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Yield and quality properties of silage maize and their influencing factors in China

Science China(Life Sciences) 2022年第8期65卷 1655-1666页

作者： Mengying Zhao Yinping Feng Yue Shi haihua shen Huifeng Hu Yongkai Luo Longchao Xu Jie Kang Aijun Xing Shaopeng Wang Jingyun Fang State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of EducationPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China

Silage maize(Zea mays L.) is one of the most important forages in the world, and its yield and quality properties are critical parameters for livestock production and assessment of forage values. However, relationships between its yield and quality properties and the controlling factors are not well documented. In this study, we collected 5,663 observations from 196 publications across the country to identify the relationships between yield and quality properties of silage maize and to assess the impact of management practices and climatic factors on its yield and quality in China. The average dry matter yield of silage maize was(19.98±6.93) Mg ha^(-1), and the average value of crude protein, ether extract, crude ash, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, nitrogen-free extract, and relative feed value was 7.86%±1.71%, 2.53%±1.01%, 5.05%±1.66%,23.97%±6.34%, 27.62%±7.12%, 51.60%±9.85%, 59.68%±7.72%, and 131.17±31.49, respectively. In general, its nutritive value decreased as its yield increased. Increasing planting density could increase the yield but inhibit the nutritive values, while increasing fertilization could benefit the nutritive values. Geographically, the yield increased and the nutritive value decreased from warm(south) to cold(north) regions. The length of growth duration was a major controlling factor for the patterns of these properties. Our findings provide insights for police-makers to make strategy for achieving high yield and good quality of silage maize and help local people to implement better management practices.

关键词： silage maize yield quality management practices climatic factors

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Grazing alters warming effects on leaf photosynthesis and respiration in Gentiana straminea,an alpine forb species

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2013年第5期6卷 418-427页

作者： haihua shen Shiping Wang Yanhong Tang Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies National Institute for Environmental StudiesOnogawa 16-2TsukubaIbaraki 305-8506Japan State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093China Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China

Aims Vast grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau are almost all under livestock *** is unclear,however,what is the role that the grazing will play in carbon cycle of the grassland under future climate *** found in our previous study that experimental warming can shift the optimum temperature of saturated photosynthetic rate into higher temperature in alpine *** this study,we proposed and tested the hypothesis that livestock grazing would alter the warming effect on photosynthetic and respiration through changing physical environments of grassland *** Experimental warming was carried by using an infrared heating system to increase the air temperature by 1.2 and 1.7℃ during the day and night,*** warming and ambient temperature treatments were crossed over to the two grazing treatments,grazing and un-grazed treatments,*** assess the effects of grazing and warming,we examined photosynthesis,dark respiration,maximum rates of the photosynthetic electron transport(J_(max)),RuBP carboxylation(V_(cmax))and temperature sensitivity of respiration Q_(10) in Gentiana straminea,an alpine species widely distributed on the Tibetan *** morphological and chemical properties were also examined to understand the physiological *** findings 1)Light-saturated photosynthetic rate(A_(max))of *** showed similar temperature optimum at around 16℃ in plants from all experimental *** warming increased A_(max) at all measuring temperatures from 10 to 25℃,but the positive effect of the warming occurred only in plants grown under the un-grazed *** the same measuring temperature,A_(max) was significantly higher in plants from the grazed than the un-grazed condition.2)There was significant crossing effect of warming and grazing on the temperature sensitivity(Q_(10))of leaf dark *** the un-grazed condition,plants from the warming treatment showed lower respiration rate b

关键词： alpine plant grazing photosynthesis respiration temperature acclimation

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江西常绿阔叶林分类及其分布格局

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2023年第1期16卷 123-134页

作者： Yizhen Liu haihua shen Gang Ge Aijun Xing Zhiyao Tang Jingyun Fang State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China School of Life Science Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330031China College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of EducationPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China

常绿阔叶林是中国东部的演替顶极植被。江西省位于中国亚热带东部湿润常绿阔叶林区的腹心,拥有该区第二大面积的常绿阔叶林。尽管江西常绿阔叶林已有大量的研究,但其主要类型和分布格局与主要驱动因素仍不清楚。本研究采用植物群落清查... 详细信息

