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Management and mitigation of health risks associated with the occurrence of mycotoxins along the maize value chain in two counties in Kenya

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Food Quality and Safety 2017年第4期1卷 268-274页

作者： E.K.Kang’ethe h.korhonen K.A.Marimba G.Nduhiu J.K.Mungatu S.A.Okoth V.Joutsjoki L.W.Wamae P.Shalo Department of Public health Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya Natural Resources Institute Finland LUKEJokioinenF1-31600 JokioinenFinland Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology NairobiKenya School of Biological Sciences University of Nairobi00100 Nairobi Kenya Kenya Agriculture Livestock Research OrganizationNairobiKenya Department of Dairy Science Egerton UniversityNjoroEgertonKenya

Aflatoxins and fumonisins are two mycotoxins that are prevalent in *** toxins have associated and causal health effects in humans and *** formed in the substrates,the toxins are not easily *** preferred mitigation is to prevent contamination of the cereals and animal source *** this paper we set out to examine the practices of the farmers in two counties(Nandi and Makueni)in Kenya which exacerbates aflatoxin contamination and the government steps to address the issue in the agriculture and livestock *** practices identified in Nandi and Makueni,respectively,included seed varieties where 19.3%and 56%are using local varieties;use of soil amendments where 5.8%and 181%are not using any amendments;crop rotation where 54.6%and 60.5%are not practicing crop rotation;22.7%and 37.5%are using wrong drying methods;and 53%and 77.1%are using poor threshing *** Kenya government is subsidizing fertilizers,seeds,increasing areas under irrigation,and providing extension services to build capacity of farmers to mitigate aflatoxin *** paper examines also the cultural practices in land preparation,tillage,crop rotation,drying,sorting at farm,and proper storage as better alternative practices for easy adoption that would,if adopted,lead to a decrease in aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination and therefore reduce household *** agricultural practices should be a prerequisite for the adoption of other aflatoxin control technologies.

关键词： Aflatoxins Fumonisins Contamination Maize value chains Mitigations Kenya.

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保存牛乳的新方法

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中国畜牧兽医 1983年第3期 3-7页

作者：张继慈 h.korhonen

在发展中国家,没有牛乳冷却设备,若能采用一种比目前所使用的方法好且安全的保存牛乳方法,那么这种方法的重要性立刻会为人们所认识和给予好评的。一、乳过氧化物酶杀菌系统大多数发展中国家在收集鲜乳和将其运到加工厂时,还不可能普遍... 详细信息

在发展中国家,没有牛乳冷却设备,若能采用一种比目前所使用的方法好且安全的保存牛乳方法,那么这种方法的重要性立刻会为人们所认识和给予好评的。一、乳过氧化物酶杀菌系统大多数发展中国家在收集鲜乳和将其运到加工厂时,还不可能普遍采用冷却设施。在此背景下,为了暂时保存牛乳而使用化学保存剂将是最实用的可行之法。

关键词：牛乳 LP 保存剂抗菌物质硫氰酸盐牛奶硫氰化物硫化合物乳过氧化物酶鲜乳乳制品

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在东南芬诺斯堪的亚沿DSS部面进行地壳构造的对比

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地球物理学进展 1991年第1期6卷 46-46页

作者： h.korhonen 周怡

在取之横穿东南芬诺斯堪的亚地盾深地震测深剖面的资料的基础上,我们讨论了karelian和Svecofennian省的地壳构造的主要特征。这些资料显示出在古老的karelian地质区,地壳较薄(大约40km),平均速度较低(大约6.4km/s),且莫霍界面呈明显的... 详细信息

在取之横穿东南芬诺斯堪的亚地盾深地震测深剖面的资料的基础上,我们讨论了karelian和Svecofennian省的地壳构造的主要特征。这些资料显示出在古老的karelian地质区,地壳较薄(大约40km),平均速度较低(大约6.4km/s),且莫霍界面呈明显的不连续性,产生强反射。下地壳中的高速层,如果存在的话也很薄。在年轻的Svecofennian地质区,

