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Spatial Downscaling of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation Using Geographically Weighted Regression Kriging over the Lancang River Basin, China

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Chinese Geographical Science 2019年第3期29卷 446-462页

作者： LI Yungang ZHANG Yueyuan he daming LUO Xian JI Xuan Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security Yunnan University Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security Yunnan University

Satellite-based precipitation products have been widely used to estimate precipitation, especially over regions with sparse rain gauge networks. However, the low spatial resolution of these products has limited their application in localized regions and *** study investigated a spatial downscaling approach, Geographically Weighted Regression Kriging(GWRK), to downscale the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) 3 B43 Version 7 over the Lancang River Basin(LRB) for 2001–2015. Downscaling was performed based on the relationships between the TRMM precipitation and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI), the Land Surface Temperature(LST), and the Digital Elevation Model(DEM). Geographical ratio analysis(GRA) was used to calibrate the annual downscaled precipitation data, and the monthly fractions derived from the original TRMM data were used to disaggregate annual downscaled and calibrated precipitation to monthly precipitation at 1 km resolution. The final downscaled precipitation datasets were validated against station-based observed precipitation in 2001–2015. Results showed that: 1) The TRMM 3 B43 precipitation was highly accurate with slight overestimation at the basin scale(i.e., CC(correlation coefficient) = 0.91, Bias = 13.3%). Spatially, the accuracies of the upstream and downstream regions were higher than that of the midstream region. 2) The annual downscaled TRMM precipitation data at 1 km spatial resolution obtained by GWRK effectively captured the high spatial variability of precipitation over the LRB. 3) The annual downscaled TRMM precipitation with GRA calibration gave better accuracy compared with the original TRMM dataset. 4) The final downscaled and calibrated precipitation had significantly improved spatial resolution, and agreed well with data from the validated rain gauge stations, i.e., CC = 0.75, RMSE(root mean square error) = 182 mm, MAE(mean absolute error) = 142 mm, and Bias = 0.78%for annual precipitation and CC = 0.9

关键词： precipitation Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) 3B43 Geographically Weighted Regression Kriging(GWRK) spatial downscaling the Lancang River Basin,China

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Hydrological Simulation Using TRMM and CHIRPS Precipitation Estimates in the Lower Lancang-Mekong River Basin

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Chinese Geographical Science 2019年第1期29卷 13-25页

作者： LUO Xian WU Wenqi he daming LI Yungang JI Xuan Asian International Rivers Center Yunnan University Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security

Satellite-based products with high spatial and temporal resolution provide useful precipitation information for data-sparse or ungauged large-scale watersheds. In the Lower Lancang-Mekong River Basin, rainfall stations are sparse and unevenly distributed, and the transboundary characteristic makes the collection of precipitation data more difficult, which has restricted hydrological processes simulation. In this study, daily precipitation data from four datasets(gauge observations, inverse distance weighted(IDW) data, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) estimates, and Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations(CHIRPS) estimates), were applied to drive the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) model, and then their capability for hydrological simulation in the Lower Lancang-Mekong River Basin were examined. TRMM and CHIRPS data showed good performances on precipitation estimation in the Lower Lancang-Mekong River Basin, with the better performance for TRMM product. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE) values of gauge, IDW, TRMM, and CHIRPS simulations during the calibration period were 0.87, 0.86, 0.95, and 0.93 for monthly flow, respectively, and those for daily flow were 0.75, 0.77, 0.86, and 0.84, respectively. TRMM and CHIRPS data were superior to rain gauge and IDW data for driving the hydrological model, and TRMM data produced the best simulation performance. Satellite-based precipitation estimates could be suitable data sources when simulating hydrological processes for large data-poor or ungauged watersheds, especially in international river basins for which precipitation observations are difficult to collect. CHIRPS data provide long precipitation time series from 1981 to near present and thus could be used as an alternative precipitation input for hydrological simulation, especially for the period without TRMM data. For satellite-based precipitation products, the differences in the occurrence frequencies and amounts of precipitation with

关键词： hydrological simulation satellite-based precipitation estimates spatial distribution of precipitation international river the Lower Lancang-Mekong River Basin

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Water Cooperation Priorities in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin Based on Cooperative Events Since the Mekong River Commission Establishment

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Chinese Geographical Science 2019年第1期29卷 58-69页

作者： FENG Yan WANG Wenling SUMAN Daniel YU Shiwei he daming Asian International Rivers Center Yunnan University Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security Yunnan University Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science University of Miami

