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three-stage pyrolysis–steam reforming–water gas shift processing of household,commercial and industrial waste plastics for hydrogen production

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Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2024年第1期6卷 25-37页

作者： Rayed Alshareef Robert Sait-Stewart Mohamad A.Nahil Paul t.williams School of Chemical and Process Engineering University of LeedsLeedsLS29JTUK

Five common single plastics and nine different household,commercial and industrial waste plastics were processed using a three-stage(i)pyrolysis,(ii)catalytic steam reforming and(iii)water gas shift reaction system to produce *** of plastics produces a range of different hydrocarbon species which are subsequently catalytically steam reformed to produce H_(2)and CO and then undergo water gas shift reaction to produce further H_(2).the process mimics the commercial process for hydrogen production from natural *** of the single polyalkene plastics(high-density polyethylene(HDPE),low-density polyethylene(LDPE),and polypropylene(PP))produced similar H_(2)yields between 115 mmol and 120 mmol per gram *** though PS produced an aromatic product slate from the pyrolysis stage,further stages of reforming and water gas shift reaction produced a gas yield and composition similar to that of the polyalkene plastics(115 mmol H_(2)per gram plastic).PEt gave significantly lower H_(2)yield(41 mmol per gram plastic)due to the formation of mainly CO,CO_(2)and organic acids from the pyrolysis stage which were not conducive to further reforming and water gas shift reaction.A mixture of the single plastics typical of that found in municipal solid waste produced a H_(2)yield of 102 mmol per gram *** the gas yields and composition from the single plastics enabled an estimation of the yields from a simulated waste plastic mixture and a‘real-world’waste plastic mixture to be *** different household,commercial and industrial waste plastic mixtures produced H_(2)yields between 70 mmol and 107 mmol per gram *** H_(2)yield and gas composition from the single waste plastics gave an indication of the type of plastics in the mixed waste plastic samples.

关键词： Waste plastic Hydrogen Catalyst Pyrolysis reforming Water gas shift

Decomposition of biomass gasification tar model compounds over waste tire pyrolysis char

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Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2022年第2期4卷 75-89页

作者： Amal S.Al-Rahbi Paul t.williams Present address:Applied Sciences Department Higher College of TechnologyUniversity of Technology and Applied SciencesMuscatSultanate of Oman School of Chemical and Process Engineering University of LeedsLeedsLS29JTUK

Gasification of biomass produces a syngas containing trace amounts of viscous hydrocarbon tar,which causes serious problems in downstream pipelines,valves and processing *** study focuses on the use of tire-derived pyrolysis char for tar conversion using biomass tar model compounds representative of *** catalytic decomposition of tar model compounds,including methylnaphthalene,furfural,phenol,and toluene,over tire char was investigated using a fixed bed reactor at a bed temperature of 700℃and 60 min time on *** influence of temperature,reaction time,porous texture,and acidity of the tire char was investigated with the use of methylnaphthalene as the tar model *** tar model compounds were found to have higher conversion than those containing a single or multi-aromatic *** reactivity of tar compounds followed the order of furfural>phenol>toluene>*** conversion of the model compounds in the presence of the tire char was much higher than tar thermal *** production increased dramatically with the introduction of tire *** H_(2)potential for the studied tar model compounds was found to be in the range of 40%–50%.the activity of tire char for naphthalene removal was compared with two commercial activated carbons possessing a very well-developed porous *** results suggest that the influence of Brunauer-Emmett-teller surface area of the carbon on tar cracking is negligible compared with the mineral content in the carbon samples.

关键词： Biomass Gasification Syngas tar tire Char

Rapid Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Reishi and their Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms

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Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology 2024年第3期15卷 51-63页

作者： Akamu J. Ewunkem t’nasia Priester Desia williams Bailey Ariyon Ilunga tshimanga Brittany Justice Dinesh K. Singh Department of Biological Sciences Winston-Salem State University Winston-Salem North Carolina USA

Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field in biomedical engineering with references to efficiency, safety, and cost-effective approaches. Herein, the objective of this study was to examine an innovative approach to rapidly synthesis silver nanoparticles from an aqueous extract of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (also known as reishi). the structural and dimensional dispersion of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from reishi was confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV-Vis) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. Additionally, the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from resihi were used to explore their potential antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. the results from this study revealed that the silver nanoparticles mediated by reishi adopted a spherical shape morphology with sizes, less than 100 nm and revealed strong absorption plasmon band at 440 nm. Furthermore, the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from reishi exhibited antibacterial activity against the tested S. aureus and M. luteus and E. coli and K. pneumoniae by altering their morphology which signifies their biomedical potential.

