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Local Torrential Rainfall Event within a Mei-Yu Season Mesoscale Convective System:Importance of Back-Building Processes

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第5期41卷 847-863页

作者： Honglei ZHANG Ming XUE Hangfeng SHEN Xiaofan LI guoqing zhai Zhejiang Institute of Meteorological Sciences Hangzhou 310017China Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms and School of MeteorologyUniversity of OklahomaNormanOklahoma 73072USA Department of Atmospheric Science School of Earth SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China Hangzhou Weather Bureau Hangzhou 310007China

An extreme rainfall event occurred over Hangzhou,China,during the afternoon hours on 24 June *** event occurred under suitable synoptic conditions and the maximum 4-h cumulative rainfall amount was over 150 *** rainfall event had two major *** was caused by a quasi-stationary convective line,and the other by a backbuilding convective line related to the interaction of the outflow boundary from the first rainband and an existing low-level mesoscale convergence line associated with a mei-yu frontal *** rainfall event lasted 4 h,while the back-building process occurred in 2 h when the extreme rainfall center *** far,few studies have examined the back-building processes in the mei-yu season that are caused by the interaction of a mesoscale convergence line and a convective cold *** two rainbands are successfully reproduced by the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model with fourlevel,two-way interactive *** the model,new cells repeatedly occur at the west side of older cells,and the backbuilding process occurs in an environment with large CAPE,a low LFC,and plenty of water *** from older cells enhance the low-level convergence that forces new *** precipitation efficiency of the back-building training cells leads to accumulated precipitation of over 150 *** experiments without evaporation of rainwater show that the convective cold pool plays an important role in the organization of the back-building process in the current extreme precipitation case.

关键词： torrential rainfall back-building processes numerical simulation trigger mechanism convergence line convective cold pool

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^(13)C稳定同位素在陆地生态系统植物-微生物-土壤碳循环中的应用

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林业科学 2024年第7期60卷 175-190页

作者：白雪娟翟国庆刘敬泽河北师范大学生命科学学院河北省动物生理生化与分子生物学实验室河北省生态环境协同创新中心石家庄050024 河北师范大学生态学博士后科研流动站石家庄050024

绿色植物通过光合作用吸收大气中的CO_(2),是陆地生态系统的主要碳(C)源,量化光合C在植物-土壤系统间的分配,对于明确C的周转与存留、预测气候变化背景下植被和土壤C库潜力具有重要意义。^(13)C稳定同位素技术具有准确性和易操作性,在C... 详细信息

绿色植物通过光合作用吸收大气中的CO_(2),是陆地生态系统的主要碳(C)源,量化光合C在植物-土壤系统间的分配,对于明确C的周转与存留、预测气候变化背景下植被和土壤C库潜力具有重要意义。^(13)C稳定同位素技术具有准确性和易操作性,在C循环研究中被广泛应用,为探究植物-土壤系统C分配、土壤微生物群落结构、C利用效率和土壤C矿化为CO_(2)通量变化等特性提供重要技术支撑。本研究首先介绍^(13)C稳定同位素的发展和标记方法,主要有^(13)C脉冲(单次与多次)标记、^(13)C连续标记、借助C_(4)土壤种植C_(3)植物确定^(13)C丰度以及不改变植被条件鉴定自然^(13)C丰度等。其次总结该技术在植物-微生物-土壤系统C循环中的应用:主要包括^(13)C同位素标记在植物-土壤系统C分配,^(13)C自然丰度技术在树木生长轮和植物群落水平C循环、土壤有机C形成与分解过程中的应用;在土壤微生物方面,概述^(13)C稳定同位素在磷脂脂肪酸、氨基糖、芯片-稳定同位素探针、纳米二次离子质谱同位素成像、荧光原位杂交-纳米二次离子质谱技术等微生物标志物上的应用。接着总结^(13)C稳定同位素方法的缺点,即^(13)C样品检测价格昂贵、由于^(13)C分馏作用影响^(13)C丰度检测不准确及^(13)C标记与微生物标志物技术结合对^(13)C标记丰度要求较高等。最后,对未来^(13)C同位素示踪技术研究提出展望:在理论上,需探究^(13)C标记底物在植物-土壤-微生物系统C分配、转化和固持的作用机制和影响机制,构建统计与验证模型;在应用上,应注重交叉学科的运用,将地理信息系统、遥感等地学技术与^(13)C稳定同位素相结合,从更广泛、更全面的角度推进陆地生态系统C循环研究。

关键词： ^(13)C稳定同位素标记技术陆地生态系统碳循环土壤有机碳微生物标志物

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Hailstorm Formation Enhanced by Meso-γ Vortices along a Low-Level Convergence Line

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2020年第6期34卷 1271-1286页

作者： Honglei ZHANG Hangfeng SHEN guoqing zhai Zhejiang Institute of Meteorological Sciences Hangzhou 310017 Department of Atmospheric Sciences School of Earth SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027 Hangzhou Weather Bureau Hangzhou 310007

