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A comprehensive review of genetic causes of obesity

World Journal of Pediatrics 2024年第1期20卷 26-39页

作者： Marcio Jose Concepcion-Zavaleta Juan Eduardo Quiroz-Aldave Maria del Carmen Durand-Vasquez Elman Rolando Gamarra-Osorio Juan del Carmen Valencia de la Cruz Claudia Mercedes Barrueto-Callirgos Susan Luciana Puelles-Leon Elena de Jesus Alvarado-Leon Frans Leiva-Cabrera Francisca Elena Zavaleta-Gutierrez luis Alberto Concepcion-Urteaga Jose Paz-Ibarra Universidad Cientifica del Sur Bolivar 2150 AvenuePueblo Libre15084LimaPeru Division of Medicine Hospital de Apoyo ChepénChepenPeru Division of Family Medicine Hospital de Apoyo ChepénChepenPeru Division of Endocrinology Hospital Victor Lazarte EchegarayTrujilloPeru Division of Pediatrics Hospital de Apoyo ChepenChepenPeru Division of Internal Medicine Hospital de Apoyo ChepenChepenPeru Division of Genetics Universidad Nacional de TrujilloTrujilloPeru Division of Neonatology Hospital Belen de TrujilloTrujilloPeru Division of Internal Medicine Universidad Nacional de TrujilloTrujilloPeru Department of Medicine School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLimaPeru

Background Obesity is a multifactorial chronic disease with a high,increasing worldwide *** causes account for 7%of the cases in children with extreme *** sources This narrative review was conducted by searching for papers published in the PubMed/MEDLINE,Embase and SciELO databases and included 161 *** search used the following search terms:"obesity","obesity and genetics","leptin","Prader-Willi syndrome",and"melanocortins".The types of studies included were systematic reviews,clinical trials,prospective cohort studies,cross-sectional and prospective studies,narrative reviews,and case *** The leptin-melanocortin pathway is primarily responsible for the regulation of appetite and body ***,several important aspects of the pathophysiology of obesity remain *** causes of obesity can be grouped into syndromic,monogenic,and polygenic causes and should be assessed in children with extreme obesity before the age of 5 years,hyperphagia,or a family history of extreme obesity.A microarray study,an analysis of the melanocortin type 4 receptor gene mutations and leptin levels should be performed for this *** are three therapeutic levels:lifestyle modifications,pharmacological treatment,and bariatric *** Genetic study technologies are in constant development;however,we are still far from having a personalized approach to genetic causes of obesity.A significant proportion of the affected individuals are associated with genetic causes;however,there are still barriers to its approach,as it continues to be underdiagnosed.

关键词： Leptin Melanocortin Obesity Prader-Willi syndrome Precision medicine

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Habitat-dependent breeding biology of the Blue Tit(Cyanistes caeruleus)across a continuous and heterogeneous Mediterranean woodland

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Avian Research 2023年第3期14卷 499-510页

作者： Jorge Garrido-Bautista Carmen hernandez-Ruiz Jose luis Ros-Santaella Eliana Pintus Nicola Bernardo Mar Comas Gregorio Moreno-Rueda Department of Zoology Faculty of SciencesUniversity of Granada18071GranadaSpain Tecnologías y Servicios Agrarios S.A. S.M.E.M.P.(Tragsatec)06800BadajozSpain Department of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of AgrobiologyFood and Natural ResourcesCzech University of Life Sciences PragueKamýcka 12916500Prague 6-SuchdolCzech Republic Biological Station of Donana EBD-CSICAv.Americo Vespucio 2641092SevilleSpain Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College03755HanoverNHUSA

