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Exploring Biocomplexity in Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

Open Journal of Biophysics 2024年第2期14卷 154-238页

作者： Andras Szasz gyula peter szigeti Department of Biotechnics Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences G&#246d&#246ll&#337 Hungary John von Neumann Faculty of Informatics O&#769buda University Budapest Hungary

Living objects have complex internal and external interactions. The complexity is regulated and controlled by homeostasis, which is the balance of multiple opposing influences. The environmental effects finally guide the self-organized structure. The living systems are open, dynamic structures performing random, stationary, stochastic, self-organizing processes. The self-organizing procedure is defined by the spatial-temporal fractal structure, which is self-similar both in space and time. The system’s complexity appears in its energetics, which tries the most efficient use of the available energies;for that, it organizes various well-connected networks. The controller of environmental relations is the Darwinian selection on a long-time scale. The energetics optimize the healthy processes tuned to the highest efficacy and minimal loss (minimalization of the entropy production). The organism is built up by morphogenetic rules and develops various networks from the genetic level to the organism. The networks have intensive crosstalk and form a balance in the Nash equilibrium, which is the homeostatic state in healthy conditions. Homeostasis may be described as a Nash equilibrium, which ensures energy distribution in a “democratic” way regarding the functions of the parts in the complete system. Cancer radically changes the network system in the organism. Cancer is a network disease. Deviation from healthy networking appears at every level, from genetic (molecular) to cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. The strong proliferation of malignant tissue is the origin of most of the life-threatening processes. The weak side of cancer development is the change of complex information networking in the system, being vulnerable to immune attacks. Cancer cells are masters of adaptation and evade immune surveillance. This hiding process can be broken by electromagnetic nonionizing radiation, for which the malignant structure has no adaptation strategy. Our objective is to review

关键词： Complexity Networks Small-World Genetic Mutations Self-Organizing Self-Symmetry Energetic Balance Entropy Nash Equilibrium Games Evolution Cancer Therapy

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Fluctuations Hypothesize the New Explanation of Meridians in Living Systems

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Open Journal of Biophysics 2019年第1期9卷 51-69页

作者： gyula peter szigeti Andras Szasz Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary Department of Biotechnics St. Istvan University Budaors Hungary

Biosystems are complex. Their physiology is well-controlled with various negative feedback signals and processes, it describes by opposite interfering effects which are characterized in the Eastern philosophy by Yin-Yang (Y-Y) pairs. Y-Y pairs could be described by the promoter-suppressor pairs in a wide range of physiologic signals creating the homeostasis of the complex system. This type of control appears as fluctuations from the average (mean) value of the signal. The mean carries an ineluctable fluctuation (called pink-noise or 1/f noise). All signals in homeostasis have equal entropy (SE = 1.8), which is the character of the complex equilibrium. The various controlling opposite signals (Y-Y) have different time-scales which change by aging. The processes with smaller time-scale are degraded by aging, but the pink-noise ensures that the deviations of the signals of the healthy homeostatic system remain constant. Meridians are connected to the general transport systems that combined the material and the information transport with the considerable transport networks, like blood, lymph, nerve, cell-junctions, mesenchymal “ground substance” cytoskeletons. The meridians in this meaning only virtual line averaged from multiple realized paths to connect two acupuncture points by the material, energy and information transport processes. The meridian network is designed by various coupling points (acupoints), which could be perturbed by actuating stimulus. Our objective is to describe the meridian system from complexity point of view.

关键词： Pink-Noise Complexity Living System Meridians Acupoints Homeostasis

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On the Feynman Ratchet and the Brownian Motor

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Open Journal of Biophysics 2018年第1期8卷 22-30页

作者： gyula Vincze gyula peter szigeti Andras Szasz Department of Biotechnics St. Istvan University Budapest Hungary Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary

We study the Brownian ratchet conditions starting with Feynman’s proposal. We show that this proposal is incomplete, and is in fact non-workable. We give the correct model for this ratchet.

关键词： Brownian Motor Feynman Ratchet Self-Sustaining Oscillation

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Intrinsic Noise Monitoring of Complex Systems

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Open Journal of Biophysics 2017年第4期7卷 197-215页

作者： Oliver Szasz gyula peter szigeti Andras Szasz Biotechnics Department St. Istvan University Godollo Hungary Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary

The power-density function of the noise spectrum of open and complex systems changes by the power of frequency. We show that the fluctuation origin and the noise-powered description are equivalent to describe the colored noise power density. Based on this, we introduce a scale-independent invariant for monitoring the dynamics of the complex system. The monitoring of the noise spectrum of the system specifies the forecast of failure, the timing of desired regular corrections and/or the assessed operation life of the system, indicating the possible faults before it happens, predicting deterioration like wear/tear, fatigue in the still properly working system. These considerations are highly applicable to living systems and their preventive care.

关键词： Power Density Complex Systems Regular Maintenance System Invariant Fluctuation Diagnostics

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The Intrinsic Self-Time of Biosystems

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Open Journal of Biophysics 2019年第2期9卷 131-145页

作者： Oliver Szasz peter gyula szigeti Andras Szasz Department of Biotechnics Szent Istvan University Budapest G&ouml dö llö Hungary Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary

In biological systems, self-time differs from the physical time scale. Biological self-time is the characteristic of individual biosystems and invariantly describes the various dynamic processes in organisms. This biological invariance is introduced by using 2 basic theorems: Allometric scaling and the Weibull psychometric function. Our objective was to precisely describe the timing phenomenon in biosystems and provide a framework to further develop this analogy for other fields.

