舱的稳定性分析.拟议的吊舱包含两个悬浮装置:磁悬浮(EMS)和气垫.在这方面,气垫有助... 详细信息

超级高铁运输技术(HTT)是一种新型运输方式.它的工作原理是将一种称为吊舱的超高速车辆移动到低气压管中.本文研究了考虑空气动力载荷的新型混合悬浮吊舱的稳定性分析.拟议的吊舱包含两个悬浮装置:磁悬浮(EMS)和气垫.在这方面,气垫有助于系统克服整体重量.EMS悬架有两个比例微分(PD)控制器,可在存在空气动力载荷的情况下稳定吊舱的运动:一个控制垂直位移,另一个控制横向运动.本文建立了吊舱的五自由度动力学模型,包括吊舱的垂直和横向位移以及吊舱的俯仰、滚转和偏航力矩.介绍了气垫、磁悬浮和空气动力载荷的动态模型.求解相关动力学方程后,研究了控制器参数和气动升力和阻力载荷对吊舱稳定性的影响.此外,还分析了控制器系数和其他一些吊舱设计参数(包括气垫刚度、总质量和管内气压)对临界速度的影响.

关键词：横向运动空气动力载荷横向位移磁悬浮吊舱偏航力矩混合悬浮整体重量

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Effect of Planting Density, Irrigation Regimes, and Maize Hybrids with Varying Ear Size on Yield, and Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Contamination Levels

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2012年第10期3卷 1341-1354页

作者： hamed k. abbas Henry J. Mascagni Jr. H. Arnold Bruns W. Thomas Shier Department of Medicinal Chemistry College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis USA 5Department of Plant Pathology & Crop Physiology Louisiana State University AgCenter Baton Rouge USA. United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Biological Control of Pests Research Unit Stoneville USA United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Crop Production Systems Research Unit Stoneville USA Northeast Research Center Louisiana State University AgCenter St. Joseph USA

Corn (maize, Zea mays L.) hybrids expressing the flexibility trait in ear size (number of k.rnels per ear) are mark.ted for ability to give higher yields under adverse conditions. Altered k.rnel number is associated with altered number of silk. a major route for infection of k.rnels by aflatoxin-producing fungi such as Aspergillus flavus. The effect of plant density and irrigation level on yield and accumulation of aflatoxins and fumonisins in harvested grain was compared in a fixed-ear hybrid (Pioneer 33k.1), a semi-flexible ear hybrid (Pioneer 3223) and a flexible ear hybrid (Golden Acres 8460) over a range of seeding densities (49,400, 61,750, 74,700, 86,450, and 98,800 seeds·ha–1) in non-irrigated, moderately-irrigated (6.4 cm soil water deficit) and well-irrigated plots (3.8 cm soil water deficit), during three years with variable rainfall. Irrigation increased yields in all hybrids, but in the absence of irrigation, yields were highest with the semi-flexible ear trait hybrid. In general, the hybrid with the flexible ear trait had lower optimal seeding densities than the other hybrids for each soil water regime. In general, k.rnel number was least affected by seeding density in the hybrid with fixed-ear trait compared to the semi- and flexible ear hybrids. The lowest levels of aflatoxin and of fumonisin contamination in harvested grain were associated with the flexible ear trait at all rainfall and irrigation levels, but there was no evidence that reducing stress by lowering seeding density reduced mycotoxin contamination. Inoculation with A. flavus resulted in much higher levels of aflatoxin and significantly higher levels of fumonisin contamination in grain of all hybrids under most conditions of rainfall and irrigation, suggesting that factors that promote A. flavus infection can affect production of both mycotoxins.

关键词： Aflatoxin Fumonisin Mycotoxin Corn Maize Environmental Manipulation Irrigation Flexible k.rnel Number Trait

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Soybean seed protein, oil, and fatty acids are altered by S and S + N fertilizers under irrigated or non-irrigated environments

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Agricultural Sciences 2011年第4期2卷 465-476页

作者： Nacer Bellaloui M. Wayne Ebelhar Anne M. Gillen Daniel k. Fisher hamed k. abbas Alemu Mengistu k.ishna N. Reddy Robert L. Paris 不详

Information on the effect of sulfur (S) or sulfur+nitrogen (S + N) on soybean seed composition is scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of S, and S + N fertilizers on soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)] seed composition in the Early Soybean Production System (ESPS) under irrigated (I) and nonirrigated (NI) environments. Two separate field experiments were conducted from 2005 to 2007. One experiment was irrigated, and the second experiment was nonirrigated. Under I condition, S at a rate of 44.8 k./ha alone or with N at 112 k./ha resulted in a consistent increase in seed protein and oleic acid concentrations, and a decrease in oil and linolenic acid concentrations compared with the control (C). For example, in 2006 and compared with the C, application of S + N increased the percentage up to 11.4% and 48.5% for protein and oleic acid, respectively. However, oil concentration decreased by 3%. Protein and oleic acid increase were accompanied by a higher percentage of leaf and seed N and S. Under NI conditions, seed protein and oleic acid concentrations were significantly higher in C than in any S or S + N treatments, but the oil and linolenic acid concentrations were significantly lower. The results indicate that specific rate of S alone or S + N combined can alter seed composition under irrigated or nonirrigated conditions. This k.owledge may help plant breeders to develop and release cultivars to suit specific target locations to grow new value-added soybeans or select for specific seed composition traits under specific environmental stress factors such as drought.