Mediterranean woodland environments are characterised by high spatial and temporal heterogeneity,which means the inhabiting species face a wide variety of selective *** may respond differently to habitat heterogeneity and so distinct eco-evolutionary scenarios may be responsible for the inter-habitat variability in reproductive strategies observed in certain *** inter-forest variability of some reproductive traits in passerines has been examined by comparing forest patches or separated ***,there is still little information regarding how such highly mobile animals adjust their breeding performance across continuous and heterogeneous *** we studied the reproductive performance of a population of Blue Tits(Cyanistes caeruleus) in an area of continuous Mediterranean woodland that included two mountain slopes and four different types of forest,ranging from deciduous oak forests to perennial non-oak *** studied the habitat heterogeneity and inter-forest phenotypic variation in terms of reproductive performance and adult and nestling biometry,besides also exploring the effects of ectoparasites on Blue Tit *** were laid earliest in deciduous Pyrenean Oak(Quercus pyrenaica) forests,while clutch size and the number of fledglings were highest in the humid Pyrenean Oak forest,which had the greatest tree coverage and most humid climate,and lowest in the coniferous Scots Pine(Pinus sylvestris) *** were no inter-forest differences in hatching(percentage of nests with at least one egg hatched) and fledging(percentage of nests in which at least one nestling fledged)***,there were no inter-forest differences in adult and nestling biometry,but adults that raised more fledglings had a lower body mass,while males whose females laid larger clutches had smaller *** ectoparasites did not affect Blue Tit reproduction,although Culicoides had a negative impact on nestling body *** results

关键词： Birds Breeding success Cavity-nesting birds Paridae Passerines Reproduction

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Morphological and genetic differentiation in isolated populations of Mexican beech Fagus grandifolia ***

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Journal of Forestry Research 2021年第5期32卷 2169-2179页

作者： Dulce María Galván-hernández Pablo Octavio-Aguilar luis Lazcano-Cruz Arturo Sánchez-González Population Ecology Laboratory of the Biological Research Center Autonomous University of HidalgoKm 4.5 Pachuca-Tulancingo HighwayCP 42184 Mineral de La ReformaHidalgoMexico Genetic Laboratory of the Biological Research Center Autonomous University of HidalgoKm 4.5 Pachuca-Tulancingo HighwayCP 42184 Mineral de La ReformaHidalgoMexico

Mexican beech[Fagus grandifolia ***(Martinez)***]is a subspecies endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental Mountains and considered endangered due to the low density of its populations and high degree of habitat fragmentation and environmental *** its morphological and genetic variation is associated with its ability to adapt to changes in environmental conditions,the objective of this study was to determine whether phenotypic and genotypic variation exist,and it relationships with population reduction *** four beech populations in the states of Hidalgo and Veracruz,we analyzed 11 morphological variables for leaves and 6 micros atellite *** morphological variables that to discriminate between populations were related to the size of the leaf,but a robust differentiation pattern was not found,given that independent groups of leaves were *** populations located closest to each other,had greater genetic variation and less genetic distance;populations in the extreme north and south had the lowest genetic *** differentiation among populations was associated with reduction in population *** the 3 localities in Hidalgo,recent bottlenecks were identified,and in Veracruz,an old bottleneck was *** in leaf morphology and genetic structure of Mexican beech populations could be the result of a combination of various geographical,climate and ecological factors.

关键词： Adaptation Bottleneck Genetic structure Leaf morphology Mexico Sierra madre oriental

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The new kid on the block in insect pest management:sprayable RNAi goes commercial

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2024年第8期67卷 1766-1768页

作者： Junjie Yan Ralf Nauen Stuart Reitz Andrei Alyokhin Jiang Zhang David Mota-Sanchez Yonggyun Kim Subba Reddy Palli Silvia I.Rondon Brian A.Nault Juan luis Jurat-Fuentes Michael S.Crossley William E.Snyder Angharad M.R.Gatehouse Myron P.Zalucki Bruce E.Tabashnik Yulin Gao State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193China Bayer AG Crop Science DivisionR&DPest ControlMonheim 40789Germany Department of Crop and Soil Science Oregon State UniversityOntario 97914USA School of Biology and Ecology University of MaineOrono 04469USA Shenzhen Branch Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern AgricultureKey Laboratory of Synthetic BiologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsAgricultural Genomics Institute at ShenzhenChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhen 518000China Department of Entomology Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing 48864USA Department of Plant Medicals Andong National UniversityAndong 36729Republic of Korea Department of Entomology University of KentuckyLexington 40503USA Oregon State University Oregon Integrated Pest Management CenterCorvallis 97838USA Department of Entomology Cornell UniversityCornell AgriTechGeneva 14456USA Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology University of TennesseeKnoxville 37996USA Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology University of DelawareNewark 19716USA Department of Entomology University of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia 30602USA School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE17RUUK School of the Environment University of QueenslandBrisbane 4072Australia Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management College of Plant Health and MedicineQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdao 266109China Department of Entomology University of ArizonaTucson 85721USA National Center of Excellence for Tuber and Root Crop Research Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China

