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Collective Computation,Information Flow,and the Emergence of Hunter-Gatherer Small-Worlds

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journal of Social Computing 2022年第1期3卷 18-37页

作者： Marcus j.hamilton the Department of Anthropology University of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTX 78249USA.

Two key features of human sociality are anatomically complex brains with neuron-dense cerebral cortices,and the propensity to form complex social networks with *** brains and complex social networks facilitate flows of fitness-enhancing energy and information at multiple scales of social ***,we consider how these flows interact to shape the emergence of macroscopic regularities in hunter-gatherer macroecology relative to other mammals and non-human *** computation is the processing of information by complex adaptive systems to generate inferences in order to solve adaptive *** hunter-gatherer societies the adaptive problem is to resolve uncertainty in generative models used to predict complex environments in order to maximize inclusive *** macroecological solution is to link complex brains in social networks to form collective brains that perform collective *** developing theory and analyzing data,the author shows hunter-gatherers bands of~16 people,or~4 co-residing families,form the largest collective brains of any social ***,because individuals,families,and bands interact at multiple time scales,these fission-fusion dynamics lead to the emergence of the macroscopic regularities in hunter-gatherer macroecology we observe in cross-cultural *** results show how computation is distributed across spatially-extended social networks forming decentralized knowledge systems characteristic of hunter-gatherer *** flow of information at scales far beyond daily interactions leads to the emergence of small-worlds where highly clustered local interactions are embedded within much larger,but sparsely connected multilevel metapopulations.

关键词： complex adaptive systems hierarchically modular networks collective brains macroecology allometry mammals primates

Restoring the gut microbiome for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases

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World journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第13期20卷 3468-3474页

作者： jessica R Allegretti Matthew j hamilton Division of Gastroenterology Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02115United States

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is considered to be a highly successful therapy for recurrent and refractory Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) based on recent clinical trials. The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is thought to be due in part to perturbations in the gut microflora that disrupt homeostasis. FMT restores essential components of the microflora which could reverse the inflammatory processes observed in IBD. Case reports and series for the treatment of IBD by FMT have shown promise with regards to treatment success and safety despite the limitations of the reporting. Future studies will determine the optimal delivery and preparation of stool as well as the conditions under which the recipient will derive maximal benefit. The long term consequences of FMT with regards to infection, cancer, auto-immune, and metabolic diseases are not known and will require continued regulation and study. Despite these limitations, FMT may be beneficial for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, particularly those with concurrent CDI or with pouchitis.

关键词： Crohn’ s, Ulcerative colitis, Microbiota, Fecal transplantation, Dysbiosis, Pouchitis, Clostridium difficile, Probiotic

Waterbird use of farm dams in south-eastern Australia:abundance and influence of biophysical and landscape characteristics

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Chinese Birds 2017年第1期8卷 12-24页

作者： Andrew j.hamilton ChloéConort Aurore Bueno Christopher G.Murray james R.Grove Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of MelbourneDookie CampusCurrawaVIC 3647Australia Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor(Research and Innovation) Federation University AustraliaBallaratVIC 3353Australia Department of Rural Health Melbourne Medical School49 Graham StreetPO Box 6500SheppartonVIC 3632Australia École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse 31326 Castanet TolosanFrance Faculty of Science The University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC 3010Australia Faculty of Science Department of GeographyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC 3010Australia

Background: While agriculture has taken much environmental water in Australia's Murray-Darling Basin, agricultural expansion has resulted in a vast number of farm dams, almost three-quarters of a million in the Murray-Darling Basin ***: Over a summer we studied(1) waterbird abundance and species richness and(2) the influence of biophysical and landscape characteristics across 49 farm dams at a large mixed-enterprise farm in northern Victoria on the southern reach of the Murray-Darling ***: On average, dams were found to host 27.1 ± 71.1 individuals/ha and 1.8 ± 2.9 species per pond. Such densities are comparable to those on natural wetlands. Dam surface area and perimeter and amount of vegetation were positively and strongly correlated with the Rallidae density(birds/ha), but no other parameters were strongly correlated with any other functional group. The landscape in which the dams were embedded had a highly significant effect(p < 0.001) on the number of birds found on a ***: Our research needs to be complemented with further studies in other parts of the Basin and on other taxa, but given at our site they supported similar densities of individuals and species to natural wetlands, and given the fact that there are 710,539 farm dams in the Murray-Darling Basin, which hosts much of Australia's waterbird fauna, it is reasonable to suggest that farm dams are overlooked, and possibly very important, avian biodiversity hotspots. It also highlights the importance of a landscape setting, in which dams are situated, on the number of birds using the dams.

