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Visually modelling Collaborative Research into Innovative Community Disaster Resilience Practice,Strategy,and Governance

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2015年第3期6卷 282-294页

作者： Thomas J.huggins Robin Peace Stephen R.Hill David m.Johnston Alicia Cuevas muniz Joint Centre for Disaster Research School of PsychologyMassey University School of Psychology Massey University School of Psychology Massey University Joint Centre of Disaster ResearchMassey University Faculty of Science University of Colima

In 2013 a new collaborative center was established in Wellington, New Zealand to focus on integrating resilience research with the region’s community disaster resilience strategy. An earlier study with parties to this center had indicated that researcher and practitioner groups were divided by attention to their own immediate knowledge and skills, but agreed there was a need to maximize community resilience benefits amongst a regional population. An action research workshop of researchers and practitioners used a visual logic model to focus on the pragmatic benefits of improving community resilience. The visual logic model was used to design research activities that would improve the regional community resilience strategy, which was still in an early implementation *** of 14 workshop participants were interviewed following the workshop. Statistical content analysis of interview data highlighted certain strengths of the action research process: visual monitoring and evaluation planning was a catalyst for complicated conversations between two very different groups of professionals; and researchers became more focused on practical issues as a result. Other findings suggested that in future collaborative researchgovernance would benefit from wider cycles of strategic intelligence, enhanced research contributions, and the use of different information formats for different *** formats for different purposes should also be considered when developing and implementing large-scale disaster risk reduction policies and strategies.

关键词： Collaborative research Community resilience Content analysis Emergency management Visual communication

Ecology and management of rodents in no-till agriculture in Washington, USA

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Integrative Zoology 2007年第3期2卷 154-164页

作者： Gary WITmER Rodney SAYLER David huggins Jason CAPELLI US Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research CenterFort CollinsColoradoUSA Washington State University PullmanWashingtonUSA

No-till farming is an important approach to sustainable agriculture because it can conserve soil and water ***, rodent populations can thrive under no-till conditions because burrow systems are not disrupted byannual plowing and plant residues build-up on the surface, providing cover and insulation. This can result in substantialcrop damage. We assessed rodent populations, habitat use, food habits, and crop damage in a no-till croppingsystem in Washington, USA. We also conducted preliminary trials of methods to reduce rodent populationsand crop damage. In the fall, many more rodents were captured in fields with unharvested crops than in fieldscontaining only plant stubble, suggesting that rodents leave fields after crop harvest, providing that suitable habitatsare nearby, even when adequate cover is still available in harvested crop fields. By spring, the number of volescaptured was much lower relative to fall. Despite this, capture rates were much higher in surrounding permanentgrass areas than in crop (barley, wheat, pea) fields, suggesting that these grassy areas serve as refugia for ***, the permanent grass cover type was the landscape variable most associated with rodent capture *** three winter pea fields, rodents removed 5–15% of the pea plants over winter. Examination of stomach contentsrevealed that voles mainly fed on grain plants in spring, but that their diet was more diversified in fall. Deer micefed heavily on grain plants in both spring and fall, but also used insects as food. metal barrier exclosures (9 m × 9m), extending above and below ground, did not prevent access by rodents. Rodent populations in areas treated withzinc phosphide on grain were comparable to untreated areas 1 year after application of the rodenticide, perhaps becauseof immigration and recruitment, suggesting that baiting does not provide a long-term solution to rodent damagein no-till agricultural fields.

关键词： agriculture damage deer mouse feeding ecology microtus Peromyscus rodent vole

Understanding Science Through the Computational Lens

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Journal of Computer Science & Technology 2011年第4期26卷 569-577页

作者： richard m.Karp Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California

This article explores the changing nature of the interaction between computer science and the natural and social sciences. After briefly tracing the history of scientific computation, the article presents the concept of computational lens, a metaphor for a new relationship that is emerging between the world of computation and the world of the sciences. Our main thesis is that, in many scientific fields, the processes being studied can be viewed as computational in nature, in the sense that the processes perform dynamic transformations on information represented as digital data. Viewing natural or engineered systems through the lens of their computational requirements or capabilities provides new insights and ways of thinking. A number of examples are discussed in support of this thesis. The examples are from various fields, including quantum computing, statistical physics, the World Wide Web and the Internet, mathematics, and computational molecular biology.