关键词： Nanotechnology Reishi Nanoparticles Antimicrobial Green Synthesis

Granular activated carbons from palm nut shells for gold di-cyanide adsorption

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2013年第2期20卷 172-179页

作者： William K.Buah Paul t.williams Energy Research Institute The University of LeedsLeeds LS2 9JTUnited Kingdom

Granular activated carbons were produced from palm nut shells by physical activation with steam. the proximate analysis of palm nut shells was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, and the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons, produced as a result of shell pyrolysis at 600℃ followed by steam activation at 900℃ in varying activation times, was evaluated using nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. Applicability of the activated carbons for gold dicyanide adsorption was also investigated. Increasing the activation hold time with the attendant increase in the degree of carbon burn-off results in a progressive increase in the surface area of the activated carbons, reaching a value of 903.1 m2/g after activation for 6 h. the volumes of total pores, mieropores, and mesopores in the activated carbons also increase progressively with the increasing degree of carbon burn-off, resulting from increasing the activation hold time. the gold di-cyanide adsorption of the activated carbons increases with the rise of pore volume of the activated carbons. the gold di-cyanide adsorption of palm nut shell activated carbon obtained after 6-h activation at 900℃ is superior to that of a commercial activated carbon used for gold di-cyanide adsorption.

关键词： activated carbon adsorption gold cyanides processing pyrolysis

Hydrogenolysis of glycerol over HY zeolite supported Ru catalysts

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2014年第2期23卷 185-192页

作者： Shaohua Jin Zihui Xiao Chuang Li Christopher t.williams Changhai Liang Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Catalytic Engineering School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering University of South Carolina

An enhanced active and selective catalyst consisting of ruthenium supported on dealuminated HY zeolite has been prepared by a wet im- pregnation method. It was found that BEt surface area of Ru/HY catalysts significantly increases after HC1 treatment. this treatment also increases the concentration of strong acid sites in the catalyst. the hydrogenolysis of glycerol over 5 wt% Ru/HY catalyst was investigated at 190-220℃ , an initial H2 pressure of 3-6 MPa, and in 20 wt% glycerol aqueous solution, the results indicate that HC1 treated Ru/HY catalyst shows higher activity compared with the untreated Ru/HY catalyst, and that the glycerol hydrogenolysis efficiency is influenced by the porosity and acidity of the support. A selectivity to 1,2-PDO of 81.3% at a glycerol conversion of 60.1% under 3 MPa H2 pressure and 220 ℃ for 10 h was achieved over the modified Ru/HY catalyst with a 1.0 mol/L HC1 treatment. It has also been shown that a longer reaction time, a higher temperature and a higher H2 pressure have the positive effects on the glycerol hydrogenolysis efficiency of the enhanced Ru/HY.

关键词： ruthenium HY zeolite impregnation modification glycerol hydrogenolysis

Co-pyrolysis-catalytic steam reforming of cellulose/lignin with polyethylene/polystyrene for the production of hydrogen

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Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2020年第3期2卷 177-191页

作者： Kaltume Akubo Mohamad Anas Nahil Paul t.williams School of Chemical and Process Engineering University of LeedsLeeds LS29JTUK

Co-pyrolysis of biomass biopolymers(lignin and cellulose)with plastic wastes(polyethylene and polystyrene)coupled with downstream catalytic steam reforming of the pyrolysis gases for the production of a hydrogen-rich syngas is *** catalyst used was 10 wt.%nickel supported on *** influence of the process parameters of temperature and the steam flow rate was examined to optimize hydrogen and syngas *** cellulose/plastic mixtures produced higher hydrogen yields compared with the lignin/plastic ***,the impact of raising the catalytic steam reform-ing temperature from 750 to 850 ℃was more marked for lignin *** example,the hydrogen yield for cellulose/polyethylene at a catalyst temperature of 750 ℃was 50.3 mmol g^(−1) and increased to 60.0 mmol g^(−1) at a catalyst temperature of 850°***,for the lignin/polyethylene mixture,the hydrogen yield increased from 25.0 to 50.0 mmol g^(−1) repre-senting a twofold increase in hydrogen *** greater influence on hydrogen and yield for the lignin/plastic mixtures compared to the cellulose/plastic mixtures is suggested to be due to the overlapping thermal degradation profiles of lignin and the polyethylene and *** input of steam to the catalyst reactor produced catalytic steam reforming conditions and a marked increase in hydrogen *** influence of increased steam input to the process was greater for the lignin/plastic mixtures compared to the cellulose/plastic mixtures,again linked to the overlapping thermal degradation profiles of the lignin and the plastics.A comparison of the Ni/MCM-41 catalyst with Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) and Ni/Y-zeolite-supported catalysts showed that the Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) catalyst gave higher yields of hydrogen and syngas.