常绿阔叶林是中国东部的演替顶极植被。江西省位于中国亚热带东部湿润常绿阔叶林区的腹心,拥有该区第二大面积的常绿阔叶林。尽管江西常绿阔叶林已有大量的研究,但其主要类型和分布格局与主要驱动因素仍不清楚。本研究采用植物群落清查法调查了205个常绿阔叶林样方,样方包含了江西常绿阔叶林主要群系类型。采用双向指示种(TWINSPAN)和去趋势对应分析(DCA)进行了数量分类,确定各群落类型的标志种、指示种。使用Kruskal–Wallis非参数检验比较了不同群落类型的地形和气候差异,并采用冗余分析(RDA)和变差分解的方法,区分地形、气候以及样方间距离对不同类型群落分布的影响。研究结果表明,江西常绿阔叶林可分为丘陵常绿阔叶林、沟谷季雨林、山地典型常绿阔叶林和山地云雾常绿阔叶林。这4类常绿阔叶林的分布受地形和气候条件的驱动,其分布格局也反映了这4类常绿阔叶林类型间的生物地理差异。本研究为构建中国东部湿润区常绿阔叶林的高级分类系统提供基础资料和重要参考。同时,本研究还发现丘陵常绿阔叶林易受人为活动干扰,沟谷季雨林和山地典型常绿阔叶林拥有非常丰富的第三纪孑遗植物等,这些特征都暗示江西常绿阔叶林亟需开展更严格的保护实践。

关键词：亚热带常绿阔叶林指示种诊断种森林分类排序

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Phylogeography of Potentilla fruticosa,an alpine shrub on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2010年第1期3卷 9-15页

作者： Cui Li Ayako Shimono haihua shen Yanhong Tang Environmental Biology Division National Institute for Environmental StudiesOnogawa 16-2Tsukuba 305-8506Japan Faculty of Environment and Economics Shanxi University of Finance and EconomicsTaiyuan 030006ShanxiChina

Aims Our objectives were(i)to elucidate the phylogeography of chloroplast DNA(cpDNA)in Potentilla fruticosa in relation to Quaternary climate change and postglacial colonization,(ii)to infer historical population range expansion using mismatch distribution analyses and(iii)to locate the refugia of this alpine species on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau during glacial-interglacial *** Potentilla fruticosa is a widespread species distributed on the Qinghai-Tibetan *** sampled leaves of *** from 10 locations along a route of;1300 km from the northeastern plateau(Haibei,Qinghai)to the southern plateau(Dangxiong,Tibet).We examined the cpDNA of 15 haplotypes for 87 individuals from the 10 populations based on the sequence data from;1000 base pairs of the trnS-trnG and *** relationship of haplotypes was analyzed using the Phylip software package and the program *** diversity of populations indices was obtained using the program *** Findings With the limited samples,we found that(i)higher nucleotide diversity often occurs in high-altitude populations,(ii)the ancestral haplotypes distribute in the populations with higher nucleotide diversity than recent haplotypes,(iii)the expansion time of population in the high altitudes was estimated to be approximately at 52-25 ka BP(1000 years Before Present,where"Present"is AD 1950)and that in the low altitudes to be;5.1-2.5 ka BPand(iv)the source location of *** is at the high altitudes,which might provide refugia for the species during the interglacial warm *** species expanded from the high-elevated locations on the Tanggula Mountains during the Holocene.

关键词： alpine plants climatic changes cpDNA Qinghai Tibet

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Leaf photosynthesis and simulated carbon budget of Gentiana straminea from a decade-long warming experiment

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2009年第4期2卷 207-216页

作者： haihua shen Julia AKlein Xinquan Zhao Yanhong Tang Environmental Biology Division National Institute for Environmental StudiesOnogawa 16-2TsukubaIbaraki305-8506Japan Department of Forest Rangeland&Watershed StewardshipColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO 80523USA Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of SciencesXiningQinghaiChina

Aims Alpine ecosystems may experience larger temperature increases due to global warming as compared with lowland *** on physiological adjustment of alpine plants to temperature changes can provide insights into our understanding how these plants are responding to current and future *** tested the hypothesis that alpine plants would exhibit acclimation in photosynthesis and respiration under long-term elevated temperature,and the acclimation may relatively increase leaf carbon gain under warming *** Open-top chambers(OTCs)were set up for a period of 11 years to artificially increase the temperature in an alpine meadow *** measured leaf photosynthesis and dark respiration under different light,temperature and ambient CO_(2)concentrations for Gentiana straminea,a species widely distributed on the Tibetan *** rates of the photosynthetic electron transport(J_(max)),RuBP carboxylation(V_(cmax))and temperature sensitivity of respiration Q10 were obtained from the *** further estimated the leaf carbon budget of *** using the physiological parameters and environmental variables obtained in the *** findings 1)The OTCs consistently elevated the daily mean air temperature by;1.6℃and soil temperature by;0.5℃during the growing season.2)Despite the small difference in the temperature environment,there was strong tendency in the temperature acclimation of *** estimated temperature optimum of light-saturated photosynthetic CO_(2)uptake(A_(max))shifted;1℃higher from the plants under the ambient regime to those under the OTCs warming regime,and the Amax was significantly lower in the warming-acclimated leaves than the leaves outside the OTCs.3)Temperature acclimation of respiration was large and significant:the dark respiration rates of leaves developed in the warming regime were significantly lower than leaves from the ambient environments.4)The simulated net leaf carbon gain

