检索结果-南通市图书馆

A new device for deep cervical artificial insemination in gilts reduces the number of sperm per dose without impairing final reproductive performance

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

journal of Animal science and Biotechnology 2019年第2期10卷 402-409页

作者： Pedro j.Llamas-López Rebeca López-úbeda gustavo López Emily Antinoja Francisco A.García-Vázquez Department of Physiology Faculty of VeterinaryCampus Mare NostrumUniversity of Murcia30100 MurciaSpain Department of Cell Biology and Histology Faculty of MedicineCampus Mare NostrumUniversity of Murcia30100 MurciaSpain Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia(IMIB-Arrixaca) MurciaSpain Cherkizovo Group LipetskRussia.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of a new artificial insemination(AI) device specifically designed for gilts(Deep cervical AI, Dp-CAI) by means of which the sperm is deposited deeply in the cervix(8 cm more cranial than in traditional cervical insemination-CAI). New AI techniques have arisen in recent decades in the porcine industry, such as post-cervical artificial insemination(PCAI), which involves depositing the sperm in the body of the uterus [through a catheter(outer tube)-cannula(inner tube)] rather than by CAI. Although the PCAI method has been successfully applied in farm conditions to reduce sperm doses without impairing the reproductive performance, this technique has limitations in gilts mainly because of the difficulty involved in introducing the inner cannula through the cranial part of the cervix. For this reason, the Dp-CAI method described herein may be considered as an alternative to CAI and PCAI methods in ***: Gilts were divided in two experimental groups: 1) Dp-CAI: gilts(n = 1166) inseminated using 1.5 × 109 sperm/45 m L;2) CAI(as a control group): gilts(n = 130) inseminated using 2.5 × 10~9 sperm/85 mL. The Dp-CAI method was successfully applied in 88.90% of the gilts, with no differences detected between gilts with 1 or 2 previous oestrus cycles, although the catheter could be introduced more deeply in 2 oestrus gilts(P s the length of the insemination device that could not be introduced increased(at the moment of insemination), so the success rate of the Dp-CAI device fell, as did the total number of piglets born. When the reproductive output in CAI and Dp-CAI was compared, none of the parameters analysed [pregnancy and farrowing rates(%), and number of piglets born(total and live)] showed significant ***: The use of the Dp-CAI technique provides a new AI method as an alternative to CAI and PCAI for pigs. The device, especially designed for gilts, was used w

关键词： Cervix Intrauterine Nulliparous Porcine Post-cervical insemination

The animal cachexia score(ACAsCO)

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Animal Models and Experimental Medicine 2019年第3期2卷 201-209页

作者： Angelica Betancourt sílvia Busquets Marta Ponce Míriam Toledo joan Guàrdia‐Olmos Maribel peró‐Cebollero Francisco j.López‐soriano josep M.Argilés Cancer Research Group Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina MolecularFacultat de BiologiaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona BarcelonaSpain Advanced statistical Data Analysis Applied to Psychology Departament de Metodologia de les Ciències del ComportamentFacultat de PsicologiaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain Institut de recerca en Cervell Cogniciói Conducta(IR3C)BarcelonaSpain

Background:None of the published studies involving cancer cachexia experimental models have included a measure of the severity of the syndrome like the scoring system previously developed for human *** aim of the present investigation was to define and validate a cachexia score usable in both rat and mouse tumor ***:In order to achieve this goal,we included in the study one rat model(Yoshida AH‐130ascites hepatoma)and two mouse models(Lewis lung carcinoma and Colon26 carcinoma).The Animal cachexia score(ACAsCO)includes five components:(a)body and muscle weight loss,(b)inflammation and metabolic disturbances,(c)physical performance,(d)anorexia,and(e)quality of life measured using discomfort symptoms and behavioral ***:Using the ACAsCO values,three cut‐off values were estimated by applying hierarchical cluster *** groups were originally described,one exactly below the observed mean,a second exactly over the mean,and two other groups adjusted to every cue(inferior and superior).The three cut‐off values were estimated through maximization of the classification *** was accomplished by using a similarity matrix based on the metric properties of the variables and assuming multinormal *** results show that the four groups were:no cachexia,mild cachexia,moderate cachexia and advanced ***:The results obtained allow us to conclude that the score could be very useful as an endpoint in pre‐clinical studies involving therapeutic strategies for cancer *** potential usefulness of ACAsCO relates to the primary endpoint in pre‐clinical cancer cachexia drug evaluations.

