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Review:Investigation of Partially Pre⁃mixed Charge Ignitions(PPCI)Engine Mode

Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series) 2023年第3期30卷 85-94页

作者： habtamu deresso Venkata Ramayya Ancha Ramesh Babu Nallamothu Balkeshwar Singh Bisrat Yoseph Department of Mechanical Engineering Adama Science and Technology UniversityAdama 1888Ethiopia Department of Mechanical Engineering Jimma University Institute of TechnologyJimma 378Ethiopia Departments of Mechanical Engineering Defense College of EngineeringBishoftu 1014Ethiopia

This paper embraces the key points of unpolluted internally combusted engine *** objective is focused on the recent effort to improve compression ignition(CI)and spark ignition(SI)engine to have fuel⁃efficient and minimized pollutant *** are many advanced internal combustion engines to overcome the challenges of conventional compression ignition engines of the high level of particulate matter(PM)and oxides of nitrogen *** of the latest options on which many researchers work recently is low⁃temperature combustion which studies the engine advancement and emission at the same *** review focuses on the released emissions,incinerations and performances features of partially premixed charge ignition with different fuel blends like n⁃butanol⁃gasoline,gasoline⁃diesel,alcohol⁃diesel,and NG⁃diesel effect on partially premixed charge ignition(PPCI)engine ***,PPCI is a single or a dual fuel strategy in that a pre⁃mixed low or high reactive fuel(L/HRF)is directly injected into the *** is one of the best low⁃temperature combustion(LTC)strategies by which emissions are minimized while thermal efficiency is *** recent PPCI of various fuels and their effect are ***,the initial pilot injection can extend the operating load that is a problem in diesel engine;gasoline fuel displayed fewer soot releases when compared with diesel oil in all working *** additional inspiring outcome for this combustion approach can be directly controlled by using the start of injection timing(SOI),which is impossible with most other LTC *** diesel PPCI can overcome the NOx⁃PM tradeoff but needs more EGR *** problem of diesel engine PPCI is associated with its comparatively higher boiling point and relatively lower volatility,which made use of advanced injection with a great number of fuel ***,diesel fuel is not the best candidate with the LRF to the PPCI engine setup.

关键词： CDC emission low⁃temperature combustion performance PPCI

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Synthesis of nanostructured zinc oxide and its composite with carbon dots for DSSCs applications using flexible electrode

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Materials Reports(Energy) 2024年第3期4卷 77-83页

作者： habtamu Fekadu Etefa Francis Birhanu Dejene Department of Physics Walter Sisulu UniversityPrivate Bag X-1Mthatha5117South Africa

ZnO nanowires(ZnO NWs),ZnO nanoparticles(ZnO NPs)and carbon dots(C-dots)were synthesized by hydrothermal,sol-gel and hydrothermal methods *** were also characterized and applied for dye sensitized solar cells(DSSCs).The effects of C-dots on ZnO NWs and ZnO NPs have been *** C-dots were used at a mole ratio of citric acid(CA)to ethylene diamine(EDA)of 1:*** C-dots were found to enhance the performance of the flexible electrode *** the addition of C-dots,the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of ZnO NPs was boosted to be two times higher than that of ZnO NPs DSSCs without ***,the ultraviolet(UV)-band revealed a blue shift,resulting in a lower band gap and a reduced charge transfer resistance,which can enhance the PCE of *** loaded quantity on the flexible electrode substrate made of polyethylene terephthalate(PET)was optimized(50 mg).For DSSCs,the PET flexible electrode conductive polymer has produced positive *** ZnO NWs and ZnO NWs@C-dots,the PCE values were 1.45%and 4.25%;while for ZnO NPs and ZnO NPs@C-dots,they were 2.34%and 5.81%,*** work achieved remarkable and competitive performance when compared to solid(indium tin oxides/glass)-based substrate.