关键词： Farm ponds Waterbirds Waterfowl Zooplankton

Apparent redox potential discontinuity(aRPD) depth as a relative measure of sediment oxygen content and habitat quality

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International journal of Sediment Research 2015年第1期30卷 74-80页

作者： Travis G.GERWING Alyssa M.ALLEN GERWING Diana j.hamilton Myriam A.BARBEAU Department of Biology University of New Brunswick Department of Biology Mount Allison University

As hypoxic conditions spread in our oceans,indices that quickly and efficiently assess oxygen content in sediment pore water,and habitat quality are increasingly becoming *** to the apparent redox potential discontinuity(aRPD) in sediment is one such index;however,the relationship between aRPD depth and oxygen content is still *** quantified oxygen content in sediment pore water with a dissolved oxygen(DO) probe,utilizing luminescent technology,to determine how DO concentration varies with depth in the sediment,and with position relative to the aRPD(above versus below) on an intertidal mudflat in the Bay of Fundy,*** on generalized linear regression models,we found that depth in the sediment was a poor predictor of pore water DO concentration,while position in the sediment relative to the aRPD was a good ***,sediment above the aRPD had higher DO content than sediment *** maintain that aRPD depth is a good measure of relative oxygen content in sediment pore water,as well as habitat ***,we recommend caution as the factors that influence aRPD depth arc numerous and variable;therefore,the relationship between aRPD depth and DO content should be experimentally confirmed in any system of interest before aRPD depth is used as an indicator.

关键词： Anoxia Apparent redox potential discontinuity(aRPD) Dissolved oxygen Habitat quality Hypoxia Intertidal Marine benthos Sediment pore water.

Gastrointestinal Behcet's disease:A review

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World journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第13期21卷 3801-3812页

作者： Wasseem Skef Matthew j hamilton Thurayya Arayssi Department of Medicine St.Elizabeth’s Medical CenterBostonMA 02135United States Division of Gastroenterology Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02115United States Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar Doha 24144Qatar

Beh?et's disease(BD) is an idiopathic, chronic, relapsing, multi-systemic vasculitis characterized by recurrent oral and genital aphthous ulcers, ocular disease and skin lesions. Prevalence of BD is highest in countries along the ancient silk road from the Mediterranean basin to East Asia. By comparison, the prevalence in North American and Northern European countries is low. Gastrointestinal manifestations of Beh?et's disease are of particular importance as they are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although ileocecal involvement is most commonly described, BD may involve any segment of the intestinal tract as well as the various organs within the gastrointestinal system. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria- there are no pathognomonic laboratory tests. Methods for monitoring disease activity on therapy are available but imperfect. Evidence-based treatment strategies are lacking. Different classes of medications have been successfully used for the treatment of intestinal BD which include 5-aminosalicylic acid, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody therapy. Like inflammatory bowel disease, surgery is reserved for those who are resistant to medical therapy. A subset of patients have a poor disease course. Accurate methods to detect these patients and the optimal strategy for their treatment are not known at this time.