关键词： anorexia cachexia classification physical performance quality of life score wasting weight loss

Cataract blindness in Hungary

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

International journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2020年第3期13卷 438-444页

作者： Gábor L.sándor Gábor Tóth Dorottya szabó irén szalai Regina Lukács Anita Pék Georgina Z.Tóth András Papp Zoltán Z.Nagy Hans Limburg jános Németh Department of Ophthalmology Semmelweis UniversityBudapest 1085Hungary Department of Ophthalmology Flór Ferenc HospitalKistarcsa 2143Hungary Department of Ophthalmology Petz Aladár HospitalGyor 9024Hungary Faculty of Health sciences Semmelweis UniversityBudapest 1088Hungary Health Information services Grootebroek 1613The Netherlands

AIM:To estimate the prevalence of blindness and visual impairment resulting from cataract in the population aged≥50 y in Hungary,and to assess the cataract surgical ***:A rapid assessment of avoidable blindness(RAAB)was conducted.A total of 3523 eligible people were randomly selected and *** participant underwent surgery for cataract was interviewed with regard to the year,place,and costs of the *** with obvious cataract were asked why they had not yet undergone surgery(barriers to surgery).REsULTs:An estimated 12514 people were bilaterally blind;the visual acuity(VA)in 19293 people wassstimated 77933 eyes are blind;98067 eyes had a VA ofstimated 277493 eyes had a VA ofsurgeries were conducted in government *** age-and sexadjusted cataract surgical coverage with VAs was 90.0%.The rate of good visual outcome after surgery was 79.5%.Ocular comorbidity was the main cause of poor outcome(78.1%),followed by late complications(such as posterior capsule opacification)(17.2%),inadequate optical correction(3.1%),and surgical complications(1.6%).The main barrier to surgery in people with bilateral cataract and VA ofs‘need not felt’.CONCLUsION:The prevalence of visual impairment resulting from cataract is slightly higher than *** quality of the cataract surgical service seems adequate in ***,the number of cataract operations per year should continue to increase due to the increasing patient demands and the aging population.

关键词： cataract prevalence blindness visual impairment rapid assessment of avoidable blindness

Tilapia processing waste silage (TPWs): An alternative ingredient for Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) diets in biofloc and clear-water systems

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Aquaculture and Fisheries 2019年第5期4卷 214-218页

作者： joaquim da Rocha soares Neto Felipe de Azevedo silva Ribeiro Alex Augusto Gonçalves Maurício gustavo Coelho Emerenciano Universidade Federal Rural do semi-Árido(UFERsA) Departamento de Ciência AnimalSetor de AquiculturaMossoró59625-900Brazil UFERsA Departamento de Ciência AnimalLaboratório de Tecnologia e Controle de Qualidade do PescadoMossoró59625-900Brazil Universidade do Estado de santa Catarina(UDEsC) Laboratório de Aquicultura(LAQ)88790-000LagunaSCBrazil and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia(PPGZOO/UDESC)Chapecó89815-630Brazil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles reared under biofloc and clear-water conditions fed with different inclusion levels of tilapia processing waste silage(TPWs)*** experiment was performed in two individual systems:biofloc(Bs)and clear-water systems(CWs).The trial used forty 40 L rectangular plastic bins(twenty per system)in a density of 63 shrimp/m^(2).The juveniles were distributed in a factorial completely randomized experimental *** treatments were based on the percentage of silage inclusion(control or 0,1.5%,3.0%,4.5%and 6.0%of inclusion)in Bs or CWs,totalizing ten treatments and four *** was above 80%in all treatments and was not affected by both systems and *** final weight and sGR were statistically influenced by system(Psented high values in *** inclusion of TPWs in *** diets did not affect shrimp *** addition,shrimp raised in Bs demonstrated better growth performance as compared to CWs.