The Lancang-Mekong River has attracted much attention from researchers, but the cooperation on water issues in this river basin has been limited, even after the establishment of the Mekong River Commission(MRC). Cooperation on water resources has been determined as one of the key priority areas in the Lancang-Mekong Cooperation Mechanism, but there are no details of targets. In order to establish the priorities of water cooperation under the mechanism, we adopted nine categories to classify the objectives of 87 water cooperation events based on the ‘Lancang-Mekong Water Cooperative Events Database' from 1995 to 2015. Based on the occurrence of cooperative events, cooperative objectives, cooperative scales, and approaches to cooperation, we conducted statistical, correlation, and text analyses. Our analyses indicated the following results: under the impact of economic conditions inside and outside the river basin, full cooperation appeared more difficult than bilateral and multilateral cooperation. Each of the partners adopted different preferences for cooperation targets. Cooperation with more definite objectives was easier to establish than cooperation with broader and more complex objectives. The potential objectives for water cooperation were navigation, hydropower, joint management, data sharing, flood control and water use. Because hydropower development is controversial, and because water cooperation is avoided by most existing regional cooperation mechanisms due to its complexity, we suggest the following priority areas for water cooperation in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin. 1) Navigation and flood control/drought relief are attractive objectives for all the riparian countries across the whole watershed. 2) Data sharing should be a priority for cooperation in the watershed due to its laying the foundation for the equitable and reasonable utilization of transboundary waters. 3) Hydropower is an objective best implemented mainly through bilateral cooperation,

关键词： water cooperation objective cooperative scale the Lancang-Mekong River riparian country Mekong River Commission

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Transboundary eco-security and its regulation system in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第A02期52卷 1-9页

作者： he daming LIU Jiang HU JinMing FEN Yan GAN Su Asian International Rivers Center Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China

这份报纸讨论了 transboundary eco 安全问题，他们的分发模式，特征和驱动力，和在纵的范围峡区域(LRGR ) 的规定系统。除了沙灰尘暴风雨，主要 transboundary eco 安全问题能在 LRGR 沿着中国的陆上的边阶区域被发现。直接驱动力包括... 详细信息

这份报纸讨论了 transboundary eco 安全问题，他们的分发模式，特征和驱动力，和在纵的范围峡区域(LRGR ) 的规定系统。除了沙灰尘暴风雨，主要 transboundary eco 安全问题能在 LRGR 沿着中国的陆上的边阶区域被发现。直接驱动力包括了串联水力发出的电力水坝，高速公路和国际航行开发的构造，斜坡陆地耕作和矿物质探索。Transboundary eco 安全问题沿着国际水路在陆上的区域，和下游的国家影响附近的区域。在邻国的生态的变化在 LRGR 在国内方面上有效果，例如种类侵略。综合措施应该被考虑，包括边阶 eco 保护工程和 transboundary 自然保护区的构造，生态的阀值安装，种类侵略控制，监视平台的 eco 安全的建立，组成生态的赔偿机制和法律(规则) 并且机构，和能力大楼。在 LRGR 处理 transboundary 问题的最重要的任务是国际性地形成参与合作机制，为 transboundary eco 安全建立资金，实现生态的赔偿策略，并且开发信息交换站台和警告系统。

关键词：生态系统纵向岭谷区分配模式生态安全

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Influence of ＂corridor- barrier＂ function on water demand of paddy irrigation in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2006年第B11期51卷 9-15页

作者： GU Shixiang he daming LI Yuanhua FU Hua School of Water Resources and Hydropower Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China Yunnan Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Investigation Design and Research Kunming 650021 China Asian International Rivers Center Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China National Center of Irrigation and Drainage Development Beijing 100053 China Yunnan Provincial Water Resources Bureau Kunming 650021 China

Based on the daily data at the four weather stations of Baoshan, Jinghong, Yuanjiang in the longitudinal range-gorge region, and Kunming nearby from 1970 to 2000, the daily evapotranspiration (ET0) changes at the four stations were analyzed. It was found that: (1) the daily ET0 shows the "delay phenomenon", it means that the daily ET0 change goes up to the maximum point in May and then starts to go down with a wave-like "delay phenomenon" at 80%-85% of ET0max value till Autumn, and the change trend significantly differs from that of other regions in China. Affected by the meteorological factors, the maximum values of paddy water demand and irrigation water consumption do not appear with the peak of paddy growth at the same time, it has a two month's delay. Paddy water requirement intensity is 6.1-8.2 mm/d and its change scale extent is less than that in central China. (2) Under the influence of "corridor-barrier" function on the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region (LRGR), the paddy irrigation water requirement was related to latitude, longitude, and altitude. In the region of 23.5 degrees N with altitude 1550 m, the correlation coefficient between paddy irrigation water demand and latitude is 0.857, the irrigation quota ranges from 6240 to 8550 m(3)/hm(2); and affected by southwest and southeast monsoons in LRGR, the correlation coefficients between the paddy irrigation water demand and the longitude in the east bank and west bank of Red River great canyon are 0.631 and 0.913 respectively, and the irrigation quotas are 7260 -7440 m(3)/hm(2) and 5970-7740 m(3)/hm(2) respectively; the coefficient between paddy irrigation water demand and altitude at 100 E area is 0.636, the quota is 6240-8550 m(3)/hm(2).

