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Determination of Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+)Ratios of Magnetite using Different Methods:A Case Study from the Qimantag Metallogenic Belt

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2022年第6期96卷 2135-2147页

作者： YI Liwen LI Qiuping LU Anhuai GU Xiangping chi guoxiang School of Geographical Sciences Hunan Normal UniversityChangsha 410081China School of Geosciences and Info-Physics Central South UniversityChangsha 410083China School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Department of Geology University of ReginaReginaSaskatchewan S4S 0A2Canada

Determination of Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+) ratios from metallogenic belts to explore controlling physical and chemical conditions of rock formation is of great *** order to explore magnetite Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+) ratios of the Qimantag metallogenic belt,part of the Eastern Kunlun orogenic belt in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau,western Central Orogenic Belt of china,and overcome the limitation of the traditional electronic probe,five different measurement methods are proposed and their respective advantages and disadvantages evaluated,with the composition data of the magnetite obtained using electron probe microanalysis(EPMA).The direct oxygen measurement method has a significant impact on the determination results of FeO and Fe2O3,but the accuracy and uniformity of the results are *** valence method(Flank method)based on the spectral intensity ratio of Lαto Lβfor iron is also unreliable for FeO and Fe_(2)O^(3) measurements because it is difficult to establish a relationship between Lβ/Lα,the spectral intensity ratio,and the Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+) content *** comparison,the charge difference method,the surplus-oxygen method and the Mössbauer spectrum method are still the most favorable.Mössbauer spectroscopy,with its isomer movement particularly sensitive to the oxidation state of iron,yields results closer to 0.5,which is relatively *** magnetite deposits are located in intrusions or contact zones and formed by magmatic fluids with high Fe2+/Fe3+ratios,whereas later magnetite deposits are farther away from intrusions and have low Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+) *** transformation mechanism of hematite and magnetite in the Qimantage metallogenic belt is also *** large volume changes,such as pore filling and shrinkage fracture,were detected in the metallogenic belt,and the transformation mechanism is more similar to a reoxidation and reduction mechanism.

关键词： iron magnetite direct oxygen measurement flank-charge difference-surplus-oxygen methods Mössbauer spectra Qimantage

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Hydrodynamic Links between Shallow and Deep Mineralization Systems and Implications for Deep Mineral Exploration

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2022年第1期96卷 1-25页

作者： chi guoxiang XU Deru XUE Chunji LI Zenghua Patrick LEDRU DENG Teng WANG Yumeng SONG Hao Department of Geology University of Regina3737 Wascana ParkwayReginaSK S4S 0A2Canada State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment School of Earth SciencesEast China University of TechnologyNanchang 330013China State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resource School of Earth Sciences and ResourcesChina University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China Universite Lorraine UMR 7359 GeoRessources54506 Vandœuvre les NancyFrance Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu 610059China

Deep mineral exploration is increasingly important for finding new mineral resources but there are many *** the factors controlling the localization of mineralization at depth can reduce the risk in deep mineral *** of the relatively poorly constrained but important factors is the hydrodynamics of *** paper reviews the principles of hydrodynamics of mineralization,especially the nature of relationships between mineralization and structures,and their applications to various types of mineralization systems in the context of hydrodynamic linkage between shallow and deep parts of the *** categories of mineralization systems were examined,i.e.,magmatic-hydrothermal systems,structurally controlled hydrothermal systems with uncertain fluid sources,and hydrothermal systems associated with sedimentary *** implications for deep mineral exploration,including potentials for new mineral resources at depth,favorable locations for mineralization,as well as uncertainties,are discussed.

关键词： hydrodynamics structural control of mineralization mineral systems shallow and deep mineralization deep mineral exploration

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Hydrodynamic regime as a major control on localization of uranium mineralization in sedimentary basins

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Science china Earth Sciences 2014年第12期57卷 2928-2933页

作者： chi guoxiang XUE ChunJi Department of Geology University of Regina State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences

Uranium deposits in sedimentary basins can be formed at various depths,from near surface to the *** many factors may have played a role in controlling the location of mineralization,examination of various examples in the world,coupled with numerical modeling of fluid flow,indicates that the hydrodynamic regime of a basin may have exerted a major control on the localization of uranium *** a basin is strongly overpressured,due to rapid sedimentation,abundance of low-permeability sediments or generation of hydrocarbons,fluid flow is dominantly upward and uranium mineralization is likely limited at shallow *** a basin is moderately overpressured,upward moving fluids carrying reducing agents may meet downward moving,oxidizing,uranium-bearing fluids in the middle of the basin,forming uranium deposits at moderate *** a basin is weakly or not overpressured,either due to slow sedimentation or dominance of high-permeability lithologies,minor topographic disturbance or density variation may drive oxidizing fluids to the bottom of the basin,leaching uranium either from the basin or the basement,forming unconformity-type uranium *** is therefore important to analyze the hydrodynamic regime of a basin in order to predict the most likely type and location of uranium deposits in the basin.