Insect pest damage to crops is a threat to global food security(Tilman et al.,2011).Climate change,the evolution of insecticide resistance,and the phasing out of insecticides due to environmental and safety concerns exacerbate this *** urgently need safe and effective crop protection tools to sustainably generate yields that meet ever-increasing global demand.

关键词： crops damage pest

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Sudden cardiac death in anabolic androgenic steroids abuse: case report and literature review

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Forensic Sciences Research 2019年第3期4卷 267-273页

作者： Ana Isabel hernández-Guerra Javier Tapia luis Manuel Menéndez-Quintanal Joaquín S.Lucena Histopathology Service National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences(NITFS)Canary Islands DepartmentTenerifeSpain Forensic Pathology Service Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences(ILMFS)Las Palmas de Gran CanariaSpain Chemistry Service NITFSCanary Islands DepartmentTenerifeSpain Forensic Pathology Service ILMFSSevilleSpain

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) have several adverse effects on the cardiovascular system that may lead to a sudden cardiac death (SCD).We herein report a case involving a 24-year-old male,AAS abuser with intramuscular delivery in the 6 months before,who suffered a cardiorespiratory arrest at home's bathtub when returning from New Year's party.A forensic autopsy was performed according to the guidelines of the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology (AECVP).The body showed hypertrophy of skeletal musculature,with low amount of subcutaneous fat and no signs of injury (body mass index,BMh 26.8 kg/m^(2)).On internal examination,there were multiorgan congestion,acute pulmonary edema,and cardiomegaly (420 g) with severe coronary atherosclerosis and superimposed acute occlusive thrombosis at the left main trunk and left anterior *** of scarring were located at the intersection between the posterior wall and the posterior third of the septum (postero-septal).At histology,acute myocardial infarction at the anterior third of the septum and the anterior wall,and subacute myocardial infarction at apical septum and apical posterior wall were *** findings were small intramyocardial vessel disease and myocytes *** analysis in blood showed ethanol ((0.90 ±0.05) g/L),stanazolol (11.31 μg/L),nandrolone (2.05μg/L) and testosterone (<1.00μg/L).When confronted with a sudden death in a young athlete we must pay attention to the physical phenotype that may suggest AAS abuse and perform a detailed examination of the *** analysis is a key to establish the relationship between SCD and AAS abuse.

关键词： Forensic sciences forensic pathology anabolic androgenic steroids(AAS) sudden cardiac death autopsy cardiac pathology toxicology

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Characteristics and in-hospital mortality of elderly patients with heart failure in Spanish hospitals

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Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2023年第4期20卷 247-255页

作者： Alberto Esteban-Fernández Manuel Anguita-Sánchez Juan luis Bonilla-Palomas María Anguita-Gámez María García Joséluis Bernal Náyade Del Prado Cristina Fernández-Pérez Julián Pérez-Villacastin Juan JoséGómez-Doblas Francisco Javier Elola Cardiology Department Hospital Universitario Severo OchoaMadridSpain Cardiology Department Hospital Universitario Reina SofíaCórdobaSpain Cardiology Department Hospital San Juan de la CruzÚbedaSpain Cardiology Department Hospital Clínico San CarlosMadridSpain Fundación Instituto para la Mejora de la Asistencia Sanitaria MadridSpain Management Control Department Hospital Universitario 12 de OctubreMadridSpain Department of Preventive Medicine Área Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela y BarbanzaInstituto de Investigación de SantiagoSantiago de CompostelaSpain Cardiology Department Hospital Universitario Virgen de la VictoriaMálagaSpain

