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A state-of-the-art review on geothermal energy exploration in Morocco: Current status and prospects

Deep Underground Science and engineering 2024年第3期3卷 302-316页

作者： Redouane Meryem Khalis Hind hais.en faouziya Sadki Othman Berkat N.Eddine Raji Mohammed Faculty of Sciences Ben M'sick CasablancaMorocco Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz FezMorocco National Office of Hydrocarbons and Mines RabatMorocco

In the last few decades, addressing the global challenge of implementation of strategies for renewable energy and energy efficiency has become ***, since 2009, has made a steadfast commitment to sustainability, with a particular focus on advancing the development of renewable energy resources. A comprehensive strategy has been formulated, centering on utilizing the country's energy potential to drive progress in this vital sector. Morocco is considered a country with abundant thermal water, indicating deep reservoirs with significant hydrothermal potential. Geothermal zones were selected based on the abundance of hot springs where water temperatures were high and geothermal gradients were significant. The abundance and importance of hot springs, combined with recent volcanism and ongoing non-tectonic activity linked to alpine orogeny, strongly suggest that these regions are promising reservoirs for geothermal energy. This great potential also extends to neighboring countries. In northeast and south Morocco, the temperature of thermal water ranges from 26 to 54℃. This study serves as an inclusive review of the geothermal potentialities in Morocco.

关键词： geothermal gradients hot springs hydrothermal potential Morocco renewable energy sustainability

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Meso-Archean to Mid-Paleozoic Granitoids in Oulad Dlim Massif(the Pericratonic Terrane of the Reguibat Shield,West African Craton,Morocco):Petrology,Geochemistry,Geochronology and Geological Implications

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Journal of Earth Science 2022年第5期33卷 1152-1165页

作者： hais.en faouziya Montero Pilar Molina Jose Francisco Lodeiro Francisco Mouttaqi Abdellah Chaib Mustapha Bea Fernando LGAGE Département de GéologieFacultédes Sciences Ben M’sikHassan II University of CasablancaB.P.5366MaarifCasablancaMaroc Department of Mineralogy and Petrology University of GranadaCampus FuentenuevaGranada18002Spain Office National des Hydrocarbures et des Mines 5 Avenue Moulay HassanRabatMaroc

The Oulad Dlim Massif,adjacent to the Reguibat Shield in South Morocco was considered up to now as part of the Variscan belt(Mauritanides)with a polyphase geologic history and a complex geodynamic evolution implicating oceans closures and accretion of exotic terranes(Avalonian and Meguman)during the Variscan-Alleghanian *** use of modern technology to characterize the petrology,the geochemistry and the geochronology of the lithological units forming this region,combined to field surveys has led to an updated geological architecture and different geological *** Oulad Dlim Massif is mainly a deformed Archean terrane,as recorded by its eastern and western sectors,dominated in its central part by a bimodal felsic-mafic magmatism forming the Ediacaran *** study of these magmatic complexes supports strongly the intracontinental origin of this bimodal magmatism *** oceanic origin published before in *** exploration of this massif conducted also to the identification of a Silurian-Devonian sector in the western ***,up to date,different magmatic events lasting from the Meso-Archean to the Cretaceous are recorded in the Oulad Dlim Massif rocks,among them different generations of granitoids are *** data on granitoids from the Ediacaran sector are presented in this *** recent data demonstrates that Oulad Dlim Massif has been affected by the main Ediacaran–Cambrian extensional event widely documented in other structural domains of Morocco and other parts of North ***,the study of the Silurian-Devonian sector rocks highlighted the presence of a Caledonian tectonic event challenging the ideas about the paleogeography of this part of northwestern Africa and its geological evolution during the ***,despite the significant contribution of this extensive survey and the abundance of data on the Oulad Dlim Massif,more studies are required to reconstruct the puzzle at plate tectonic scale.