关键词： ZnO NWs@C-dots ZnO NPs@C-dots PET DSSCs Flexible electrode

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Reduced efficacy of single-dose albendazole against Ascaris lumbricoides, and Trichuris trichiura, and high reinfection rate after cure among school children in southern Ethiopia: a prospective cohort study

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2024年第1期13卷 95-96页

作者： Tigist Dires Gebreyesus Eyasu Makonnen Tafesse Tadele Kalkidan Mekete habtamu Gashaw Heran Gerba Eleni Aklillu Department of Global Public Health Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority Addis Ababa Ethiopia Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia Departments of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia College of Medicine and Health Sciences Hawassa University Hawassa Ethiopia Ethiopian Public Health Institute Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Background Mass drug administration(MDA)program of albendazole to at-risk populations as preventive chemo-therapy is the core public health intervention to control soil-transmitted helminths(STHs).Achieving this goal relies on drug effectiveness in reducing the parasite reservoirs in the community and preventing *** assessed the effcacy of albendazole against STH parasite infection and reinfection status after *** A total of 984 schoolchildren infected with at least one type of STH parasite(hookworm,Ascaris lumbri-coides,Trichuris trichiura)in southern Ethiopia were enrolled and received albendazole and praziquantel in MDA campaign conducted from January to March *** exams at week-4 and at week-8 of post-MDA were done using Kato Katz *** primary outcome was effcacy assessed by cure rate(CR)and fecal egg reduction rates(ERRs)at four weeks of *** secondary outcome was reinfection status defined as parasite egg positivity at eight weeks among those who were cured at 4 weeks of *** comparisons in CR and related factors were assessed with chi-square or Fisher's exact *** of CR were examined through univariate and multi-variate regression *** The overall CR and ERR for hookworm infection were 97.2%(95%CI:94.6-99.4)and 97.02%,*** overall CR and ERR for *** were 71.5%(95%CI:68.3-74.6)and 84.5% *** overall CR and ERR and for *** were 49.5%(95%CI:44.8-54.2)and 68.3%,*** CR among moderate *** infec-tion intensity was 28.6%.Among children cured of hookworm,*** and *** at week 4 post-MDA,4.6%,18.3% and 52.4% became reinfected at week-8 post-MDA,*** lower CR(36.6%)and higher reinfection after cure(60.6%)among *** and *** coinfected children than *** only(CR=69.6%,reinfection rate=15.1%)or *** only infected children(CR=55.6%,reinfection rate=47.1%)was obse

关键词： Soil transmitted helminths Neglected tropical diseases Preventive chemotherapy Albendazole School age children Ethiopia

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Key Factors to Consider When Introducing a New Vaccine in Low-Income Settings: Lessons from Malawi Expanded Program on Immunization

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World Journal of Vaccines 2024年第1期14卷 1-23页

作者： Samuel Mpinganjira Kimberly Konono Joseph Mwaka Adidja Amani habtamu Anteneh Michael Ngigi Boston Zimba Atupele Kapito Institute for Global Health Santa Chiara Lab Universita degli Studi di Siena Siena Italy School of Public and Global Health Kamuzu University of Health Sciences Blantyre Malawi Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaound 1 Yaound Cameroon Department of Public Health University of Glasgow Glasgow UK

Introduction: As new vaccines become available, countries must assess the relevance to introduce them into their vaccination schedules. Malawi has recently introduced several new vaccines and plans to introduce more. This study was conducted to identify key factors that need to be considered when deciding to introduce a new vaccine and current challenges faced by low and middle income countries using Malawi as an example. Methodology: The study employed a desk review approach, examining published literature from various sources such as PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. Policy documents from organizations like the World Health Organization, GAVI the Alliance, and the Ministry of Health for Malawi were also included. A total of 99 articles and documents on new vaccine introduction, challenges of immunization, policy documents in immunization and health systems strengthening were included. The review focused on addressing five key areas critical to new vaccine introduction namely: the need for a vaccine, availability of the vaccine, safety and effectiveness of the vaccine, demand for the vaccine, and the prudent use of public or private funds. Results: Malawi considered the burden of cervical cancer and the significance of malaria in the country when introducing the HPV and malaria vaccines. The country opted for vaccines that can be handled by the cold chain capacity and available human resources. Despite that malaria vaccine and Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine trials were done in country, there are limited vaccine safety and efficacy trials conducted in Malawi, leading to a reliance on WHO-prequalified vaccines. Demand for newly introduced vaccines varied, with high demand for Oral Cholera Vaccine during a cholera outbreak, while demand for COVID-19 vaccines decreased over time. Although cost-effectiveness studies were limited in the country, 2 studies indicated that Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine and malaria vaccine would be cost effective. All these have been implemented d