关键词： alpine plant acclimation experimental warming open-top chamber photosynthesis temperature

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HTDet:A Clustering Method Using Information Entropy for Hardware Trojan Detection

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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2021年第1期26卷 48-61页

作者： Renjie Lu haihua shen Zhihua Feng Huawei Li Wei Zhao Xiaowei Li the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 101408China Beijing Institute of Computer Technology and Application Beijing 100854China the State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture Institute of Computing TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China

Hardware Trojans(HTs)have drawn increasing attention in both academia and industry because of their significant potential *** this paper,we propose HTDet,a novel HT detection method using information entropybased *** maintain high concealment,HTs are usually inserted in the regions with low controllability and low observability,which will result in that Trojan logics have extremely low transitions during the *** implies that the regions with the low transitions will provide much more abundant and more important information for HT *** HTDet applies information theory technology and a density-based clustering algorithm called Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise(DBSCAN)to detect all suspicious Trojan logics in the circuit under *** DBSCAN is an unsupervised learning algorithm,that can improve the applicability of *** addition,we develop a heuristic test pattern generation method using mutual information to increase the transitions of suspicious Trojan *** on circuit benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of HTDet.

关键词： Hardware Trojan(HT)detection information entropy Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise(DBSCAN) unsupervised learning clustering mutual information test patterns generation

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Global warming, human-induced carbon emissions, and their uncertainties

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Science China Earth Sciences 2011年第10期54卷 1458-1468页

作者： FANG JingYun ZHU JiangLing WANG ShaoPeng YUE Chao shen haihua Department of Ecology Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 China Climate Change Research Center Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences at Peking University Beijing 100871 China

In recent decades, there have been a number of debates on climate warming and its driving forces. Based on an extensive literature review, we suggest that （1） climate warming occurs with great uncertainty in the magnitude of the temperature increase; （2） both human activities and natural forces contribute to climate change, but their relative contributions are difficult to quan- tify; and （3） the dominant role of the increase in the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases （including CO2） in the global warming claimed by the Intergovernrnental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC） is questioned by the scientific communities because of large uncertainties in the mechanisms of natural factors and anthropogenic activities and in the sources of the increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. More efforts should be made in order to clarify these uncertainties.

关键词： carbon emissions climate change global warming human activities natural forces uncertainty

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Characterization of CO_(2) flux in three Kobresia meadows differing in dominant species

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2009年第4期2卷 187-196页

作者： Pengcheng Zhang Mitsuru Hirota haihua shen Akinori Yamamoto Shigeru Mariko Yanhong Tang Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science University of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki 305-8572Japan Environmental Biology Division National Institute for Environmental StudiesOnogawa 16-2TsukubaIbaraki 305-8506Japan

Aims Kobresia meadows,the dominant species of which differ in different habitats,cover a large area of alpine grassland on the QinghaiTibetan Plateau and act as potential CO_(2) *** meadows with different dominant species may differ in carbon sink *** aimed to test the hypothesis and to clarify the differences in CO_(2) sink strength among three major Kobresia meadows on the plateau and the mechanisms underlying these *** We measured the net ecosystem exchange flux(NEE),ecosystem respiration flux(ER),aboveground biomass(AGB)and environmental variables in three Kobresia meadows,dominated by ***,***,or ***,respectively,in Haibei,*** and ER were measured by a closed-chamber *** variables,including photosynthetic photon flux density(PPFD),air and soil temperature and air and soil moisture,were monitored during the above flux *** findings The measured peak AGB increased with soil water content and was 365,402 and 434 g dry weight m2 for ***,*** and *** meadow,*** the maximum ecosystem photosynthetic rate in relation to PPFD measured during the growing season,we estimated gross ecosystem photosynthetic potential(GEPmax)as 22.2,29.9 and 37.8 lmol CO_(2) m2 s1 for ***,*** and *** meadow,*** estimated the respective gross primary production(GPP)values as 799,1063 and 1158 g C m^(-2) year^(-1) and ER as 722,914 and 1011 g C m^(-2) year^(-1).Average net ecosystem production(NEP)was estimated to be 76.9,149.4 and 147.6 g C m^(-2) year^(-1) in ***,*** and *** meadows,*** results indicate that(i)the three meadows were CO_(2) sinks during the study period and(ii)Kobresia meadows dominated by different species can differ considerably in carbon sink strength even under the same climatic conditions,which suggests the importance of characterizing spatial heterogeneity of carbon dynamics in t