BACKGROUND The prevalence of heart failure(HF)increases with age,and it is one of the leading causes of hospitalization and death in older ***,there are little data on in-hospital mortality in patients with HF≥75 years in *** A retrospective analysis of the Spanish Minimum Basic Data Set was performed,including all HF episodes discharged from public hospitals in Spain between 2016 and *** was performed using the International Classification of Diseases,10th ***≥75 years with HF as the principal diagnosis were *** calculated:(1)the crude in-hospital mortality rate and its distribution according to age and sex;(2)the risk-standardized in-hospital mortality ratio;and(3)the association between in-hospital mortality and the availability of an intensive cardiac care unit(ICCU)in the *** We included 354,792 HF episodes of patients over 75 *** mean age was 85.2±5.5 years,and 59.2%of patients were *** most frequent comorbidities were renal failure(46.1%),diabetes mellitus(35.5%),valvular disease(33.9%),cardiorespiratory failure(29.8%),and hypertension(26.9%).In-hospital mortality was 12.7%,and increased with age[odds ratio(OR)=1.07,95%CI:1.07–1.07,P<0.001]and was lower in women(OR=0.96,95%CI:0.92–0.97,P<0.001).The main predictors of mortality were the presence of cardiogenic shock(OR=19.5,95%CI:16.8–22.7,P<0.001),stroke(OR=3.5,95%CI:3.0–4.0,P<0.001)and advanced cancer(OR=2.6,95%CI:2.5–2.8,P<0.001).In hospitals with ICCU,the in-hospital risk-adjusted mortality tended to be lower(OR=0.85,95%CI:0.72–1.00,P=0.053).CONCLUSIONS In-hospital mortality in patients with HF≥75 years between 2016 and 2019 was 12.7%,higher in males and elderly *** main predictors of mortality were cardiogenic shock,stroke,and advanced *** was a trend toward lower mortality in centers with an ICCU.

关键词： patients mortality diagnosis

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Correlation between Intestinal Health and Coccidiosis Prevalence in Broilers during Different Seasons of the Year in Brazil from 2012 to 2018

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 179-198页

作者： Fabio luis Gazoni Gabriela Miotto Galli Marcel Manente Boiago Lenita Moura Stefani Aline Zampar Marco A. Juárez-Estrada Guillermo Tellez-Isaias Aleksandro S. da Silva Animal Health and Reproduction Veterinary Medicine Graduate Program Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) Santa Maria Brazil Animal Science Graduate Program Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre Brazil Animal Science Graduate Program Santa Catarina State University (UDESC) Chapecó Brazil Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de Mexico Mexico Department of Poultry Science Division of Agriculture University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR USA

Coccidiosis is a disease caused by intracellular protozoan parasites, specifically belonging to the genus Eimeria. These parasites target the gastrointestinal tract in different types of hosts, causing sores in the intestinal lining. The presence of these lesions reduces the animal’s ability to digest and absorb nutrients, significantly impacting their overall performance. The current study aimed to explore the potential correlation between seasonal variations and the incidence of Eimeria spp-induced lesions in broiler chickens’ gastrointestinal tracts in Brazil from 2012 to 2018. A total of 8,607 broiler chickens, aged 14 to 42 days, were sampled from 103 poultry integrated companies in Brazil to conduct intestinal health examinations. The sampling process involved selecting 3 to 6 chickens from each poultry house for examination. The assessment included various abnormalities such as shedding of intestinal cells and excessive fluid and mucus presence, thickening and tension of the intestines, food movement, roughened mucosal surface resembling a Turkish towel in the small intestine, tissue death, duodenal inflammation, intestinal inflammation, gizzard erosion, presence of worms and bedding material, and ingestion of mealworms. During the seasons, winter exhibited the highest average occurrence of Eimeria maxima microorganisms at 52.83%, with E. acervulina following closely at 26.42% in second place. In spring, E. maxima had an occurrence of 11.31%, while in fall, E. tenella had the lowest occurrence at 6.74%. When analyzing the seasonal occurrence of Eimeria, it was observed that E. maxima micro was more common during winter compared to summer (P = 0.0491). However, no discernible variation was observed in the occurrence of the remaining species across different seasons. Research findings suggest that subclinical coccidiosis is most prevalent during the winter season in Brazil. Likewise, clinical disease caused by E. acervulina is also prevalent during this time. I