关键词： silage Nutrition Waste BFT Pacific white shrimp

Hospital Admissions and Mortality in Patients with Rheumatic Heart Disease in Brazil: An Analysis from 2008 to 2018

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Advances in Infectious Diseases 2020年第3期10卷 176-180页

作者： Mariana silva Nunes gustavo Tedde-Filho joão Carlos Geber-júnior Willian Darwin júnior Viviane Uliane Peterle Ana Paula Monteiro Gomides Academic of Centro Universitário de Brasília Brasília Brazil Medical Clinic Department of Universidade de sã o Paulo S&#227 o Paulo Brazil Universidade de sã o Paulo S&#227 o Paulo Brazil Centro Universitário de Brasília Brasília Brazil

Introduction: The Rheumatic Fever (RF) is a systemic inflammatory disease, caused by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus, predominating in children and adolescents. The clinical manifestations are varied and included... 详细信息

strong>Introduction:strong> The Rheumatic Fever (RF) is a systemic inflammatory disease, caused by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus, predominating in children and adolescents. The clinical manifestations are varied and included in jones Criteria for diagnosis. The cardiac manifestations are the most relevant, causing severe sequelae such as valvulitis. The RF is still a major public health problem in developing countries despite its primary prophylaxis being simple and effective if well applied. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the number of hospital admissions and deaths in Brazil from 2008 to 2018. strong>Methodology:strong> Cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative, documentary study with database provided by the Health Informatics Department of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (DATAsUs).strong> Results:strong> In the studied period, a higher prevalence was observed among females (48,232 hospitalizations) and in the adult age group (59,270 hospitalizations and 3972 deaths). The total number of hospitalizations was 83,209 and the total number of deaths was 6572. The total mortality rate was 7.84. The region with the highest number of hospitalizations was the southeast (22,863 hospitalizations). The total amount spent in hospitalizations was R$879,676,458.63, with an average value per hospitalization of R$ 10,496.21. The average length of stay was 12.7 days. strong>Conclusion: strong>Rheumatic heart disease is an important cause of hospitalizations in Brazil. Measures of early diagnosis and adequate treatment should be strongly stimulated.

关键词： Rheumatic Heart Disease Hospitalizations Number of Deaths

Low-level laser therapy enhances the number of osteocytes in calvaria bone defects of ovariectomized rats

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Animal Models and Experimental Medicine 2019年第1期2卷 51-57页

作者： Priscilla Hakime scalize Luiz gustavo de sousa Lígia Maria Napolitano Goncalves Dimitrius Leonardo Pitol Marcelo Palinkas Antonio Augusto Coppi Mariah Acioli Righeti Vitória Ricardo Karina Fittipaldi Bombonato-Prado simone Cecílio Hallak Regalo selma siessere Department of Morphology Physiology and Basic PathologySchool of Dentistry of Ribeirao PretoUSP-University of Sao Paulo Faculty of Health and Medical sciences School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Surrey