关键词：地壳构造 DSS 深地震测深地盾诺斯不连续性高速层下地壳花岗岩体地壳厚度

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Phylogeny,divergence time estimation,and biogeography of the genus heterobasidion(Basidiomycota,Russulales)

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Fungal Diversity 2015年第2期71卷 185-200页

作者： Jia-Jia Chen Bao-Kai Cui Li-Wei Zhou Kari korhonen Yu-Cheng Dai Institute of Microbiology and Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control Beijing Forestry UniversityP.O.Box 61Beijing 100083China State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110164China Finnish Forest Research Institute Vantaa UnitP.O.Box 1801301 VantaaFinland

There have been several investigations into the genus heterobasidion,however,differentiation of species in these studies have depended on the gene regions *** defining of species,establishing species divergence times and establishing species biogeographical distributions have been ***,we used a multilocus phylogenetic approach and maximum parsimony,maximum likehood,and Bayesian analyses to infer the phylogenetic relationships of heterobasidion *** addition,we focused on a fungus fossil-based approach and used the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II-the second subunit of RNA polymerase II(RPB1-RPB2)dataset to perform maximum likelihoodbased estimation and Bayesian binary analyses,to assess the divergence and biogeographical distributions of heterobasidion *** heterobasidion annousum/*** species complex clusters in three groups in the phylogenetic *** dating suggests that ancestral heterobasidion species originated in Eurasia during the Early Miocene,followed by dispersal and speciation to other continents during the Middle Miocene and Early *** data are compatible with the previous viewpoint that *** and *** colonized North America via different routes,which has been interpreted as Beringian and Thulean North Atlantic *** addition,we propose that the occurrence of *** in the southern hemisphere was probably due to recent human-mediated *** tectonics and long-distance dispersal are the most likely factors that influenced heterobasidion speciation and biogeography.

关键词： Biogeography Divergence time heterobasidion Phylogeny Refugia

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Occurrence of mycotoxins in food,feed,and milk in two counties from different agro-ecological zones and with historical outbreak of aflatoxins and fumonisins poisonings in Kenya

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Food Quality and Safety 2017年第3期1卷 161-169页

作者： E.K.Kang’ethe A.J.Sirma G.Murithi C.K.Mburugu-Mosoti E.O.Ouko h.J.korhonen G.J.Nduhiu J.K.Mungatu V.Joutsjoki E.Lindfors S.Ramo Department of Public health Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of NairobiBox 29053-00625 NairobiKenya Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and FisheriesPrivate Bag KabeteNairobiKenya Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Box 62000-00200NairobiKenya Natural Resources Institute Finland LUKE Jokioinen F1-31600JokioinenFinland Finnish Food Safety Authority EVIRA Mustialankatu 3 00790HelsinkiFinland

Aflatoxins and fumonisins contaminate cereals during pre-and post-harvest *** this study,household or market maize,sorghum,millet,cow or goat milk,and animal feed samples collected from two counties(Makueni and Nandi)of Kenya and were analyzed for aflatoxins and fumonisins using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmation with high performance liquid *** was a significant difference(Phe levels of aflatoxins between the home grown and market-sourced maize,sorghum,and millet *** Makueni,24.8%of home maize and 44.6%of the market maize samples exceeded the 10 ppb limit for *** all,93%and 90%of the maize samples were contaminated with fumonisins and 34%and 6%exceeded the 2 ppm limit in Makueni and Nandi,respectively;30%and 37%of homegrown sorghum and millet samples exceeded the 10 ppb limit for aflatoxin in Makueni and Nandi,respectively;and 89%and 81%of homegrown millet samples in Makueni and Nandi,respectively,were positive for fumonisins and 22%and 7%in Makueni and Nandi,respectively,exceeded the 2 ppm fumonisins *** total,52%and 87%of the milk samples in Nandi and Makueni,respectively,were contaminated with aflatoxin M1 and 8%of the samples from Makueni exceeded the 50 ppt *** is an urgent need to build capacity among the households on cheap,practical,and effective technologies that would reduce the proportions of food samples contaminated with aflatoxins and fumonisins.