关键词： Vaccine Introduction Implementation Expanded Program on Immunization Low-Income Stakeholders

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Cu/HO类芬顿反应促进钨的高效化学机械抛光(英文)

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Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2024年

作者：陈泓谕王林彭枫沈蒙蒙杭伟 Tufa habtamu BERI 张惠斌赵军韩云晓吕冰海浙江工业大学材料科学与工程学院浙江工业大学特种装备制造与先进加工技术教育部重点实验室阿达玛科学技术大学浙江工业大学机械工程学院

本文将Cu2+/H2O2类芬顿反应应用于化学机械抛光中，以实现钨的高效高质量加工。采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外-可见分光光度计和电化学实验等方法研究了钨在抛光过程中的微观结构演变和材料去除率。讨论了钝化行为和材料... 详细信息

本文将Cu2+/H2O2类芬顿反应应用于化学机械抛光中，以实现钨的高效高质量加工。采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外-可见分光光度计和电化学实验等方法研究了钨在抛光过程中的微观结构演变和材料去除率。讨论了钝化行为和材料去除机理。结果表明，与单一氧化剂H2O2或Cu(NO3)2相比，使用混合氧化剂H2O2+Cu(NO3)2可以获得更高的抛光效率和表面质量。材料去除率的提高归因于底物与类芬顿反应产生的羟基自由基·OH之间的化学反应将钨快速氧化成WO3。此外，材料去除率和静态腐蚀速率对Cu(NO3)2浓度的变化表现出明显不同的依赖性，而实现抛光效率和表面质量平衡的最佳氧化剂配比为0.5wt.%H2O2+1.0wt.%Cu(NO3)2。

关键词：化学机械抛光钨类芬顿反应羟基自由基材料去除机理

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Soil and water conservation practice effects on soil physicochemical properties and crop yield in Ethiopia:review and synthesis

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Ecological Processes 2022年第1期11卷 206-221页

作者： Endale Bekele Jiru habtamu Temesgen Wegari College of Agriculture and Natural Resource Dilla UniversityDillaEthiopia College of Agriculture and Natural Resource Bonga UniversityBongaEthiopia

Background:Land degradation is an urgent agenda that requires great effort and resources to *** worsens soil components through disrupting ecological functions and threatens agriculture *** overcome it,different soil and water conservation(SWC)practices have been undertaken in numerous parts of *** paper aims to review the effects of SWC practices on soil physicochemical properties and crop *** were collected from secondary sources via a computer library using various databases based on developed *** collected data were organized,categorized,and analyzed through descriptive *** mean difference of selected soil physicochemical properties obtained from treated and untreated farmland was tested using paired *** influencing crop yield on treated farmland were determined by a multiple linear regression ***:SWC practices influenced the soil physicochemical properties and crop yield either positively or *** mean values of available phosphorus(10.6 ppm,8.7 ppm),total nitrogen(0.5%,0.4%),soil pH(6.0%,5.8%),soil organic matter(4.4%,3.8%),and soil organic carbon(2.2%,1.8%)were on treated and untreated farmland under physical SWC practices,***,the mean values of these variables were higher on treated farmland than untreated farmland under both biological and integrated SWC *** mean value of bulk density was higher on untreated farmland than treated one and statistically significant under all SWC *** juu and stone-faced soil bund constantly increased crop yield,whereas soil bund and stone bund did ***:Proper implementation of SWC technologies through integrating physical and biological measures will boost the effectiveness of the practice in restoring soil physicochemical properties and improving crop ***,government due attention paid for land resources management in Ethiopia,whereby the annual SWC and tree planting campaign und