关键词： Archean Ediacaran bimodal magmatism extension intracontinental rifting Caledonian tectonic event petrology geochemistry

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Mesorif Gabbros(External Rif, North Morocco): Ophiolitic Suture Witness or a “Newly Discovered” Manifestation of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province?

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Acta Geologica Sinica(english Edition) 2020年第S1期94卷 11-12页

作者： faouziya hais.en Oriol GIMenO-Vives Geoffroy MOHN Valérie BOSSE Mohamed Najib ZAGHLOUL Achraf ATOUABAT Dominique FRIZON DE LAMOTTE UniversitéHassan II de Casablanca Facultédes Sciences Ben MsikDépartement de GéologieB.P.5366MaarifCasablancaMorocco UniversitéCergy-Pontoise Département Géosciences et Environnement 5GEG1 rue Descartes950000 Neuville/Oise CedexFrance UniversitéBlaise Pascal Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans(UMR 6524)CNRS5 rue Kessler63038Clermont-FerrandFrance UniversitéAbdelmalek Essaadi Facultédes Sciences et Techniques de TangerBP 41990000 TangerMorocco

The Rif Mountain located in Northern Morocco represents the westernmost extremity of the Peri-Mediterranean Alpine orogenic *** belt is classically subdivided into:1)Internal zones(or Internal Rif which is an allochthonous metamorphic domain known worldwide thanks to the presence of large peridotite outcrops);2)flysch zones(sediments corresponding to the original cover of the Maghrebian Tethys);and 3)External zones(or External Rif representing the North African margin remnants).The External Rif is itself subdivided into Prerif,Mesorif and Intrarif domains from the South to the North and is composed by Upper Triassic to Cenozoic sediments structured in a nappe *** rock intrusions were reported in this External Rif since the preliminary geological studies even if they were wrongly mapped as"granites".Later careful fieldwork and mapping studies specified nevertheless their gabbroic nature.A more recent petrological and geochemical study of a few outcrops of those gabbroic intrusions conducted the corresponding authors,encouraged by the presence of ultramafic rocks(Beni Malek serpentines)in the eastern part of the External Rif to consider those gabbros as oceanic and so,associated to"an ophiolitic suture".Nevertheless,a recent and extended survey on the architecture and the rifting history of the Mesozoic margin of the Maghrebian Tethys focusing mainly on the Mesorif domain favor another *** detailed petrography of those mafic intrusions(mainly gabbros+dolerites and rarely extrusive rocks);their geochemical fingerprints and mainly their geochronological data(ages around 200 Ma based on U-Pb zircon LA-ICP dating)all together indicate clearly that those mafic intrusions are rather a"newly discovered"manifestation of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province activity"CAMP"in the External Rif *** CAMP magmatism has been largely well described and characterized in all the other geological domains of Morocco(Anti-Atlas,High Atlas,Middle Atlas

关键词： external Rif Mesorif gabbro ophiolitic suture CAMP(the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province)

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Plio-Quaternary Volcanism in Northeastern Morocco: Petrography and Geochemistry of Outcrops with High Geothermal Potential

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Open Journal of Geology 2022年第11期12卷 829-869页

作者： Redouane Meryem hais.en faouziya Zhang Cong Sadki Othman Raji Mohammed LGAGE Faculty of Sciences Ben Msik Casablanca Morocco Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing China National Office of Hydrocarbons and Mines Rabat Morocco

Cenozoic volcanic activity in Morocco started in the Miocene and proceeded, after a short break, during Pliocene and Quaternary. Calc-alkaline magmatic activity occurred first and was accompanied by the eruption of transitional lavas, followed by Plio-Quaternary alkali basaltic activity, which was emplaced within Neogene sedimentary basins of the Rif belt and its foreland. From calc-alkaline to alkaline magmatism, passing through a transitional term, volcanic activities in Morocco formed magnificent outcrops, very diversified in their affinities, their mineral compositions and their geochemistry. The petrographic study and geochemistry of Plio-quaternary volcanic rocks in the areas with high geothermal potential in northeast of Morocco show a dominance of Na-rich basaltic rocks (basanites, basalts, tephrites and basaltic trachy-andesites), followed by trachy-andesites. Most of the samples exhibit an enrichment of large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs) over high-field-strength elements (HFSEs). These results were used to test the global model of Circum-Mediterranean Anorogenic Cenozoic Igneous Province (CiMACI) and the regional model of [1].