关键词： aflatoxins fumonisins contamination cereals agro-ecological zones Kenya.

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Exposure of Kenyan population to aflatoxins in foods with special reference to Nandi and Makueni counties

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Food Quality and Safety 2017年第2期1卷 131-137页

作者： E.K.Kang’ethe M.Gatwiri A.J.Sirma E.O.Ouko C.K.Mburugu-Musoti P.M.Kitala G.J.Nduhiu J.G.Nderitu J.K.Mungatu V.hietaniemi V.Joutsjoki h.J.korhonen Department of Public health Pharmacology and ToxicologyNairobiKenya Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology NairobiKenya Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries Veterinary Laboratories KabetePrivate Bag KabeteNairobiKenya Natural Resources Institute Finland LUKEJokioinenFinland

Aflatoxins cause acute and chronic health and production effects in humans and animals,*** study reports on the exposure of the Kenyan population to the two mycotoxins in two counties(Nandi and Makueni)using children younger than 5 years as the proxy.A questionnaire was administered,which captured knowledge of the incidences of acute aflatoxin poisoning,food consumption *** of aflatoxin in samples of urine,breast milk,maize,sorghum,and millet was done using cELISA and *** and sorghum are used in the weaning formula of *** difference in consumption of maize-and sorghum-based diets in children between younger than 1 and between 1 and 5 years was significant with P=0.037 and P=0.002,respectively,in Nandi and *** children younger than 5 years,the consumption of maize ranged from 0.1 to 0.25 kg per person per day in Nandi and Makueni with an aflatoxin exposure rate of 0.011 and 0.49μg per kg body weight(bwt)per day,*** exposure to aflatoxin through milk for children younger than 5 years was 4×10^(−4) and 1×10^(−4)μg per kg bwt per day in Makueni and Nandi,*** exposure of nursing children through breast milk was 6×10^(−3) and 1×10^(−6)μg per kg bwt per day in Makueni and Nandi,*** younger than 30 months in Makueni had 1.4 times higher levels of aflatoxin M1(AFM1)in urine than those of the same age in *** stunting and severe stunting rates in Makueni and Nandi were 28.7%,18.5%and 30.7%,16.5%,***,there is need for urgent mitigation measures,a constant surveillance program,strict regulations,and awareness creation directed at poor households to reduce dietary exposure to mycotoxins.

关键词： Aflatoxins Contamination Exposure Kenya.

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Sclerotia Formation and Toxin Production in Large Sclerotial Aspergillus flavus Isolates from Kenya

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Advances in Microbiology 2016年第1期6卷 47-56页

作者： S. A. Okoth B. Nyongesa V. Joutsjoki h. korhonen V. Ayugi E. K. Kang’ethe School of Biological Sciences University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Natural Resources Institute Finland Jokioinen Finland Department of Public health Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

We studied the relationship between sclerotia formation and aflatoxin production by Aspergillusflavus strains isolated from maize kernels from Nandi County. Isolates recovered from maize kernels were tested for their ability to form sclerotia on different growth media. PCR analysis was done on the isolates to detect 2 structural genes, aflD and aflQ, involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway. Positive A. flavus isolates for one or both genes were grown on Yeast Extract Sucrose Agar medium and aflatoxins quantified using LCMSMS. All the isolates formed large sclerotia and their formation was influenced by media type but could not be related to amount of aflatoxins produced both in vivo and in vitro. Though sclerotia are perennating structures and so contribute to survival index of a fungus, their initiation is regulated by external factors though ability to form is genetic. This brings ambiguity of their presence or abundance as a measure of toxicity.