关键词： Psychometric Function Allometry Scaling Bio-Invariance Survival

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Open Journal of Biophysics 2017年第4期7卷 183-196页

We show that the processes described by Avrami functions are self-similar. A comparative function characterizes a self-similar process by a certain Avrami exponent. We define the self-similar categories of some well-known biological processes. The method to determine the Avrami exponent by choosing the comparative function is demonstrated on the diffusion model of the growth of nuclei. We generalize the results.

关键词： Self-Similar Process Comparative Function Avrami Exponent

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The Growth of Healthy and Cancerous Tissues

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Open Journal of Biophysics 2020年第3期10卷 113-128页

作者： gyula peter szigeti Attila Marcell Szasz Andras Szasz Innovation Center Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary Division of Oncology Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary Department of Biotechnics St. Istvan University Budaors Hungary

The structure of the tissues is formed in a self-similar manner, forming fractal structures in their transport networks. The structure exhibits allometric forming and so-called scaling behavior. This is a basic growth model fine-tuned by various connections of the cells (junctions and adherent connections), intended to direct material and energy transports between them. This secondary control of cell metabolism decreases primary metabolic transport through the free surfaces of the cells. The cellular network is formed by triggering the endogenous electric fields, which are dominantly governed by cell membrane potential. Proliferation exhibits a different electric pattern due to the low cell-membrane potential and resulting negativity relative to its environment. This potential change characterizes cells in normal proliferation and a cluster of cells (a tumor) in the case of cancerous development. This latter has certain similarities to the leakage transport of liquid in porous media, substituting the pressure with endogenous tumor potential. The average survival of a tumor depends on the kind of available metabolic transport and the fractal dimensions of the newly built angiogenic network.

关键词： Endogenous Potential Metabolic Scaling Competition Cooperation Self-Time Tumor Survival

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Electrokinetics of Temperature for Development and Treatment of Effusions

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2017年第11期8卷 434-449页

作者： Oliver Szasz gyula peter szigeti Attila Marcell Szasz Department of Biotechnics Istvan University Budaors Hungary Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary Cancer Center Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary

Introduction: Hyperthermia is a complementary therapy in oncology having various pros and contras for its application. Ascites, pleural effusion, edema and other electrolyte accumulations are frequently excluded from the treatability of the patients with heating locally or systemically. The special gathering of electrolytes is sometimes contraindicated, at times not mentioned in the clinical protocols. However, it is certainly challenging in the oncology where micro and macro edemas, as well as larger electrolyte accumulations (e.g. ascites, pleural effusion), are very frequent. Methods: Excluding patients with accumulation of free electrolytes limits the applications of hyperthermia. To find a solution we are studying the microvasculature and fluid dynamism together with the electric field effects, including the injury currents. The hyperthermia method which we investigate is the modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT). We use the Starling’s equation and the injury current in the frame of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and in connection with the biologically closed electric circuits. Results: It is shown that mEHT, unlike the conventional hyperthermia, is applicable for patients who have edema and other free-electrolytes in the volume which is targeted. The heterogeneous heating (unlike the homogeneous, isothermal conventional hyperthermia) promotes the development of tumor-specific immune actions, and so has less adverse-effects, and longer survival time for patients in advanced, metastatic cancers too. Conclusion: mEHT is well applicable in cases of ascites, pleural effusion, edema and other electrolyte accumulations when a patient is treated in complex (complementary) oncological therapy.

关键词： Effusion Ascites Edema Modulated Electro-Hyperthermia mEHT

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Role of Electrical Forces in Angiogenesis

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Open Journal of Biophysics 2018年第2期8卷 49-67页

作者： Oliver Szasz gyula peter szigeti Andras Szasz Zoltan Benyo Dept. Biotechnics St. Istvan University G&ouml dö llö Hungary Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary

The role of electrical forces in angiogenesis is widely studied. The electric field (EF) induces polarization of the endothelial cells, and in this way, it is a morphogen in angiogenesis. Additional to the polarization, it may build up by newborn cells in the process of cellular fission. Due to the weak direct experimental results on the transitions of endothelial cells, we used an analogy to these epithelial transitions. This involved using the injury current, which induces oriented cell migration and morphological arrangement in wound healing. The injury-current considerations are applied for malignant proliferation as well.

关键词： Angiogenesis Polarization Electric Field Injury Current Wound Healing Malignant Proliferation Endothelial Cells Epithelial Cells Mesenchymal Cells Cell Transitions

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Hyperthermia Dosing and Depth of Effect

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Open Journal of Biophysics 2018年第1期8卷 31-48页

作者： Oliver Szasz gyula peter szigeti Tamas Vancsik Andras Szasz Department of Biotechnics St. Istvan University Budapest Hungary Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary

The penetration depth in the electromagnetic heating could be a crucial factor of its application, when the deep heating is the goal. The capacitive coupling is one of the most popular heating techniques in radiofrequency (RF) heating applications. The matching of the target defines the penetration possibilities. The current matched solution has deeper mathematically defined penetration in RF region than the capacitive plane-wave solution. The same power of application request high voltage with relatively low current for plane-wave inducing, while in current matching it has low voltage with high current. The effective depth of the action in the two solutions do not identical, the penetration defined by the intensity of 1/e portion of the incident beam is higher in the current-matched techniques.

关键词： Oncothermia Capacitive Coupling Plane-Wave Matching Current Matching Penetration-Depth

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