Background : Osteoporosis can make bone repair difficult. Low-level laser therapy( LLLT) has been shown to be a promising tool for bone neoformation. This study aimed to analyze the effect of LLLT on calvaria bone defects of ovariectomized rats using stereology. Methods : Fifty-four Wistar rats were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy, and bone defects were created in calvaria after 150 days. The animals were divided into nine groups(n = ?6 per group), and 24 hours after the bone defects were created they received three, six or 12 sessions of LLLT at 0, 20 or 30 j/cm 2, using a 780-nm low-intensity GaAlAs laser. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey ' s post hoc test was used for data processing. A difference of P s considered statistically significant. The parameters evaluated were osteocyte density( Nv_(ost)), total osteocyte number( Nto ost), trabecular surface density( sv_t), and trabecular surface area( sa_t). Results : Data obtained showed that Nto ost, sv t, and sa t in group G2 rats were significantly different from G1(0 j/cm^2)( P sented higher values for the parameters sv t and sa t, and G6 presented significantly higher values for almost all the analyzed parameters( Nv _(ost), Nto_(ost), sv_t, and sa t)( P showed a higher value only for the parameter sa t, and G9 showed significantly higher values for parameters Nv ost, Nto ost, sv_t, and sa_t. Conclusion : We conclude that LLLT stimulated bone neoformation and contributed to an increase in the total number of osteocytes, especially with a laser energy density of 30 j/cm^2 given for six and 12 sessions.

关键词： bone low-level laser therapy osteocytes osteoporosis

Toughening of Epoxy Resin with solid Amine Terminated Poly(ethy-lene glycol) Benzoate and Effect of Red Mud Waste Particles

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

journal of Materials science & Technology 2008年第2期24卷 272-278页

作者： B.C.samanta T.Maity s.Dalai A.K.Banthia Department of Chelnistrv and Chemical Technology Vidyasagar UniversityMidnapore-721102India Materials science Centre Indian Institute of TechnologyKharagpur-721302India

An investigation was carried out to modify the toughness of triethylene tetramine cured DGEBA （diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A） resin using solid amine terminated poly （ethylene glycol） benzoate （ATPEGB） as modifier with and without red mud waste particles. The solid ATPEGB modifier synthesized from the acid catalyzed esterification reaction of poly （ethylene glycol）（PEG） and 4-amino benzoic acid was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-ir） and ^1H-NMR （nuclear magnetic resonance） spectroscopies, viscosity measurements, and solubility parameter calculation. The unfilled and red mud waste filled modified epoxy networks were evaluated with impact, adhesive, tensile, flexural and thermal properties by differential scanning calorimetry （DsC）, thermogravimetric （TG） and dynamic mechanical analysis （DMA）. The effect of modifier concentration and red mud waste particles on toughening behavior was also investigated. The optimum properties were obtained at 12.5 phr （parts per hundred parts of resin） concentration of the modifier. The ATPEGB modified cured epoxy was thermally stable up to 315℃. The morphology on fracture surfaces of cured epoxy was also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy （sEM）.

关键词： Epoxy Toughness Adhesive Morphology

Fungal diversity notes 253-366:taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Fungal Diversity 2016年第3期78卷 1-237页

