以赣江流域为研究对象,基于CN05.1降水数据和SWAt(Soil and Water Assessmenttool Model)模型,进行确定性径流预报,在此基础上,分析预报误差规律,采用考虑误差异分布的hRD(h.t.rogeneous Residual Distribution)方法,通过误...
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以赣江流域为研究对象,基于CN05.1降水数据和SWAt(Soil and Water Assessment tool Model)模型,进行确定性径流预报,在此基础上,分析预报误差规律,采用考虑误差异分布的hRD(h.t.rogeneous Residual Distribution)方法,通过误差标准化模块和高斯变换模块消除流量对误差的影响,构建高斯误差的时间序列关系,估计误差的概率分布,进而实现径流概率预报。通过1963—2013年水文气象数据分析表明:(1)SWAt模型在外洲站的日径流模拟纳什效率系数在0.84以上,洪量误差和年平均洪峰误差均在10%以内,模拟精度较好;(2)hRD模型能够考虑流量级别对预报误差的影响,提供合理的概率预报结果,预报区间的覆盖率判定系数在0.66以上,且中位数预报和均值预报均优于SWAt模型预报结果,基准系数在0.64以上。研究可以为高精度径流预报提供新的思路,对流域水资源管理和防洪减灾具有重要的理论和实践意义。
[续Continue 2001,25(1):9]2.2.4 AGM separatorFor proper operation of the VRLA battery the AGM separator shall have the following characteristics:(a)high absorptivity of h2SO4 electrolyte;(b)high porosity...
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[续Continue 2001,25(1):9]2.2.4 AGM separatorFor proper operation of the VRLA battery the AGM separator shall have the following characteristics:(a)high absorptivity of h2SO4 electrolyte;(b)high porosity, i.e. low electrical resistance;(c)small diameter of the pores to prevent Pb dendrites growth and formation of short circuits;(d)presence of a definite amount of pores with larger diameters along which.t.e O2 flow could move;these pores should have high.t.rtuosity to avoid short circuits;(e)chemical stability to h2SO4 and O2 attack and no leaches in solution which would increase gassing in the battery;(f)high compressibility so as to maintain the electrical contact with PAM and NAM.
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