关键词： computational process computer science and other sciences computational lens

metamorphic consequences of secular changes in oceanic crust composition and implications for uniformitarianism in the geological record

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第4期9卷 1009-1019页

作者： richard m.Palin Brendan Dyck Department of Geology and Geological Engineering Colorado School of Mines Department of Earth Sciences Simon Fraser University

Cooling of the Earth＇s mantle since the meso-Archean is predicted by thermal and petrological models to have induced a secular change in the composition of primary mantle-derived magmas-and thus bulk oceanic crust; in particular, suggesting a decrease in maficity over time. This hypothesis underpins several recent studies that have addressed key geological questions concerning evolving plate tectonic styles, the rates and timing of continental crust formation, comparative planetology, and the emergence of complex life on Earth. major, minor, and trace element geochemical analyses of（meta）mafic rocks preserved in the geological record allows exploration of this theory, although no consensus currently exists about the magnitude of this change and what compositions-if anything-constitute representative examples of Paleo-, meso-, or Neo-Archean primitive oceanic crust. In this work, we review the current state of understanding of this issue, and use phase equilibria to examine the different mineral assemblages and rock types that would form during metamorphism of basalt of varying maficity in subduction zone environments. The presence（or absence） of such metamorphic products in the geological record is often used as evidence for（or against） the operation of modern-day subductiondriven plate tectonics on Earth at particular time periods; however, the control that secular changes in composition have on the stability of mineral assemblages diagnostic of subduction-zone metamorphism weakens such uniformitarianistic approaches. Geodynamic interpretations of the Archean metamorphic rock record must therefore employ a different set of petrological criteria for determining tectonothermal histories than those applied to Proterozoic or Phanerozoic equivalents.

关键词： Archean mantle cooling Oceanic crust Basalt metamorphism Uniformitarianism

What we have learned from randomized trials of prostate cancer screening

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2011年第3期13卷 369-373,510页

作者： richard m Hoffman Anthony Y Smith medicine Service New Mexico VA Health Care System Albuquerque NM 87108 USA Department of medicine University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque NM 87108 USA Department of Surgery University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque NM 87108 USA

The introduction of prostate-specific antigen （PSA） for prostate cancer screening in the late 1980s led to an epidemic of prostate cancer, particularly in developed countries. However, the first valid reports from randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of screening were not published until 2009. men in the screening group in the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer were 20% less likely than those in the control group to die from prostate cancer. The absolute difference was only 0.7/1000, implying that over 1400 men needed to be screened to prevent one prostate cancer death. Screening was also associated with a 70% increased risk for being diagnosed with prostate cancer. The American Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial found no survival benefit for screening. Results were not conclusive because a substantial proportion of study subjects had previously undergone PSA testing, over half of the control group had PSA testing, follow-up was relatively short, and fewer than 100 subjects died from prostate cancer. Balancing the potential survival benefit from screening is the risk of overdiagnosis--finding cancers that would not otherwise cause clinical problems^and the risk of treatment complications, including urinary, sexual and bowel dysfunction. Prostate cancer screening efforts would benefit from improved biomarkers, which more readily identify clinically important cancers. Cancer control efforts might also need to include chemoprevention, though currently available agents are controversial. In the meantime, oatients need to be supoorted in achievine informed decisions on whether to be screened for orostate cancer.

关键词： cancer screening prostate-specific antigen prostatic neoplasms randomized controlled trials as topic

Seismic performance of steel mRF building with nonlinear viscous dampers

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2016年第3期10卷 254-271页

作者： Baiping DONG James m. RICLES richard SAUSE ATLSS Engineering Research Center Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Lehigh University Bethlehem PA 18015 USA

This paper presents an experimental study of the seismic response of a 0.6-scale three-story seismicresistant building structure consisting of a moment resisting frame （mRF） with reduced beam sections （RBS）, and a frame with nonlinear viscous dampers and associated bracing （called the DBF）. The emphasis is on assessing the seismic performance for the design basis earthquake （DBE） and maximum considered earthquake （mCE）. Three mRF designs were studied, with the mRF designed for 100%, 75%, and 60%, respectively, of the required base shear design strength determined according to ASCE 7-10. The DBF with nonlinear viscous dampers was designed to control the lateral drift demands. Earthquake simulations using ensembles of DBE and mCE ground motions were conducted using the real-time hybrid simulation method. The results show the drift demand and damage that occurs in the mRF under seismic loading. Overall, the results show that a high level of seismic performance can be achieved under DBE and mCE ground motions, even for a building structure designed for as little as 60% of the base shear design strength required by ASCE 7-10 for a structure without dampers.