关键词： Fatty Acids Nutrition Oil Protein Seed Composition Soybean

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Effect of Increased Nitrogen Application Rates and Environment on Protein, Oil, Fatty Acids, and Minerals in Sesame (Sesamum indicum) Seed Grown under Mississippi Delta Conditions

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2018年第9期9卷 1115-1135页

作者： Nacer Bellaloui hamed k. abbas M. Wayne Ebelhar Alemu Mengistu Michael J. Mulvaney Cesare Accinelli W. Thomas Shier USDA Agricultural Research Service Crop Genetics Research Unit Stoneville MS USA USDA Agricultural Research Service Biological Control of Pests Research Unit Stoneville MS USA Delta Research and Extension Center Mississippi State University Starkville MS USA USDA Agricultural Research Service Crop Genetics Research Unit Jackson TN USA Agronomy Department West Florida Research and Education Center University of Florida Gainesville FL USA Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna Bologna Italy Department of Medicinal Chemistry College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA

Information on the effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and environment on sesame seed composition and nutrition is scarce. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rates on sesame seed yield, protein, oil, fatty acids, and mineral nutrition. A two-year (2014, 2015) field experiment was conducted. Nitrogen fertilizer (urea ammonium nitrate) solution (UAN, 32% N) was applied by side dressing to four sesame varieties (S-34, S-35, S-38, S-39) at rates of 44.7, 67.2, 89.6 and 112.0 k.·ha-1. Rate of 44.7 k.·ha-1 was used as control since this rate is traditionally recommended in the region. Increasing nitrogen application rates resulted in higher protein and oleic acid contents in two varieties in 2014, and in all varieties in 2015. Increased protein and oleic acid were accompanied by lower total oil and linoleic acid. Increased nitrogen application also resulted in higher seed N, S, B, Cu, Fe, and Zn in 2014 in S-34 and S-35, but either a decline or no clear change was observed in seed levels of these nutrients in S-38 and S-39. In 2015, increased nitrogen application resulted in significantly higher seed N in all varieties, and higher S, B, Cu, Fe, and Zn in some varieties. A significant positive correlation was observed between nitrogen application rate and yield, and with seed levels of protein, oleic, acid, N, B, Cu, Fe, and Zn. A significant negative correlation was observed between nitrogen application rate and seed oil and linoleic acid. Thus, increased nitrogen fertilizer application resulted in higher seed protein, oleic acid, and some mineral nutrients, but lower oil and linoleic acid. However, this effect depended on variety and environmental conditions. Because higher protein and oleic acid are desirable traits for sesame seed nutritional value and oil stability, regional breeders should select sesame varieties for efficient fertilizer response.

关键词： Sesame Varieties Nitrogen Application Seed Protein and Oil Seed Fatty Acids Seed Mineral Nutrition

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Soybean seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and mineral composition as influenced by soybean-corn rotation

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Agricultural Sciences 2010年第3期1卷 102-109页

作者： Nacer Bellaloui H. Arnold Bruns Anne. M. Gillen hamed k. abbas Robert M. Zablotowicz Alemu Mengistu Robert L. Paris 不详

Effects of crop rotation on soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) seed composition have not been well investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of soybean-corn (Zea mays L.) rotations on seed protein, oil, and fatty acids composition on soybean. Soybeans were grown at Stoneville, MS, from 2005 to 2008 in five different scheduled cropping sequences. In 2007, following three years of rotation with corn, seed oleic acid percentage was significantly higher in any crop rotation than continuous soybean. The increase of oleic fatty acid ranged from 61 to 68% in 2007, and from 27 to 51% in 2008, depending on the rotation. The increase of oleic acid was accompanied by significant increases in seed concentrations of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and boron (B). In 2007, the increase of P ranged from 60 to 75%, Fe from 70 to 72%, and B from 34 to 69%. In 2008, the increase of P ranged from 82 to 106%, Fe from 32 to 84%, and B from 62 to 77%. Continuous soybean had higher linoleic:oleic ratio and linoleic: palmitic + stearic + oleic ratio, indicating that relative quantity of linoleic acid decreased in rotated crops. The total production of protein, oil, stearic and oleic fatty acids was the lowest in continuous soybean. The total production of palmitic acid was inconsistent across years. The results show that soybean- corn rotation affects seed composition by consistently increasing seed oleic fatty acid, P, Fe, and B concentrations. Higher oleic acid, unsaturated fatty acid, is desirable for oil stability and long-shelf storage. The mechanisms of how these nutrients are involved are not yet understood.

关键词： Fatty Acids Mineral Nutrients Oil Protein Seed Composition Soybean-Corn Rotation

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几何形状对气垫升力的影响研究

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哈尔滨工程大学学报（英文版） 2024年第1期23卷 74-84页

作者： hamed Petoft Vahid Fak.ari abbas Rahi Faculty of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Shahid Beheshti UniversityTehran ***Iran

One of the crucial and challenging issues for researchers is presenting an appropriate approach to evaluate the aerodynamic characteristics of air cushion vehicles(ACVs)in terms of system design *** of these issues includes introducing a suitable approach to analyze the effect of geometric shapes on the aerodynamic characteristics of *** main novelty of this paper lies in presenting an innovative method to study the geometric shape effect on air cushion lift force,which has not been investigated thus ***,this paper introduces a new approximate mathematical formula for calculating the air cushion lift force in terms of parameters,including the air gap,lateral gaps,air inlet velocity,and scaling factor for the first ***,we calculate the aerodynamic lift force applied to nine different shapes of the air cushions used in the ACVs in the present paper through the ANSYS Fluent *** geometrical shapes studied in this paper are rectangular,square,equilateral triangle,circular,elliptic shapes,and four other combined shapes,including circle-rectangle,circle-square,hexagonal,and fillet *** showed that the cushion with a circular pattern produces the highest lift force among other geometric shapes with the same *** increase in the cushion lift force can be attributed to the fillet with a square shape and its increasing radius compared with the square shape.

关键词： Lift force Air cushion vehicle Geometric shape Simulation Gap Inlet velocity Scaling factor

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