关键词： Land degradation Soil and water conservation Crop yield Soil physicochemical properties

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Soil loss estimation using GIS and Remote sensing techniques:A case of Koga watershed,Northwestern Ethiopia

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2016年第2期4卷 126-136页

作者： habtamu Sewnet Gelagay Amare Sewnet Minale Ethiopian Spatial Data Infrastructure Program(Ethio-SDIP) Information Network Security Agency(INSA)Ethiopia Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Bahir Dar UniversityEthiopia

Soil loss by runoff is a severe and continuous ecological problem in Koga ***,improper cultivation and uncontrolled grazing have resulted in accelerated soil *** on soil loss is essential to support agricultural productivity and natural resource ***,this study was aimed to estimate and map the mean annual soil loss by using GIS and Remote sensing *** soil loss was estimated by using Revised Universal Soil Equation(RUSLE)*** map of 1:50,000 scale,Aster Digital Elevation Model(DEM)of 20 m spatial resolution,digital soil map of 1:250,000 scale,thirteen years rainfall records of four stations,and land sat imagery(TM)with spatial resolution of 30 m was used to derive RUSLE's soil loss *** RUSLE parameters were analyzed and integrated using raster calculator in the geo-processing tools in ArcGIS 10.1 environment to estimate and map the annual soil loss of the study *** result revealed that the annual soil loss of the watershed extends from none in the lower and middle part of the watershed to 265 t ha^(-1) year^(-1) in the steeper slope part of the watershed with a mean annual soil loss of 47 t ha^(-1) year^(-1).The total annual soil loss in the watershed was 255283 t,of these,181801(71%)tones cover about 6691(24%)hectare of *** of these soil erosion affected areas are spatially situated in the upper steepest slope part(inlet)of the *** are areas where Nitosols and Alisols with higher soil erodibility character(0.25)values are ***,Slope gradient and length followed by soil erodibility factors were found to be the main factors of soil ***,sustainable soil and water conservation practices should be adopted in steepest upper part of the study area by respecting and recognizing watershed logic,people and watershed potentials.

关键词： Soil loss GIS Remote sensing RUSLE Land management Koga watershed Ethiopia

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Improving milk safety at farm-level in an intensive dairy production system:relevance to smallholder dairy producers

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Food Quality and Safety 2018年第3期2卷 135-143页

作者： habtamu Lemma D. Ashenafi Mengistu Taddese Kuma Berhanu Kuma Wolaita Sodo University College of AgriculturePOB 138Ethiopia Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine and AgricultureEthiopia Ethiopian Development Research Institute Ethiopia

Objective:This paper discusses methods for improving milk safety in smallholder ***:Analyzing best practices/experiences of selected countries and Ethiopian dairy farming as a case study(household survey and milk testing).Results:The coliform count was slightly higher than European *** value of total bacterial count found was higher than the standard of bacteriological quality of *** Cell count is slightly higher than US standard,but it is in the range of the EU ***,there were other associated challenges facing dairy farmers,including shortage of feed concentrate and water,milk marketing,health of dairy stock,and manure *** better practices were also observed including literacy and dairying experience of smallholder dairy *** this,increased availability of some dairy stakeholders and their efforts would also be an added *** efforts of private veterinarians to engage in provision of drugs and on-call home-treatment for stall-fed cows were good,but this needs to be complemented with laboratory based-diagnostic/clinical and advisory services prevent ***:Improvement of milk safety can be achieved through good management practices by dairy farmers,market incentives,and increased efforts of various stakeholders and the adoption of best *** this regard,a coordinated action involving all stakeholders is needed to implement preventative/control measures,quality management strategies,and appropriate regulation while supporting and building capacity of smallholder dairy producers to minimize risks associated with milk production.