关键词： seismic response steel mRF nonlinear viscous damper design basis earthquake real-time hybrid simulation

The dilemma of the Jiaodong gold deposits: Are they unique?

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Geoscience Frontiers 2014年第2期5卷 139-153页

作者： richard J.Goldfarb m.Santosh U.S.Geological Survey Box 25046 MS 973 Denver Federal Center State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and mineral Resources School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of Geosciences Centre for Exploration Targeting School of Earth and Geographical Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley

The ca. 126e120 ma Au deposits of the Jiaodong Peninsula, eastern China, define the country＇s largest gold province with an overall endowment estimated as＆gt;3000 t Au. The vein and disseminated ores are hosted by NE-to NNE-trending brittle normal faults that parallel the margins of ca. 165e150 ma, deeply emplaced, lower crustal melt granites. The deposits are sited along the faults for many tens of kilometers and the larger orebodies are associated with dilatational jogs. Country rocks to the granites are Pre-cambrian high-grade metamorphic rocks located on both sides of a Triassic suture between the North and South China blocks. During early mesozoic convergent deformation, the ore-hosting structures developed as ductile thrust faults that were subsequently reactivated during Early Cretaceous ＂Yan-shanian＂intracontinental extensional deformation and associated gold formation. 〈br〉 Classification of the gold deposits remains problematic. many features resemble those typical of orogenic Au including the linear structural distribution of the deposits, mineralization style, ore and alteration assemblages, and ore fluid chemistry. However, Phanerozoic orogenic Au deposits are formed by prograde metamorphism of accreted oceanic rocks in Cordilleran-style orogens. The Jiaodong de-posits, in contrast, formed within two Precambrian blocks approximately 2 billion years after devolati-lization of the country rocks, and thus require a model that involves alternative fluid and metal sources for the ores. A widespread suite of ca. 130e123 ma granodiorites overlaps temporally with the ores, but shows a poor spatial association with the deposits. Furthermore, the deposit distribution and mineral-ization style is atypical of ores formed from nearby magmas. The ore concentration requires fluid focusing during some type of sub-crustal thermal event, which could be broadly related to a combination of coeval lithospheric thinning, asthenospheric upwelling, paleo-Pacific plate subducti

关键词： Gold Jiaodong North China block Tectonics mineral deposit mode

metamorphism at convergent plate margins:Preface

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Geoscience Frontiers 2022年第2期13卷 351-353页

作者： richard m.Palin Nick m.W.Roberts Department of Earth Sciences University of OxfordOxford OX13ANUnited Kingdom Geochronology and Tracers Facility British Geological SurveyEnvironmental Science CentreNottinghamUnited Kingdom

*** The year 2020 will long be recognised as a period of sadness and frustration for academics worldwide,given the catastrophic impact that the spread of novel coronavirus“2019-nCoV”-or COVID-19-has had on research and teaching activities,as well as in their personal *** Special Issue was designed to represent an avenue for dissemination of many studies presented at the September2019 Geological Society of America session T23.

关键词： teaching America has

Biochar and Compost Increase Crop Yields but the Effect is Short Term on Sandplain Soils of Western Australia

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Pedosphere 2015年第5期25卷 720-728页

作者： David J.m.HALL richard W.BELL Department of Agriculture and Food School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University

Sandplain soils on the south coast of Western Australia have low inherent fertility, which is mainly due to poor nutrient retention caused by insufficient clay and organic colloidal material. Previous research has shown the benefits in nutrient levels and retention from adding clay to sandplain soils; however, there is almost no information on the addition of organic amendments. A field experiment was established at the Esperance Downs Research Station, Western Australian, in may 2010, to assess the effects of wheat straw(WS) and chicken manure(Cm) biochars and compost with and without phosphorus(P) addition on soil properties and crop production over five growing seasons. The five seasons alternated between winter and summer crops. The Cm and WS biochar and compost treatments significantly increased crop yields and P uptake in 3, 2 and 1 of the five seasons, respectively. The yield increases(P more than 8%. By the end of the third season, no differences in crop yields were found that could be attributed to the organic amendments. The addition of P increased crop yields in each winter cropping season. Phosphorus addition explained more than 30%of the variation in crop yields. Despite marginal P levels and summer drought conditions, arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonisation was not affected by the organic amendments. There were no significant interactions between the organic amendments and P addition in terms of crop yields, P uptake or P uptake efficiency. We conclude that much of the effect of the organic amendments was due to direct nutrient addition which dissipated over time.

关键词： mycorrhizal root colonisation nutrient retention organic amendments P addition P uptake