关键词： Eimeria Epidemiology Intestinal Pathology Broiler Chickens Brazil

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Epidemiology of work-related hand and wrist injuries in a referral center: A descriptive study

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World Journal of Orthopedics 2024年第7期15卷 650-659页

作者： Angélica M Rodríguez Ginna P Tocanchón Jessica T Villalba luis M Pombo Aníbal A Teherán Gabriel Camero-Ramos Karen P Ayala Gerhard M Acero Research Center Fundación Universitaria Juan N.CorpasBogotá111321Colombia Red Cross Cruz Roja Colombiana-Seccional Cundinamarca BogotáBogotá111221Colombia Vigilancia Epidemiológica Instituto Nacional de SaludBogotá111321Colombia

BACKGROUND Occupational hand and wrist injuries(OHWIs)account for 25%of work-related accidents in low-and middle-income *** Colombia,more than 500000 occupational accidents occurred in 2021,and although the rate declined to less than 5%in 2020 and 2021,at least one in four accidents involved a hand or wrist *** To describe the OHWIs in workers seen at the emergency room at a second-level hospital in *** An observational study was performed using data from workers who experienced OHWIs and attended a second-level hospital,between June,2020 and May,*** overall frequency of OHWIs,as well as their distribution by sociodemo-graphic,clinical,and occupational variables,are ***,association patterns between sex,anatomical area(fingers,hand,wrist),and type of job were analyzed by correspondence analysis(CA).RESULTS There were 2.101 workers treated for occupational accidents,423(20.3%)were cases of OHWIs,which mainly affected men(93.9%)with a median age of 31 years and who worked mainly in mining(75.9%).OHWIs were more common in the right upper extremity(55.3%)and comprised different types of injuries,such as contusion(42.1%),laceration(27.9%),fracture(18.7%),and crush injury(15.6%).They primarily affected the phalanges(95.2%),especially those of the first finger(25.7%).The CAs showed associations between the injured anatomical area and the worker’s job that differed in men and women(explained variance>90%).CONCLUSION One out of five workers who suffered occupational accidents in Cundinamarca,Columbia had an OHWI,affecting mainly males employed in *** occupational profile is likely to lead to prolonged rehabilitation,and permanent functional *** results might be useful for adjusting preventive measures in cluster risk groups.

关键词： Accidents Occupational Epidemiology Hand injuries Wrist injuries Occupational health

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Treatment and prevention of epilepsy in onchocerciasis-endemic areas is urgently needed

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2024年第1期13卷 85-89页

作者： Robert Colebunders Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo Olivia Kamoen luis-Jorge Amaral Amber Hadermann Chiara Trevisan Mark J.Taylor Julia Gauglitz Achim Hoerauf Yasuaki Sato Katja Polman Maria-Gloria Basanez Dan Bhwana Thomson Lakwo Gasim Abd-Elfarag Sebastien D.Pion Global Health Institute University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium Department of Neurology Heilig Hart ZiekenhuisLierBelgium Department of Public Health Institute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine LiverpoolUK Department of Computer Science University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium Institute of Medical Microbiology Immunology and ParasitologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany German Center for Infection Research(DZIF) Partner Site Bonn-CologneBonnGermany School of Global Humanities and Social Sciences Nagasaki UniversityNagasakiJapan MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and London Centre for Neglected TropicalDisease Research Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologySchool of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUK National Institute for Medical Research TangaTanzania Vector Control Division Ministry of HealthKampalaUganda School of Public Health University of JubaJubaSouth Sudan Access for Humanity JubaSouth Sudan French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development MontpellierFrance