During a hailstorm event,near-surface meso-γvortices along a convergence line interact with hail *** we investigate this interaction by using observational data and a high-resolution simulation of a hailstorm that occurred over Taizhou(Zhejiang,China)on 19 March *** 10-m surface wind data from automatic weather stations show that several meso-γvortices or vortex-like disturbances existed over the convergence zone and played a vital role in the evolution of the hailstorm and the location of the *** model results agree with the observations and present a closer correlation between the hail and the low-level meso-γvortices than those *** model simulation indicates that such low-level meso-γvortices can be used to predict the next 10-min hail fallout *** lowlevel meso-γvortices originated over the convergence zone and then fed back into the convergence field and provoked a stronger *** was initiated primarily by stretching and was extended by tilting.A three-dimensional(3-D)flow analysis shows that the existence of low-level meso-γvortices could help enhance a local ***,the simulation reveals that the low-level meso-γvortices formed in the bounded weak echo region(WER)at the front of the hail cell,enhancing convergence and strengthening *** was broadly located between the 0°C isothermal line and the top of the clouds,roughly between the 0 and-20°C isothermal ***,the hailstones grew *** suitable environment and the positive effect of the meso-γvortices on the updrafts enabled hailstorm formation.

关键词： hailstorm meso-γvortices special terrain high-resolution simulation strong updraft

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Physical processes associated with movement of maximum wind of Typhoon Rammasun(2014)

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2023年第2期17卷 407-416页

作者： Xin QUAN Xiaofan LI guoqing zhai Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province School of Earth SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China

In this study,the movement of the maximum wind of Typhoon Rammasun(2014)was measured by the radial movement of the maximum symmetric rotational kinetic *** weather research and forecasting(WRF)model was used to simulate Typhoon Rammasun,and validated simulation data for the lower troposphere were analyzed to examine the physical processes responsible for the radial movement of the maximum *** radii,where maximum symmetric rotational kinetic energy and its maximum tendency were located,were compared to explain radial *** tendency in the lower troposphere is controlled by the flux convergence of symmetric rotational kinetic energy and the conversion from symmetric divergent kinetic energy to symmetric rotational kinetic energy,as well as frictional dissipation in the symmetric rotational kinetic energy *** inward movement before rapid intensification(RI)resulted from radial flux convergence;cyclonic circulation develops while moving *** maximum symmetric rotational kinetic energy and RI were caused by the conversion,which was observed to be proportional to the symmetric rotational kinetic *** increased terrain-induced friction dissipation,which led to outward movement and ended the RI.

关键词： typhoon radial movement of maximum wind symmetric rotational kinetic energy rapid intensification kinetic energy budget flux convergence conversion

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An investigation into the three-dimensional cloud structure over East Asia from the CALIPSO-GOCCP Data

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Science China Earth Sciences 2015年第12期58卷 2236-2248页

作者： YIN JinFang WANG DongHai XU HuanBin zhai guoqing State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing Institute of Applied Meteorology Department of Earth Science Zhejiang University

The spatial distribution of clouds and their seasonal variations, and the three-dimensional(3D) cloud structures over East Asia have been analyzed with the CALIPSO-GOCCP data during the period from 2007 to 2012. The results show that there is a large cloud fraction greater than 0.7 over southern China, and the largest cloud fraction appears in southwest China. Besides, a large cloud fraction occurs over the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau. The total and high cloud fractions show notable variations with seasons, while the middle and low cloud fractions vary a little. As for cloud vertical structure, significant differences of the cloud vertical distributions are observed between over land and ocean. Cloud fractions and the height of the maximum cloud fractions decline gradually with the increasing latitude, except for the vertical-latitude profiles over the Tibetan Plateau regions. The longitude-vertical cross sections show similar patterns from the longitude 70° E to 140° E, except the profiles with large cloud fractions over the Tibetan Plateau. From the horizontal distribution patterns and vertical structures of the clouds over East Asia, it is concluded that the huge terrain of the Tibetan Plateau has significant impacts on the cloud formation over the Tibetan Plateau region and the areas to the east. At last, the clouds from the CALIPSO-GOCCP observations are compared to those from the ERA-Interim reanalysis data. The results indicate that the ERA-Interim reanalysis data provide reasonable spatial distribution patterns and the vertical structures in terms of the total cloud fraction over East Asia. However, the total cloud fraction was underestimated about 20% by the ERA-Interim reanalysis data over most parts of East Asia, especially over the neighboring areas east of the Tibetan Plateau. Additionally, the ERA-interim reanalysis data overestimate the cloud fractions at each level in the vertical direction.