关键词：蒸发作用灌溉需求季风水文学

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Climatic control of plant species richness along elevation gradients in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第A02期52卷 50-58页

作者： LIU Yang ZHANG YiPing he daming CAO Min ZHU Hua Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650223 China Asian Intemational Rivers Center Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

在纵的范围峡区域(LRGR ) 在种类丰富探索举起坡度并且评估气候的变量和区域怎么可以解释种类丰富的模式， 5 座山被选择。根据举起，山，种类丰富，区域的价值和气候的变量的维的坡度在每 100 m 地区被计算。在沿着举起坡度的种子工厂... 详细信息

在纵的范围峡区域(LRGR ) 在种类丰富探索举起坡度并且评估气候的变量和区域怎么可以解释种类丰富的模式， 5 座山被选择。根据举起，山，种类丰富，区域的价值和气候的变量的维的坡度在每 100 m 地区被计算。在沿着举起坡度的种子工厂种类丰富和气候的变量和区域之间的关系被分析。结果显示出那：(1 ) 种类丰富的 Elevational 模式不是制服并且能被划分在到二种类型。种类丰富的价值在低地是更高的然后与在热带山增加举起 monotonically 减少。种类丰富在副热带的山在举起坡度的更低的一半向高价值与偏爱有单峰的模式。(2 ) 种类密度的模式在沿着举起坡度的种类丰富与那一样。(3 ) 在气候变量之中，实际土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量(AET ) 与种类丰富作为水精力平衡的大小有强壮的关系。在种类丰富的衰落在副热带的山的低地由于更高的温度和更少的降水。

关键词：纵向岭谷区倾斜度气候植物物种

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LUCC and its spatial expansion in frontier zone of the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第A02期52卷 98-105页

作者： GAN Shu he daming FENG Yan DENG QingYan CheN WenHua Asian Intemational Rivers Center of Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China

我们作为学习区域选择了纵的范围峡区域( LRGR )的边疆地区，基于遥感和普通调查方法，使用的空间信息处理技术和分析方法得到的另外的相关信息监视的 LUCC 的数据收集，并且探索了 LUCC 风景“在这个特殊区域的 s 特征和它的空间扩大... 详细信息

我们作为学习区域选择了纵的范围峡区域( LRGR )的边疆地区，基于遥感和普通调查方法，使用的空间信息处理技术和分析方法得到的另外的相关信息监视的 LUCC 的数据收集，并且探索了 LUCC 风景“在这个特殊区域的 s 特征和它的空间扩大效果。这研究的目的是发现风景模式和它的变化趋势，并且在 LRGR 的边疆地区为生态学安全管理提供背景资料。主要结果如下：在森林作为风景矩阵是占优势的盖子类型的学习区域展览的 LUCC 模式，当另外的类型是补丁或马赛克元素时……在这个模式下面，因为在有时间变化的不同类型的转变，他们被自然环境状况，或由人的行动影响。所有当考虑他们天赋的不同层次时，沿着 LRGR 的边疆地区的县或城市，环境调节，社会经济发展地位和管理举止，证明 LUCC 空间扩大模式具有与仅仅认为距离是长度抵抗的不同的分区集聚特征。

关键词：纵向岭谷区空间延伸边境地区分析方法

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Spatial variability of irrigation factors and their relationships with “corridor-barrier” functions in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第A02期52卷 33-41页

作者： GU ShiXiang he daming CUI YuanLai XIE XianHong LI YuanHua State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China Yunnan Institute for Investigation Design and Research of Water Resources & Hydropower Engineering Kunming 650021 China Asian International Rivers Center Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China Department of Irrigation Drainage and Rural Water Supply Ministry of Water Resources P. R. China Beijing 100053 China

在纵的范围峡区域( LRGR )和包围区域从 1971～2000 在 58 个气象学的车站基于每月气象学的数据，包括每年的 et 0 的六个因素，最大的每月的 et 0 (5月)，最小的每月的 et 0 (12月)，稻灌溉限额和全部的农业灌溉限额(到6月的从4月... 详细信息