Background There is increasing epidemiological evidence supporting the association between onchocerciasis and seizures, reinforcing the concept of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE). The aim of this paper is to provide an update on the new knowledge about OAE and to propose recommendations to the World Health Organization how to address this public health *** text During the 2nd International Workshop on OAE held on 19-21 September, 2023, in Antwerp, Belgium, participants recognised OAE as a substantial yet neglected public health problem, particularly in areas of sub-Saharan Africa where onchocerciasis remains hyperendemic. Evidence from prospective population-based studies suggest that strengthening onchocerciasis elimination efforts leads to a significant reduction of OAE incidence. There is a need to validate an OAE case definition to estimate the burden of disease and identify onchocerciasis-endemic areas requiring intensification of onchocerciasis elimination programmes and integration of epilepsy care. It is expected that raising awareness about OAE will boost the population uptake of ivermectin. The implementation of a community-based epilepsy treatment programme offering free anti-seizure medications (ASMs) has shown high effectiveness in reducing the frequency of seizures and improving the overall quality of life of people with *** To reduce OAE burden, enhanced collaboration between onchocerciasis and mental health programmes at community, national, and international levels is required. Urgent efforts are needed to ensure the uninterrupted provision of free ASMs in onchocerciasis-endemic areas. Furthermore, OAE should be included in the quantification of the onchocerciasis disease burden.

关键词： Onchocerciasis Morbidity Burden of disease Prevention Ivermectin Epilepsy Nodding syndrome Treatment Children Policy

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Risk Factors Associated with Unsuccessful Vaginal Birth after One Cesarean (VBAC-1) in Puerto Rico

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2024年第6期14卷 888-902页

作者： Irazú Guinan Marjorie Suárez Fabiola Angulo luis Mayol Paula Suárez Lisandris Dominicci Nathalie Chang Saribel Torres Antonio Rodríguez Raymond L. Tremblay Maricarmen Colón-Díaz Department of Physiology and Pathology San Juan Bautista School of Medicine Caguas USA

Background: Cesarean section (CS) has increased steadily over the last decade, with an estimated one-third of women delivering by cesarean section worldwide. Objective: Our study aimed to investigate the demographic and associated factors influencing vaginal birth after one cesarean (VBAC-1) success focusing on variables like pre-pregnancy BMI, diabetes, hypertension, education, and smoking. Study Design and Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed 285 cases (81 unsuccessful VBAC-1, 204 successful VBAC-1) from San Juan City Hospital (Puerto Rico) between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2020. We used odds ratios and model selection comparison to assess the impact of variables on successful VBAC-1, using a significance threshold of 95% CI. Model selection assessed binomial model combinations using a generalized linear approach to identify key risk factors. Results: Unsuccessful VBAC-1 (a repeat cesarean), was associated with diabetes (OR: 0.376, p = 0.086), hypertension (OR: 0.23, p = 0.006), and university-educated women (OR: 1.372, p = 0.711). High school-educated women had an OR of 3.966 (p = 0.105), while overweight women were 0.481 times more likely to have unsuccessful VBAC-1 (p = 0.041). Significant associations were not found with obesity (OR: 0.574, p = 0.122), underweight/normal (OR: 1.01, p = 0.810), or smoking (OR: 1.227, p = 0.990). Conclusion: Results revealed women with higher education levels, hypertension, or diabetes are less likely to have a successful VBAC-1. Understanding the complex interactions affecting these outcomes is aimed at establishing guidelines for healthcare professionals to conduct systematic risk/benefit assessments. This study lays a foundation for evidence-based practices and policies, offering initial insights into VBAC-1 success factors in Puerto Rico.

关键词： Diabetes Hypertension Obesity Trial of Labor Vaginal Birth after Cesarean

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