关键词： milk safety challenges prevention intensive dairy systems smallholders dairy farms.

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Job satisfaction among Ethiopian nurses:a systematic review

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Frontiers of Nursing 2021年第1期8卷 75-82页

作者： Abera Areri habtamu Alebel Animut Deribe Luel School of Nursing and Midwifery College of Health SciencesAddis Ababa UniversityAddis Ababa 4412Ethiopia Eagle college Addis Ababa 11801Ethiopia College of Science Debre Markos UniversityDebre MarkosAmhara 269Ethiopia

Objective:Job satisfaction is a positive emotional feeling in the working environment,and it is an essential tool with which to improve patient safety,nurses’efficiency and performance,quality of care,retention and turnover of nurses,and commitment to the organization and the *** are few studies on job satisfaction of nurses in the ***,this review aims to estimate the pooled prevalence of job satisfaction among Ethiopian nurses using the available ***:This systematic review used the Preferred Repor ting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guideline to synthesize the evidence on the prevalence and associated factors of nurses’job *** used for searching the included ar ticles from Pub Med,Embase,CINHAL,Google Scholar,HINARI,and Science *** papers selected for inclusion were subjected to a rigorous appraisal using a standardized critical appraisal checklist(JBI checklist).STATA software(version 11)was used for the analysis,and 95%confidence intervals were *** Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 tests were used to assess the heterogeneity prevailing between the ***,a random effect model was computed to estimate the pooled prevalence of nurses’job satisfaction in the ***:In this review,the data of 1,151 nurses were obtained from six *** pooled prevalence of nurses’job satisfaction was found to be 39.53%(24.52,54.53).The prevalence of job satisfaction in the Central part of Ethiopia was low:31.12%(95%CI 5.25,56.99)compared to the South-Eastern part of Ethiopia’s 48.01%(95%CI 36.51,59.52).The most common predictors identified were salary(P<0.05),the leadership of the organization(P<0.05),and training opportunities(P<0.05).Conclusions:The pooled prevalence of job satisfaction among nurses was found to be low in comparison with global *** significant predictors for nurses’job satisfaction are based on the review findings,salary,leadership of organi

关键词： job satisfaction job satisfaction nurses Ethiopia

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Food safety knowledge and practices of abattoir and butchery shops and the microbial profile of meat in Mekelle City,Ethiopia

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2013年第5期3卷 407-412页

作者： Mekonnen Haileselassie habtamu Taddele Kelali Adhana shewit Kalayou Tigray National Regional State Science and Technology Agency Mekelle University College of Veterinary Medicine Norwegian School of Veterinary Science Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences

Objective:To assess the food safety knowledge and practices in meat handling,and to determine microbial load and pathogenic organisms in meat at Mekelle ***:A descriptive survey design was used to answer questions concerning the current status of food hygiene and sanitation practiced in the abattoir and butcher *** from the abattoir and butcher shops were interviewed through a structured questionnaire to assess their food safety *** load was assessed by serial dilution method and the major bacterial pathogens were isolated by using standard ***:15.1%of the abattoir workers had no health certificate and there was no hot water,sterilizer and cooling facility in the abattoir.11.3%of the butchers didn’t use protective *** was a food safety knowledge gap within the abattoir and butcher shop *** mean values of bacterial load of abattoir meat,butcher shops and street meat sale was found to be 1.1×10~5,5.6×10~5and 4.3×10~6 cfu/g,*** major bacterial pathogens isolated were Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus ***:The study revealed that there is a reasonable gap on food safely knowledge by abattoir and butcher shop *** microbial profile was also higher compared to standards set by World Health *** attention should be given by the government to improve the food safety knowledge and the quality standard of meat sold in the city.

关键词： Abattoir Bacterial load Bacterial Isolation butchery shops Hygiene Street meat sale Mekelle

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