关键词： Cenozoic Basaltic Activity Northeast of Morocco Alkaline CiMACI

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Lineaments Extraction and Analysis Using Landsat 8 (OLI/TIRS) in the Northeast of Morocco

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Open Journal of Geology 2022年第5期12卷 333-357页

作者： Meryem Redouane Hicham Si Mhamdi faouziya hais.en Mohammed Raji Othman Sadki LGAGE Faculty of Sciences Ben M’sik Hassan II University of Casablanca Casablanca Morocco LAG Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Moulay Isma&#239 l University Errachidia Morocco National Office of Hydrocarbons and Mines Rabat Morocco

Northeastern Morocco is made up of several units belonging to the Alpine belt and its foreland. Miocene to plio-quaternary volcanic rocks with variable mineralogy and geochemistry dominate the geology of this region. The presence of active faults in different directions explains the high tectonic instability and the high frequency of earthquakes. This study contributes to the effort of understanding the geothermal potential of the Northeast of Morocco. Heat source and permeability are both key factors in the geothermal process. Indeed, lineaments analysis constrains the structures and their directions and indicates severely faulted zones, which are the most promising areas for geothermal exploration. For this purpose, we used Landsat data combined with geological and structural maps available in this region. Different image processing techniques were applied including band ratio (6/2) and directional filters. To validate the results, we conducted a comparative study between linear structures, available geological data, and previous studies. Results of the automatic extraction method of lineaments from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS indicate three main lineament systems: 1) a NE-SW system ranging from N40 to N70;2) an N-S system ranging from N10 to N45;3) an EW to WNW-ESE systems ranging from N80 to N120. Most of lineaments extracted are localized in Kebdana, Amejjaou, Nador and Melilla regions. Compared to previous studies, the NE-SW system is consistent with an extensive period (Tortonian to Pliocene);the NW-SE system is consistent with the last compressive episode (Pliocene);the N-S system is consistent with the first compressive period (Late/end Tortonian).

关键词： Northeastern Morocco Rif Belt Faults Miocene-Plio Quaternary Volcanism Permeability Lineaments Landsat 8 (OLI/TIRS)

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Copper Mineralization in the Lower Cambrian Cover of Jbel N’Zourk (Central Anti Atlas, Morocco): Tectonic-Mineralizations Relationships

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Open Journal of Geology 2023年第11期13卷 1195-1219页

作者： Achraf Ait Yazza Ismail Bouskri Mohamed Raji faouziya hais.en Noura Zoraa LGAGE Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sik Hassan II University Casablanca Morocco SOMIFER Managem Group/Al Mada Casablanca Morocco

The Moroccan Anti-Atlas is a vast geological region composed of a Precambrian basement covered by a late-Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic sedimentary sequences. More than 200 copper occurrences are listed in these sequences. The copper mineralization of the Jbel N’Zourk (Central Anti-Atlas) is observed into the lower Limestones of the lower Cambrian (Adoudou formation), just above the volcanic formations of the Jbel Boho between Bou Azzer El Graara and Zenaga inliers. The region is by an E-W shortening resulting in an overlapping structure with vergence associated with folds. Generally, the mineralization is hosted along the principal fault of Jbel N’Zourk and sometimes in the anticlines hinges. The petrographic study showed that the mineralization can be observed in several aspects, either in the fractures and veins, in small karsts or rarely disseminated in calcite and dolomite minerals. These observations host new arguments who contribute to a later reconcentration of the copper mineralization of Jbel N’Zourk, trapped on faulted and folded structures attributed to Variscan deformation.

关键词： Central Anti-Atlas Lower Cambrian Cover Copper Mineralization Structural

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