作者： Guo jie Li Kevin D.Hyde Rui Lin Zhao sinang Hongsanan Faten Awad Abdel-Aziz Mohamed A.Abdel-Wahab Pablo Alvarado Genivaldo Alves-silva joseph F.Ammirati Hiran A.Ariyawansa Abhishek Baghela Ali Hassan Bahkali Michael Beug D.jayarama Bhat Dimitar Bojantchev Thitiya Boonpratuang Timur s.Bulgakov Erio Camporesi Marcela CBoro Oldriska Ceska Dyutiparna Chakraborty jia jia Chen K.W.Thilini Chethana Putarak Chomnunti Giovanni Consiglio Bao Kai Cui Dong Qin Dai Yu Cheng Dai Dinushani A.Daranagama Kanad Das Monika C.Dayarathne Eske De Crop Rafael j.V.De Oliveira Carlos Alberto Fragoso de souza joséIde souza Bryn T.M.Dentinger Asha j.Dissanayake Mingkwan Doilom E.Ricardo Drechsler-santos Masoomeh Ghobad-Nejhad sean P.Gilmore Aristóteles Góes-Neto MichałGorczak Charles H.Haitjema Kalani Kanchana Hapuarachchi Akira Hashimoto Mao Qiang He john K.Henske Kazuyuki Hirayama Maria j.iribarren subashini C.jayasiri Ruvishika s.jayawardena sun jeong jeon gustavo H.jerônimo Ana L.jesus E.B.Gareth jones ji Chuan Kang samantha C.Karunarathna Paul M.Kirk sirinapa Konta Eric Kuhnert Ewald Langer Haeng sub Lee Hyang Burm Lee Wen jing Li Xing Hong Li Kare Liimatainen Diogo Xavier Lima Chuan Gen Lin jian Kui Liu Xings Zhong Liu Zuo Yi Liu j.jennifer Luangsa-ard Robert Lücking H.Thorsten Lumbsch saisamorn Lumyong Eduardo M.Leaño Agostina V.Marano Misato Matsumura Eric H.C.McKenzie suchada Mongkolsamrit Peter E.Mortimer Thi Thuong Thuong Nguyen Tuula Niskanen Chada Norphanphoun Michelle A.O’Malley sittiporn Parnmen julia Pawłowska Rekhani H.perera Rungtiwa Phookamsak Chayanard Phukhamsakda Carmen L.A.Pires-Zottarelli Olivier Raspé Mateus A.Reck sarah C.O.Rocha AndréL.C.M.Ade santiago Indunil C.senanayake Ledo setti Qiu ju shang sanjay K.singh Esteban B.sir Kevin V.solomon jie song Prasert srikitikulchai Marc stadler satinee suetrong Hayato Takahashi Takumasa Takahashi Kazuaki Tanaka Li Ping Tang Kasun M.Thambugala Donnaya Thanakitpipattana Michael K.Theodorou Benjarong Thongbai Tuksaporn Thummarukcharoen Qing Tian saowaluck Tibpromma Annemieke state Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesNo 31st West Beichen RoadChaoyang DistrictBeijing 100101People’s Republic of China Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research and school of science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Department of Botany and Microbiology College of ScienceKing Saud UniversityP.O.Box:2455Riyadh 1145Saudi Arabia Department of Botany and Microbiology Faculty of ScienceSohag UniversitySohag 82524Egypt ALVALAB C/La Rochela nº47E-39012 SantanderSpain Micolab Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de FungosAlgas e PlantasDepartamento de BotânicaUniversidade Federal de Santa CatarinaCampus Universitário TrindadeCEP:88040-900 FlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil Department of Biology University of WashingtonBox 351800SeattleWA 98195-1800USA Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology Guizhou Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuiyang 550006GuizhouPeople’s Republic of China National Fungal Culture Collection of India(NFCCI) Biodiversity and Palaeobiology GroupMACS’Agharkar Research InstituteG.G.Agarkar RoadPune 411004India PO Box 116 HusumWA 98623-0116USA Formerly Department of BotanyGoa UniversityGoaIndia No.128/1-j Azad Housing SocietyCurcaP.O.Goa Velha 403108India *** 345 Shipwatch LaneHerculesCA 94547USA Microbe Interaction Laboratory(BMIT) BIOTECNational Science and Technology Development Agency(NSTDA)113 Thailand Science ParkThanon PhahonyothinTombon Khlong NuengAmphoeKhlong LuangPathum Thani 12120Thailand Academy of Biology and Biotechnology Southern Federal UniversityRostov-on-Don 344090Rostov regionRussia A.M.B.Gruppo Micologico Forlivese BAntonio“Cicognani” Via Roma Forlì Italy 18 A.M.B.Circolo Micologico“Giovanni Carini”C.P.314BresciaItaly societàper gli studi Naturalistici della Romagna C.P.144Bagnacavallo