关键词：沉积盆地铀矿化水动力本地化控制政权流体流动碳氢化合物

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Determining Fluid Compositions in the H_2O-NaCl-CaCl_2 System with Cryogenic Raman Spectroscopy:Application to Natural Fluid Inclusions

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2015年第3期89卷 894-901页

作者： CHU Haixia chi guoxiang Department of Geology University of Regina

Previous cryogenic Raman spectroscopic analysis of H_2O-NaCl-CaCl_2 solutions has identified the Raman peaks of various hydrates of NaCl and CaCl_2,and established a linear relationship between Raman band intensity of the hydrates and the composition of the solution（NaCl/（NaCl＋CaCl_2） molar ratio,or X_（NaC1）） using synthetic fluids,which created the opportunity to quantitatively determine the solute composition of aqueous fluid inclusions with cryogenic Raman *** paper aims to test the feasibility of this newly established method with natural fluid ***-five fluid inclusions in quartz from various occurrences which show a high degree of freezing during the cooling processes were carefully chosen for cryogenic Raman analysis.X_（Na）Cl was calculated using their spectra and an equation established in a previous *** inclusions were then analyzed with the thermal decrepitation-SEM-EDS *** X_（NaCl） values estimated from the two methods show a 1：1 correlation,indicating that the new,non-destructive cryogenic Raman spectroscopic analysis method can indeed be used for fluid inclusion compositional study.

关键词： cryogenic Raman XNaCI fluid inclusion H2O-NaCl-CaCl2

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Structural deformation, metallogenic epoch and genetic mechanism of the Woxi Au-Sb-W deposit, Western Hunan Province, South china

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Science china Earth Sciences 2022年第12期65卷 2358-2384页

作者： Bin LI Deru XU Daoyuan BAI guoxiang chi Junfeng DAI Cheng GAO Teng DENG Shaohao ZOU Wen MA Guojian WANG Yuexin LING Guangqian ZENG Yinmin LI State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment East China University of TechnologyNanchang 330013China School of Earth Sciences East China University of TechnologyNanchang 330013China Hunan Institute of Geological Survey Changsha 410116China Department of Geology University of ReginaRegina S4S 0A2SaskatchewanCanada

The remobilization,migration,precipitation,and enrichment of ore-forming elements are closely related to ***,detailed regional and ore-field structural analyses are critical for determining the genesis of a mineral *** Jiangnan Orogenic Belt(JOB)is an important gold polymetallic metallogenic belt in South china,which is characterized by multiple periods of gold mineralization in the Paleozoic and ***,the genesis of these gold polymetallic deposits is still not well understood due to a lack of systematic research on the regional geology,ore-controlling structures and metallogenic *** this study,a detailed structural survey at the surface and in the subsurface tunnels was conducted on the Woxi Au-Sb-W deposit,the genesis of which is relatively controversial among the gold polymetallic deposits in the JOB due to poor structural *** addition,a wolframite U-Pb dating was carried out to further constrain the relationship between structures and *** on the results of these studies,together with those from previous studies,it is proposed that the Woxi deposit and surrounding areas likely underwent six periods of regional deformation,which are constrained in time and geodynamic ***,we present a systematic discussion on the roles of ore-controlling structures in the transportation,distribution,and deposition of ore-forming elements and localization of *** to the wolframite dating results,structural analyses,and previous data,we propose that the Woxi Au-Sb-W deposit was formed in two stages during the Yanshanian:a W(wolframite)-Au mineralization stage at ca.140 Ma and an Au-Sb-W(scheelite)mineralization stage at<130 *** mineralizing events are interpreted to have a tight relationship with tectonic reactivation,and the ore-forming fluids were derived from deep sources,including those of magmatic or metamorphic *** Woxi deposit can therefore be classified as an“

关键词： Structural deformation Wolframite U-Pb age Metallogenic epoch Genetic mechanism Woxi Au-Sb-W deposit Western Hunan Province Jiangnan orogen

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Mass Transfer during Hematitization and Implications for Uranium Mineralization in the Zoujiashan Deposit,Xiangshan Volcanic Basin

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Journal of Earth Science 2022年第2期33卷 422-434页