关键词： alpine meadow CO_(2)flux ecosystem photosynthesis ecosystem respiration soil moisture

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Patterns of plant diversity at high altitudes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2010年第1期3卷 1-7页

作者： Ayako Shimono Huakun Zhou haihua shen Mitsuru Hirota Toshiyuki Ohtsuka Yanhong Tang Environmental Biology Division National Institute for Environmental StudiesTsukubaIbaraki 305-8506Japan Present address:Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umea°UniversityUmea°901-87Sweden Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of SciencesXining 810001QinghaiChina Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki 305-8572Japan Institute for Basin Ecosystem Study Gifu University1-1 YanagitoGifuGifu 501-1193Japan

To describe the biodiversity patterns of plants along an altitudinal gradient on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and to clarify the bias in plant specimen records at high *** We conducted a large-scale investigation of vegetation at a wide range of altitudes,focusing on a high-altitudinal range(3200-5200 m)at different locations on the Qinghai-Tibetan *** then compared the altitudinal distribution of plant species obtained from our field investigation with that in plant specimen records from published sources and an online *** Findings Our data provide evidence that altitude plays a large role in regulating species composition on the Qinghai-Tibetan *** could not,however,detect a clear relationship between altitude and species richness,although a weak monotonically increasing trend of richness was detected with increasing *** to specimen records,most species have been sampled at a wide range of altitudes,and the average range of 145 species is>2000 *** this wide range,more than half of the species we observed were at higher altitudes than the specimen records ***-altitude areas have probably been so poorly sampled that only a small fraction of the resident species has been *** study clearly shows the regional bias of specimen records in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

关键词： altitudinal gradient alpine plant species composition species richness specimen bias

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Resorption efficiency of leaf nutrients in woody plants on Mt. Dongling of Beijing, North China

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2015年第5期8卷 530-538页

作者： Jianhua Zhang Zhiyao Tang Yongkai Luo Xiulian Chi Yahan Chen Jingyun Fang haihua shen State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesNo.20 NanxincunXiangshanBeijing 100093China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19A Yuquan RoadShijingshan DistrictBeijing 100049China Department of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface ProcessesPeking UniversityNo.5 Yiheyuan RoadHaidian DistrictBeijing 100871China

Aims To explore resorption efficiency of nitrogen(NrE)and phosphorus(PrE)of woody plants in relation to soil nutrient availability,climate and evolutionary history,in North *** We measured concentrations of nitrogen([N])and phosphorus([P])in both full expanded mature green and senescent leaves of the same individuals for 88 woody species from 10 sites of ***,beijing,*** built a phylogenetic tree for all these species and compared NrE and PrE among life forms(trees,shrubs and woody lianas)and between functional groups(N-fixers and non-N-fixers).We then explored patterns of NrE and PrE along gradients of mean annual temperature(MAT),soil inorganic N and available P,and phylogeny using a general linear *** Findingsmass-based NrE(NrEm)and PrE(PrEm)averaged 57.4 and 61.4%,respectively,with no significant difference among life forms or functional *** NrEm nor PrEm exhibited significant phylogenetic signals,indicating that NrEm and PrEm were not phylogenetically *** was not related to[N]in green leaves;PrEm was positively correlated with[P]in green leaves;however,this relationship disappeared for different *** decreased with[N]in senescent leaves,PrEm decreased with[P]in senescent leaves,for all species combined and for trees and *** decreased with soil inorganic N for all species and for shrubs;PrEm did not exhibit a significant trend with soil available P for all species or for different plant *** NrEm nor PrEm was significantly related to MAT for overall species and for species of different groups.

关键词： nitrogen concentration phosphorus concentration senesced leaves nitrogen resorption efficiency phosphorus resorption efficiency soil nutrient climate

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