关键词： Biomass Plastics Catalysis Hydrogen Cellulose Lignin

Natural Products and Antiviral Resistance

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Advances in Microbiology 2024年第7期14卷 366-388页

作者： Erute Magdalene Adongbede Janak Raj Khatiwada Rishipal Rastrapal Bansode Leonard Lamont.williams Department of Botany University of Lagos Lagos Nigeria Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest technologies North Carolina A & T State University Kannapolis North Carolina USA

Viral diseases are minacious with the potential for causing pandemics and treatment is complicated because of their inherent ability to mutate and become resistant to drugs. Antiviral drug resistance is a persistent problem that needs continuous attention by scientists, medical professionals, and government agencies. to solve the problem, an in-depth understanding of the intricate interplay between causes of antiviral drug resistance and potential new drugs specifically natural products is imperative in the interest and safety of public health. this review delves into natural product as reservoir for antiviral agents with the peculiar potentials for addressing the complexities associated with multi-drug resistant and emerging viral strains. An evaluation of the mechanisms underlying antiviral drug activity, antiviral drug resistance is addressed, with emphasis on production of broad-spectrum antiviral agents from natural sources. there is a need for continued natural product-based research, identification of new species and novel compounds.

关键词： Drug Resistance Resistance Mechanisms Phytochemicals Broad-Spectrum Drugs Antiviral Agents

Health practitioner practices and their influence on nutritional intake of hospitalised patients

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International Journal of Nursing Sciences 2019年第2期6卷 162-168页

作者： Andrea P.Marshall tahnie takefala Lauren t.williams Alan Spencer Laurie Grealish Shelley Roberts Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith UniversityParklands DriveSouthportQLDAustralia School of Nursing and Midwifery Griffith UniversityParklands DriveSouthportQLDAustralia Nursing and Midwifery Education and Research Unit Gold Coast University Hospital1 Hospital BlvdQLDAustralia School of Allied Health Sciences Griffith UniversityGold Coast CampusParklands DriveSouthportQLDAustralia Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Gold Coast Health1 Hospital BlvdQLDAustralia

Objectives:In the hospital setting,poor dietary intake interacts with disease and represents a major and modifiable cause of *** barriers to adequate dietary intake is an important strategy to guide the development of interventions to improve nutrition *** aim of this study reported in this paper was to explore patient,family and health care professionals'perceptions of barriers to and enablers of adequate nutrition care and dietary intake of medical ***:An exploratory qualitative study design incorporating group and individual interviews of patients(n=14),their family members(n=4),and health care professionals(n=18)was *** were recruited pragmatically,using a mix of convenience and purposive sampling.A theoretically informed,semi-structured interview schedule was based on observations of practice and the theoretical Domains *** were audio-recorded,transcribed verbatim and analysed inductively using a general inductive ***:three key themes emerged from analysing participant *** approaches to nutrition care reflected the diverse range of health care professionals responsible for nutrition care but who often worked in isolation from their *** work priorities for nurses reflected the challenge in prioritise nutrition care which was often constrained because of other care needs or work-related *** patients to eat highlighted that nurses were often the only health care professional who would provide assistance to patients at mealtimes and lack of available staff could negatively influence patients'nutrition ***:We have identified many complex and interrelated barriers which preclude adequate dietary intake in acute medical *** predominantly reflect issues inherent in the hospital culture and ***-faceted and sustainable interventions that support a facilitating nutrition culture and multidiscip

关键词： Cognition Dietary services Patients Personnel,Hospital Qualitative research

Effects of local compositional and structural disorder on vacancy formation in entropy-stabilized oxides from first-principles

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npj Computational Materials 2022年第1期8卷 909-915页

作者： Sieun Chae Logan williams Jihang Lee John t.Heron Emmanouil Kioupakis Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA

Entropic stabilization has evolved into a strategy to create new oxide materials and realize novel functional properties engineered through the alloy *** an atomistic understanding of these properties to enable their design,however,has been challenging due to the local compositional and structural disorder that underlies their fundamental structure-property ***,we combine high-throughput atomistic calculations and linear regression algorithms to investigate the role of local configurational and structural disorder on the thermodynamics of vacancy formation in (MgCoNiCuZn)O-based entropy-stabilized oxides (ESOs) and their influence on the electrical *** find that the cation-vacancy formation energies decrease with increasing local tensile strain caused by the deviation of the bond lengths in ESOs from the equilibrium bond length in the binary *** oxygen-vacancy formation strongly depends on structural distortions associated with the local configuration of chemical *** in ESOs exhibit deep thermodynamic transition levels that inhibit electrical *** applying the charge-neutrality condition,we determine that the equilibrium concentrations of both oxygen and cation vacancies increase with increasing Cu mole *** results demonstrate that tuning the local chemistry and associated structural distortions by varying alloy composition acts an engineering principle that enables controlled defect formation in multi-component alloys.

关键词： alloy structural vacancy