作者： Teng Deng guoxiang chi Xiongjie Zhang Zenghua Li Deru Xu Shengmiao Li Pengfei Du Pei Shang Shaohao Zou Wanpeng Zhou Ke Xu Hai Yan MaWen Zhengpeng Ding State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment East China University of TechnologyNanchang 330013China Key Laboratory of Uranium Geology China Geological SurveyTianjin 300170China School of Earth Sciences East China University of TechnologyNanchang 330013China Department of Geology University of ReginaRegina S4S 0A2Canada Engineering Research Center of Nuclear Technology Application Ministry of EducationEast China University of TechnologyNanchang 330013China Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory on Radioactive Geoscience and Big Data Technology East China University of TechnologyNanchang330013China Geological Bureau of Hunan Province Changsha 410014China Geologic Party No.208 China National Nuclear CorporationBaotou 410014China

The Zoujiashan uranium deposit in the Xiangshan ore field is the largest volcanic-related uranium deposit in ***-and fluorite-type ores are the predominant mineralization *** in the Xiangshan ore field is closely associated with uranium mineralization,mainly occurring as hematitized rocks enclosing fluorite-type vein ores developed in pre-ore illitized porphyritic *** petrographic and mass balance calculation studies were conducted to evaluate the mechanisms for uranium precipitation and mass transfer during *** observations suggest that in the hematitized rocks,orthoclase is more altered than plagioclase,and quartz dissolution is common,whereas in the illitized rocks,pyrite commonly occurs within the altered biotite grains,and chlorite grains are locally *** balance calculations indicate that Na2O and U were gained,K2O,Ca O and Si O2were lost,whereas Fe2O3-t remained more or less constant during *** observations suggest that the hydrothermal fluids were Na-and U-rich and Ca-K-poor,and the Fe2+used for hematitization was locally derived,most likely from biotite,pyrite and chlorite in the host *** Fe2+is inferred to have played the role of reductant to precipitate uranium,and calculation indicates that oxidation of Fe2+provided by host rocks is sufficient to form ores of economic ***,the hematite-type ore is interpreted to be generated by the reaction between oxidized ore fluids and reduced components in host *** development of calcite and pyrite in the fluorite ores suggests that perhaps mixing between the U-rich fluid and another fluid carrying reduced sulfur and carbon may have also contributed to uranium mineralization,in addition to temperature and pressure drop associated with the veining.

关键词： Xiangshan uranium ore field mass transfer uranium precipitation hematitization redox reaction ore deposit geology

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An overview of hydrodynamic studies of mineralization

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Geoscience Frontiers 2011年第3期2卷 423-438页

作者： guoxiang chi Chunji Xue Department of Geology University of Regina Regina SK S4S OA2 Canada State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China

Fluid flow is an integral part of hydrothermal mineralization, and its analysis and characterization constitute an important part of a mineralization model. The hydrodynamic study of mineralization deals with analyzing the driving forces, fluid pressure regimes, fluid flow rate and direction, and their relationships with localization of mineralization. This paper reviews the principles and methods of hydrodynamic studies of mineralization, and discusses their significance and limitations for ore deposit studies and mineral exploration. The driving forces of fluid flow may be related to fluid overpressure, topographic relief, tectonic deformation, and fluid density change due to heating or salinity variation, depending on specific geologic environments and mineralization processes. The study methods may be classified into three types, megascopic （field） observations, microscopic analyses, and numerical modeling. Megascopic features indicative of significantly overpressured （especially lithostatic or supralithostatic） fluid systems include horizontal veins, sand injection dikes, and hydraulic breccias. Microscopic studies, especially microthermometry of fluid inclusions and combined stress analysis and microthermometry of fluid inclusion planes （FIPs） can provide important information about fluid temperature, pressure, and fluid-structural relationships, thus constraining fluid flow models. Numerical modeling can be carried out to solve partial differential equations governing fluid flow, heat transfer, rock deformation and chemical reactions, in order to simulate the distribution of fluid pressure, temperature, fluid flow rate and direction, and mineral precipitation or dissolution in 2D or 3D space and through time. The results of hydrodynamic studies of mineralization can enhance our understanding of the formation nrocesses of hvdrothermal denosits, and can be used directly or indirectly in mineral exnloration.

关键词： Fluid flow Hydrodynamics Mineralization Hydraulic fracturing Numerical modeling Exploration

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A New Method for Determining Fluid Compositions in the H_2O-NaClCaCl_2 System with Cryogenic Raman Spectroscopy

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2014年第4期88卷 1169-1182页

作者： chi guoxiang CHU Haixia Ryan SCOTT CHOU I-Ming Department of Geology University of Regina Laboratory for Experimental Study Under Deep-sea Extreme Conditions Sanya Institute of Deep-sea Science and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences

Raman peaks of various hydrates in the H20-NaCl-CaCl2 system have been previously identified, but a quantitative relationship between the Raman peaks and XNaCl （i.e.,NaCl/ （NaCl＋CaCl2）） has not been established, mainly due to the difficulty to freeze the solutions. This problem was solved by adding alumina powder to the solutions to facilitate nucleation of crystals. Cryogenic （-185℃） Raman spectroscopic studies of alumina-spiced solutions indicate that XNaCl is linearly correlated with the total peak area fraction of hydrohalite. Capsules of solutions made from silica capillary were prepared to simulate fluid inclusions. Most of these artificial fluid inclusions could not be totally frozen even at temperatures as low as -185℃, and the total peak area fraction of hydrohalite is not correlated linearly with XNaCI. However, the degree of deviation （△XNaCl） from the linear correlation established earlier is related to the amount of residual solution, which is reflected by the ratio （r） of the baseline ＂bump＂ area, resulting from the interstitial unfrozen brine near 3435 cm^-1, and the total hydrate peak area between 3350 and 3600 cm^-1. A linear correlation between △XNaCl and r is established to estimate XNaCl from cryogenic Raman spectroscopic analysis for fluid inclusions.

关键词： cryogenic Raman H20-NaCl-CaCl2 XNaCI fluid inclusion

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Microstructural analysis of a subhorizontal gold-quartz vein deposit at Donalda,Abitibi greenstone belt,Canada:Implications for hydrodynamic regime and fluid-structural relationship

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Geoscience Frontiers 2011年第4期2卷 529-538页

作者： guoxiang chi Jayanta Guha Department of Geology University of Regina Regina Saskatchewan Canada Sciences de la Terre/Centre d＇Etude sur les Ressources Minerales Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi Chicoutimi Quebec Canada

The Donalda gold deposit in the southern part of the Archean Abitibi greenstone belt consists mainly of a subhonzontal gold-quartz vein perpendicular to subvertical shear *** 0.3—0.5 m thick vein is characterized by vein-parallel banding structures indicating multiple episodes of fracture opening and mineral *** of the c-axis of primary growth quartz indicates that quartz preferentially grew perpendicular to the fracture,suggesting open space filling and/or extensional nature of the *** of the orientations of microfractures,veinlets and fluid—inclusion planes（FIPs） crosscutting primary growth quartz indicates that the vein minerals were subject to a vertical maximum principal stress（σ_1）,which is inconsistent with the subhorizontalσ_1 inferred from the regional stress field with N—S *** apparent discrepancy is explained by invoking episodic fluid pressure fluctuation between supralithostatic and hydrostatic regimes accompanied by episodic opening and closing of the sub-horizontal *** fluid pressure was higher than the lithostatic value,the fracture was opened and primary growth minerals were precipitated,whereas when fluid pressure decreased toward the hydrostatic value,the hanging wall of the fracture collapsed,causing collision of protruding primary growth minerals from both sides of the fracture and resulting in formation of vein-parallel deformation *** columns where the two facing sides of the fracture collided were subject to higher-than-lithostatic stress due to the bridging effect and reduced support surface area,explaining the development of verticalσ_*** hypothesis is consistent the fault-valve model,and explains the flipping ofσ_1 without having to change the regional stress field.

关键词： Hydrodynamics Fluid-structural relationship Gold deposit Fluid inclusion planes Microstructural Subhorizontal veins

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Effects of hydrocarbon generation on fluid flow in the Ordos Basin and its relationship to uranium mineralization

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Geoscience Frontiers 2011年第3期2卷 439-447页

作者： Chunji Xue guoxiang chi Wei Xue State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China School of the Earth Sciences and Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China Department of Geology University of Regina Regina Saskatchewan Canada

The Ordos Basin of North china is not only an important uranium mineralization province, but also a major producer of oil, gas and coal in china. The genetic relationship between uranium mineralization and hydrocarbons has been recognized by a number of previous studies, but it has not been well understood in terms of the hydrodynamics of basin fluid flow. We have demonstrated in a previous study that the preferential localization of Cretaceous uranium mineralization in the upper part of the Ordos Jurassic section may have been related to the interface between an upward flowing, reducing fluid and a downward flowing, oxidizing fluid. This interface may have been controlled by the interplay between fluid overpressure related to disequilibrium sediment compaction and which drove the upward flow, and topographic relief, which drove the downward flow. In this study, we carried out numerical modeling for the contribution of oil and gas generation to the development of fluid overpressure, in addition to sedi- ment compaction and heating. Our results indicate that when hydrocarbon generation is taken into account, fluid overpressure during the Cretaceous was more than doubled in comparison with the simu- lation when hydrocarbon generation was not considered. Furthermore, fluid overpressure dissipation at the end of sedimentation slowed down relative to the no-hydrocarbon generation case. These results suggest that hydrocarbon generation may have played an important role in uranium mineralization, not only in providing reducing agents required for the mineralization, but also in contributing to the driving force to maintain the upward flow.

关键词： Ordos Basin Uranium deposits Hydrodynamics Hydrocarbon generation Fluid overpressure Fluid flow Numerical modeling

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