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Molecule-based modeling of heavy oil

Science China Chemistr. 2013年第7期56卷 840-847页

作者： horton scott r. HOU Zhen MOr.NO Br.an M. BENNETT Cr.ig A. KLEIN Michael T. Depar.ment of Chemical and Biomolecular.Engineer.ng University of Delaware

A molecular.level kinetics model has been developed for.the pyr.lysis of heavy r.sidual oil. r.sid str.ctur. was modeled in ter.s of thr.e attr.bute gr.ups: cor.s, inter.cor. linkages, and side chains. The concentr.tions of attr.butes wer. constr.ined by pr.bability density functions (PDFs) that wer. optimized by minimizing the differ.nce between the pr.per.ies of the computational r.pr.sentation-which wer. obtained by juxtaposing the attr.butes-to measur.d pr.per.ies, which wer. obtained by analytical chemistr. measur.ments. Computational tools wer. used to build a r.action networ. that was constr.cted based upon model compounds and their.associated kinetics. For.cases with an intr.ctable number.of species, equations wer. wr.tten in ter.s of the thr.e attr.bute gr.ups and the molecular.composition was r.tained implicitly thr.ugh the juxtaposition. These modeling methods wer. applied to the Shengli and Daqing r.sids. The composition of the simulated molecular.feedstock fit well with analytical chemistr. measur.ments. After.simulated pyr.lysis, both r.sids showed r.pr.sentative incr.ases in the weight fr.ctions of lighter.hydr.car.ons. r.levant end-use pr.per.ies wer. pr.dicted for.the pr.duct mixtur.s.

关键词： heavy oil r.sid pyr.lysis molecular.level kinetic modeling

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Spatial or.entation dur.ng eyes closed ver.us open in the dar.: Ar. they the same?

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Wor.d Jour.al of Neur.science 2012年第2期2卷 126-132页

作者： r.ymond K. Y. Chong Ben Gibson scott horton Apr.l Lee Jor.an Mellinger.Kyoung-Hyun Lee Depar.ment of Physical Ther.py Georgia Health Sciences University Augusta USA

We hypothesized that keeping one’s balance with eyes open in the dar. is differ.nt and mor. difficult than eyes closed because the br.in continues to pr.cess visual inputs in the dar. when the eyes ar. open. On the other.hand, when the eyes ar. closed, the visual system does not signal incongr.ent infor.ation with which the br.in must compar. the other.sensor. systems. A var.ety of cognitive (subtr.cting backwar.s by seven as quickly and accur.tely as possible) and suppor. sur.ace (fixed ver.us sway-r.fer.nced) conditions wer. used to pr.be the neur.l mechanisms under.ying the sensor. or.anization pr.cesses in healthy young adults. Peak-to-peak anter.poster.or.sway per.or.ance r.vealed two dissociated components of the tr.atment effects. The fir.t component came fr.m the visuospatial factor. Balance contr.l dur.ng eye closur. and eyes open in the dar. wer. found to be similar.but poor.r.than baseline condition (eyes open under.typical lighting). The second component was the effect of task difficulty in which balance contr.l in the sway-r.fer.nced condition was wor.e compar.d to fixed suppor. dur.ng eye closur. or.eyes open in the dar.. Analyses of the cognitive per.or.ance also r.vealed differ.nt under.ying neur.l mechanisms of the exper.mental conditions. Subtr.ction speed under.the fixed suppor. sur.ace condition was similar.among all the conditions but was faster.with eyes closed dur.ng the sway-r.fer.nced suppor. sur.ace condition. Accur.cy was not affected among the visual and sur.ace conditions. We conclude that sensor. pr.cessing load with eyes closed is lower.than eyes open in the dar., ther.by allowing cognitive per.or.ance to pr.ceed mor. efficiently. Per.or.ing a difficult subtr.ction task with eyes closed may affor. a decr.ase in dual-task inter.er.nce since similar.br.in ar.as, par.icular.y the par.etal r.gion, ar. involved in both tasks. The r.sults ar. discussed with r.fer.nce to clinical application and spatial disor.entation in aviation.

关键词： Attention Balance Computational Neur.science Dual-Task Modular Theor. Par.etal r.mber. Visuospatial

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