Notes on 113 fungal taxa are compiled in this paper,including 11 new genera,89 new species,one new subspecies,three new combinations and seven reference *** geographic and taxonomic range of fungal taxa are *** the Ascomycota the new genera Angustospora(Testudinaceae),Camporesia(Xylariaceae),Clematidis,Crassiparies(Pleosporales genera incertae sedis),Farasanispora,Longiostiolum(Pleosporales genera incertae sedis),Multilocularia(Parabambusicolaceae),Neophaeocryptopus(Dothideaceae),Parameliola(Pleosporales genera incertae sedis),and Towyspora(Lentitheciaceae)are *** introduced species are Angustospora nilensis,Aniptodera aquibella,Annulohypoxylon albidiscum,Astrocystis thailandica,Camporesia sambuci,Clematidis italica,Colletotrichum menispermi,***,Comoclathris pimpinellae,Crassiparies quadrisporus,Cytospora salicicola,Diatrype thailandica,Dothiorella rhamni,Durotheca macrostroma,Farasanispora avicenniae,Halorosellinia rhizophorae,Humicola koreana,Hypoxylon lilloi,Kirschsteiniothelia tectonae,Lindgomyces okinawaensis,Longiostiolum tectonae,Lophiostoma pseudoarmatisporum,Moelleriella phukhiaoensis,***,Mucoharknessia anthoxanthi,Multilocularia bambusae,Multiseptospora thysanolaenae,Neophaeocryptopus cytisi,Ocellularia arachchigei,***,Ochronectria thailandica,Ophiocordyceps karstii,Parameliola acaciae,***,Parastagonospora cumpignensis,Pseudodidymosphaeria phlei,Polyplosphaeria thailandica,Pseudolachnella brevifusiformis,Psiloglonium macrosporum,Rhabdodiscus albodenticulatus,Rosellinia chiangmaiensis,saccothecium rubi,seimatosporium pseudocornii,***,sigarispora ononidis and Towyspora *** combinations are provided for Eutiarosporella dactylidis(sexual morph described and illus trated)and Pseudocamarosporium ***,illustrations and/or reference specimens are designated for Aposphaeria corallinolutea,Cryptovalsa ampelina,Dothiorella vidmadera,Ophiocordyceps formosana,P

关键词： Ascomycota Basidiomycota Neocallimastigomycota Oomycota.Zygomycota Phylogeny Taxonomy New genus New species

Marker-Assisted Introgression of Quantitative Resistance Gene pi21 Confers Broad spectrum Resistance to Rice Blast

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Rice science 2020年第2期27卷 113-123页

作者： Rosalyn B.ANGELEs-sHIM Vincent P.REYEs Marilyn Mdel VALLE Ruby s.LAPIs junghyun sHIM Hidehiko sUNOHARA Kshirod K.jENA Motoyuki AsHIKARI Kazuyuki DOI Plant Breeding Division International Rice Research InstituteDAPO Box 7777Metro Manilathe Philippines Bioscience and Biotechnology Center Nagoya UniversityChikusa-ku Furo-choNagoyaAichi 464-8601Japan Graduate school of Bioagricultural sciences Nagoya UniversityChikusa-ku Furo-choNagoyaAichi 464-8601Japan Department of Plant and soil science College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexas 79409USA

The quantitative resistance gene pi21 from sensho was introgressed to an indica breeding line ir63307-4B-13-2,a pyramiding line irBB4/5/13/21,and a tropical japonica line Kinandang Patong by marker-assisted backcrossing.A total of 192 improved lines at the BC4F3 and BC4F4 generations were developed and confirmed to have the gene introgression via genotyping using a pi21-specific InDel *** randomly selected improved lines,representing all the three genetic backgrounds,demonstrated resistance against leaf blast composites in the field and a broader spectrum resistance against individual isolates compared to the recurrent parents in the ***,the tested lines exhibited pi21-acquired resistance against 11 leaf blast isolates that elicited susceptible reactions from the recurrent *** the tested lines maintained a comparative heading date,and similar or improved panicle length,number of primary branches per panicle and number of total grains per panicle relative to the recurrent *** physical grain characteristics of the recurrent parents were also maintained in the 13 lines tested,although variability in the amylose content and chalkiness degree was *** successful marker-assisted introgression of pi21 in diverse genetic backgrounds and the resulting broader spectrum resistance of improved lines against leaf blast indicate the potential of pi21 for deployment in cultivars grown across other rice growing regions in Asia.

关键词： rice blast pi21 gene marker-assisted breeding disease resistance