关键词： Behget syndrome Behget disease Upper gastrointestinal tract Inflammatory bowel disease Lower gastrointestinal tract Ulcer

The Transactivating Function 2 (AF-2) of Estrogen Receptor (ER) <i>α</i>Is Indispensable for ER<i>α</i>-Mediated Physiological Responses and AF-1 Activity

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Open journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases 2013年第4期3卷 12-19页

作者： Yukitomo Arao Katherine j. hamilton Kenneth S. Korach Receptor Biology Section Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH Research Triangle Park North Carolina USA

Estrogen has various physiological functions and the estrogen receptor (ER) is a key regulator of those functions. ERα is a ligand-dependent transcription factor and that activity is mediated by the transactivating function-1 (AF-1) in the N-terminal domain and transactivating function-2 (AF-2) in the C-terminal ligand-binding domain. The functions of ERα AF-1 and AF-2 have been characterized by various in vitro experiments, however, there is still less information about the in vivo physiological functions of ERα AF-1 and AF-2. Recently, we established a genetically mutated ERα AF-2 knock-in mouse (AF2ERKI) that possessed L543A, L544A mutated-ERα. This AF-2 core mutation disrupted AF-2 function and resulted in ERα null phenotypes. This mouse model revealed that proper AF-2 core structure and function were indispensable for ERα-mediated physiological responses and AF-1 functionality. AF2ER mutation reverses the ERα antagonists to agonists and that activity is mediated by AF-1 solely. The pure antagonist, ICI182780/fulvestrant, activated several estrogen-mediated physiological responses in the AF2ERKI mouse. The AF2ERKI mouse model will be useful to discern estrogen physiological functions which involve AF-1.

关键词： Knock-In Mouse SERMs Antagonist Reversal

Developing targets for radiation transport experiments at the Omega laser facility

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High Power Laser Science and Engineering 2017年第3期5卷 1-4页

作者： D.Capelli C.A.Charsley-Groffman R.B.Randolph D.W.Schmidt T.Cardenas F.Fierro G.Rivera C.hamilton j.D.Hager H.M.johns N.E.Lanier j.L.Kline Los Alamos National Laboratory

Targets have been developed to measure supersonic radiation transport in aerogel foams usinff absorption spectroscopy. The target consists of an aerogel foam uniformly doped with either titanium or scandium inserted into an undoped aerogel foam package. This creates a localized doped foam region to provide spatial resolution for the measurement. Development and characterization of the foams is a key challenge in addition to machining and assembling the two foams so they mate without gaps. The foam package is inserted into a beryllium sleeve and mounted on a gold hohlranm. The target is mounted to a holder created using additive manufacturing and mounted on a stalk. The manufacturing of the components, along with assembly and metrology of the target are described here.

关键词： absorption spectroscopy doped foams radiation transport

New multi-phonon gamma vibrational bands in A～110 neutron-rich nuclei

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2011年第S1期54卷 44-48页

作者： hamilton j H RAMAYYA A V RASMUSSEN j O HWANG j K YEOH E Y Department of Physics Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA Department of Physics Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

The high spin states of neutron-rich 103Nb, 107Tc and 109Tc nuclei in A^110 region have been investigated by measuring prompt γ-γ-γ coincident measurements populated with the spontaneous fission of 252Cf with the Gammasphere detector array. In 103Nb, one-phonon K = 9/2 and two-phonon K = 13/2 γ-vibrational bands have been identified. In 107Tc and 109Tc, one-phonon K = 11/2 and two-phonon K = 15/2 γ-vibrational bands, in which the zero-phonon bands are based on K=7/2 excited states, have also been identified. The two-phonon bands are first observed in odd-Z nuclei. The characteristics for these band structures have been discussed.

关键词： high spin states neutron-rich nucleus γ-vibrational bands

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组织芯片

中华病理学杂志 2002年第1期31卷 70-72页

作者：周小鸽张劲松张小平张野 Kristian Sandvej Stephen j hamilton-Dutoit Laboratory of Immunohistopathology 内蒙古中蒙医院病理科

组织芯片（Tissue chip）是将数十至上千个小组织整齐地排放在一张载玻片上面而制成的组织切片。它分为多组织片（multi-tissue section），组织阵列（tissue array, MTA，最多可含60个直径2 mm的组织）和组织微阵列（microtissue arra... 详细信息

组织芯片（Tissue chip）是将数十至上千个小组织整齐地排放在一张载玻片上面而制成的组织切片。它分为多组织片（multi-tissue section），组织阵列（tissue array, MTA，最多可含60个直径2 mm的组织）和组织微阵列（microtissue array, 最多可含1000个直径0.6 mm的组织）（图1，2）。

关键词：组织芯片制作技术优点局限性