在纵的范围峡区域( LRGR )和包围区域从 1971～2000 在 58 个气象学的车站基于每月气象学的数据，包括每年的 et 0 的六个因素，最大的每月的 et 0 (5月)，最小的每月的 et 0 (12月)，稻灌溉限额和全部的农业灌溉限额(到6月的从4月的每年、主要的灌溉时期)被选择用一条 geostatistical 途径检验他们的空间可变性。结果显示 Morans 的系数我，描述空间自相关的紧张，比在另外的方向在纵的方向是更大的；六个参数的空间可变性被结构的因素财务主要为 60.2%87.9% 引起；et 0 的最大的可变性(每年，在 5 月和 12 月) 出现在西北东南和东北西南方向。由于夏天季风从印度洋和太平洋的大气的环流，和大陆人在冬季，最小的分数维的尺寸和 et 0 的最大的空间可变性的温暖干燥的电流(每年，在 5 月和 12 月) 发生在西南东北和东南西北方向。稻和全部的农业灌溉要求的最高的可变性由于纵的河的走廊功能引起的蒸汽和精力散开发生在南方北方方向。最小的空间自相关在东方西方方向，它证明农业灌溉要求的六个参数被走廊障碍功能在 LRGR 和它的包围区域影响。

关键词：空间可变性灌溉影响因素纵向岭谷区

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Distribution and Susceptibility Assessment of Collapses and Landslides in the Riparian Zone of the Xiaowan Reservoir

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Chinese Geographical Science 2019年第1期29卷 70-85页

作者： ZHONG Ronghua he daming HU Jinming DUAN Xingwu HUANG Jiangcheng CheNG Xupeng Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security Yunnan University Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security Yunnan University

The southwest alpine gorge region is the major state base of hydropower energy development in China and hence planned many cascading hydropower stations. After the reservoir impoundment, the intense water level fluctuations under the interaction of cascade dams operating and the mountainous flooding, usually cause bank collapse, landslide and debris flow hazards. The Xiaowan reservoir(XWR), for example, as the ‘dragon head' meg reservoir located in the middle mainstream of Lancang River, have resulted in a series of geohazards during its building and operating. In this study, we investigated the number and surface area of collapses and landslides(CLs) occurred in the water level fluctuations zone(WLFZ) of XWR using remote sensing images of Gaofen-1 and Google Earth; evaluated the CLs susceptibility using information value method. The results presented that the total WLFZ area of 87.03 km2 and 804 CLs masses with a total area of 1.98 km2 were identified in the riparian zone of XWR. CLs mainly occurred at an elevation of 1190–1240 m, and the CLs density increased with an increase in altitude. The WLFZ with a slope gradient of 25°– 45° is the main CLs distribution area that accounts for more than half of the total CLs area. The susceptibility assessment revealed that high and very high susceptibility zones are generally distributed along zones with an elevation of 1210–1240 m, a slope degree of 25°–45° and a slope aspect perpendicular to the direction of Lancang River. Furthermore, these susceptible zones are close in distance to the dam site and tend to be in the riparian zones with the formation lithology of Silurian strata. These results provide a valuable contribution to prevent and control geohazards in the XWR area. Moreover, this study offers a constructive sample of geohazards assessment in the riparian zone of large reservoirs throughout the mountains of southwest China.

关键词： susceptibility assessment collapses and landslides water level fluctuations Xiaowan Reservoir Lancang-Mekong River

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Linkages of transboundary water allocation and its eco-thresholds with international laws

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2006年第B11期51卷 25-32页

作者： FENG Yan he daming GAN Shu GU Ying Asian International Rivers Center at Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute Nanjing 210024 China

Based on the case study of Lancang-Mekong river, analyses have been made on the database of bilateral and multilateral treaties/agreement of transboundary water resources in the world and the regional agreements of Mekong River, the principles of the equitable and reasonable utilization, and causing no significant harm, index system and related models on transboundary water allocation have been worked out, and the key ecologic thresholds of the maximum and minimum water flow and water level of water allocation have been defined. By using the data of water resources development and utilization at present and development objectives of the riparian states, to ensure the ecological environment demand of water in the river basin and based on the water yields in the riparian states, 5 types of 3 kinds of water allocation schemes with water volume as the core have been set up, viz., the whole allocation, the project allocation and the river-basin-integrated allocation. By comparing the beneficial effect of each scheme, the results show that (1) the whole allocation scheme can equitably define the available water consumption volume of each state, but cannot sustain the ecological objectives in the river basin; (2) the project allocation scheme can meet the needs of the most riparian states, but cannot meet the drainage ecologic need (esp. to prevent the intrusion of saltwater in Mekong Delta) and the development objectives of Vietnam; (3) the integrated allocation scheme can meet the development need of each state in the predictable period and sustainability of drainage ecology, but the beneficial countries should make compensation to the others so as to materialize the fairness of transboundary water allocation.

关键词：贯穿边界水分配索引系统澜沧江-湄公河水文学

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