关键词： Sclerotia Aflatoxins Maize Kenya Aspergillus flavus

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华中和华南的岛生异担子菌T生物种的鉴定研究

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菌物学报 2005年第3期24卷 313-317页

作者：戴玉成魏玉莲崔宝凯 Kari korhonen 中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所沈阳110016 芬兰林业研究所

在湖南省衡山和江苏省紫金山的马尾松上发现岛生异担子菌,并从11号标本中分离到单孢菌株。在每个标本中随即选取两个或一个单孢菌株分别与已知的岛生异担子菌的T、N和Y生物种的单孢菌株进行融合性交配。实验表明这11号标本都是岛生异担... 详细信息

在湖南省衡山和江苏省紫金山的马尾松上发现岛生异担子菌,并从11号标本中分离到单孢菌株。在每个标本中随即选取两个或一个单孢菌株分别与已知的岛生异担子菌的T、N和Y生物种的单孢菌株进行融合性交配。实验表明这11号标本都是岛生异担子菌T生物种。T生物种的岛生异担子菌在中国广泛分布,且通常生长在马尾松上。N和T生物种具有相似的形态特征,Y生物种与N和T生物种的主要形态区别是具有较小的孔口和担孢子。

关键词：岛生异担子菌生物种单孢融合性交配马尾松分类学

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中国蜜环菌的新生物种

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菌物系统 2000年第4期19卷 509-516页

作者：秦国夫赵俊田淑敏 Kari korhonen 戴玉成刘春如国家林业局森林病虫害防治总站沈阳110034 芬兰国家林业研究所芬兰赫尔辛基大学植物博物馆湖南林业专科学校湖南衡阳421005

在调查研究蜜环菌生物种的过程中，先后在东北、华北、华中和西南地区，发现了四个新的中国蜜环菌生物种，CBS F、CBS G、CBS h和CBS I。研究表明，CBS G属于典型的同宗配合种，其余三个为异宗配合。CBS h与CBS C之间存在部分互交可育... 详细信息

在调查研究蜜环菌生物种的过程中，先后在东北、华北、华中和西南地区，发现了四个新的中国蜜环菌生物种，CBS F、CBS G、CBS h和CBS I。研究表明，CBS G属于典型的同宗配合种，其余三个为异宗配合。CBS h与CBS C之间存在部分互交可育，比例高达17.8%，在同一个国家的两个种之间出现如此高的互交可育比例还是首次报道。上述三个生物种同欧美的已知蜜环菌种均互交不育，为亚洲特有种。CBS I为无菌环的假蜜环菌*** (Scop. ) Emel，它与欧洲的假蜜环菌互交可育，属于同种。但同中国其它各生物种互交不育。同时讨论了蜜环菌生物种的群体观点。

关键词：蜜环菌中国生物种假蜜环菌同宗配合异宗配合

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单孢融合性实验法鉴定采自四川北部的小孔异担子菌(英文)

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菌物研究 2004年第2期2卷 1-4页

作者：戴玉成 Kari korhonen 中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所辽宁沈阳110016 芬兰林业研究所

在四川北部九寨沟和黄龙保护区的云杉、松树和铁杉上发现异担子菌 ,并从 6号标本中分离到 73个单孢菌株。在每个标本中随机选取 2个菌株分别与欧洲的原始多年异担子菌、小孔异担子菌和冷杉异担子菌的单孢菌株进行融合性交配。试验表明 ,... 详细信息

在四川北部九寨沟和黄龙保护区的云杉、松树和铁杉上发现异担子菌 ,并从 6号标本中分离到 73个单孢菌株。在每个标本中随机选取 2个菌株分别与欧洲的原始多年异担子菌、小孔异担子菌和冷杉异担子菌的单孢菌株进行融合性交配。试验表明 ,这 6号标本都是小孔异担子菌。四川的菌株与欧洲的原始多年异担子菌交配不融合 ,而与欧洲的小孔异担子菌完全融合 ,并在交配后的菌落中形成锁状联合 ,且在交配的菌落中不产生拮抗线。虽然四川的菌株与欧洲的冷杉异担子菌有较高的融合性 ,但这些交配大部分为单项交配 ,即只在四川一侧的菌落中产生锁状联合 ,而且在交配的菌落中多数产生拮抗线。研究样品全部采自天然林 ,小孔异担子菌在四川经营林分中的致病性还有待进一步调查。

关键词：森林病原菌小孔异担子菌四川

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