关键词： CALIPSO cloud fraction cloud three-dimension structure ERA-interim reanalysis data

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Surface Rainfall and Cloud Budgets Associated with Mei-yu Torrential Rainfall over Eastern China during June 2011

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2014年第6期31卷 1435-1444页

作者： zhai guoqing LI Xiaofan ZHU Peijun SHEN Hangfeng ZHANG Yuanzhi Department of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou Weather Bureau Aviation Agency Meteorological Observatory of Zhejiang

Surface rainfall and cloud budgets associated with three heavy rainfall events that occurred over eastern China during the mei-yu season in June 2011 were analyzed using 2D cumulus ensemble model simulation *** domain mean rainfall showed three peaks in response to three prescribed ascending motion maxima,primarily through the mean moisture convergence during the torrential rainfall *** ascending motion throughout the troposphere produced strong convective rainfall during the first （9 June） and third （17-18 June） rainfall events,whereas strong prescribed ascending motion in the mid and upper troposphere and weak subsidence near the surface generated equally important stratiform and convective rainfall during the second rainfall event （14 June）.The analysis of surface rainfall budgets reveals that convective rainfall was associated with atmospheric drying during the first event and moisture convergence during the third *** stratiform and convective rainfall responded primarily to moisture convergence during the second *** analysis of grid data shows that the first and third mean rainfall maxima had smaller horizontal scales of the precipitation system than the second.

关键词： rainfall cloud budget moisture convergence atmospheric drying convective rainfall stratiform rainfall

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Mesoscale Modeling Study of Severe Convection over Complex Terrain

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2016年第11期33卷 1259-1270页

作者： Ying ZHANG Zhiyong MENG Peijun ZHU Tao SU guoqing zhai Department of Atmospheric Sciences School of Earth SciencesZhejiang University Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences School of PhysicsPeking University

Short squall lines that occurred over Lishui, southwestern Zhejiang Province, China, on 5 July 2012, were investigated using the WRF model based on 1°× 1° gridded NCEP Final Operational Global Analysis data. The results from the numerical simulations were particularly satisfactory in the simulated radar echo, which realistically reproduced the generation and development of the convective cells during the period of severe convection. The initiation of this severe convective case was mainly associated with the uplift effect of mesoscale mountains, topographic convergence, sufficient water vapor, and enhanced low-level southeasterly wind from the East China Sea. An obvious wind velocity gradient occurred between the Donggong Mountains and the southeast coastline, which easily enabled wind convergence on the windward slope of the Donggong Mountains; both strong mid–low-level southwesterly wind and low-level southeasterly wind enhanced vertical shear over the mountains to form instability; and a vertical coupling relation between the divergence on the upper-left side of the Donggong Mountains and the convergence on the lower-left side caused the convection to develop rapidly. The convergence centers of surface streams occurred over the mountain terrain and updrafts easily broke through the lifting condensation level（LCL） because of the strong wind convergence and topographic lift, which led to water vapor condensation above the LCL and the generation of the initial convective cloud. The centers of surface convergence continually created new convective cells that moved with the southwest wind and combined along the Donggong Mountains, eventually forming a short squall line that caused severe convective weather.

关键词： convective convection divergence mesoscale mountains instability southwestern terrain moved uplift

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A Modified Double-Moment Bulk Microphysics Scheme Geared toward the East Asian Monsoon Region

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2022年第9期39卷 1451-1471页

作者： Jinfang YIN Donghai WANG guoqing zhai Hong WANG Huanbin XU Chongjian LIU State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather(LaSW) Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China School of Atmospheric Sciences Sun Yat-Sen UniversityZhuhai 519082China Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Zhuhai 519082China Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology China Meteorological Administration(CMA)Guangzhou 510080China

Representation of cloud microphysical processes is one of the key aspects of numerical *** improved double-moment bulk cloud microphysics scheme(named IMY)was created based on the standard Milbrandt-Yau(MY)scheme in the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model for the East Asian monsoon region(EAMR).In the IMY scheme,the shape parameters of raindrops,snow particles,and cloud droplet size distributions are variables instead of fixed ***,the shape parameters of raindrop and snow size distributions are diagnosed from their respective shape-slope *** shape parameter for the cloud droplet size distribution depends on the total cloud droplet number *** addition,a series of minor improvements involving detailed cloud processes have also been *** improved scheme was coupled into the WRF model and tested on two heavy rainfall cases over the *** IMY scheme is shown to reproduce the overall spatial distribution of rainfall and its temporal evolution,evidenced by comparing the modeled results with surface gauge *** simulations also successfully capture the cloud features by using satellite and ground-based radar observations as a *** IMY has yielded simulation results on the case studies that were comparable,and in ways superior to MY,indicating that the improved scheme shows *** the simulations demonstrated a positive performance evaluation for the IMY scheme,continued experiments are required to further validate the scheme with different weather events.

关键词： cloud and precipitation cloud microphysical processes double-moment microphysics scheme East Asia monsoon region(EAMR)

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An Attempt to Improve Kessler-Type Parameterization of Warm Cloud Microphysical Conversion Processes Using Cloud Sat Observations

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2015年第1期29卷 82-92页

作者：尹金方王东海翟国庆 State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Department of Earth Science Zhejiang University

Improvements to the Kessler-type parameterization of warm cloud microphysical conversion processes（also called autoconversion） are proposed based on a large number of Cloud Sat observations between June2006 and April 2011 over Asian land areas. The emphasis is given to the vertical distribution of liquid water content（LWC）, particularly, the threshold values of LWC for autoconversion. The results warrant a new approach to the numerical parameterization of autoconversion in warm clouds. One feature of this new approach is that the autoconversion threshold, which has been treated as a constant in previous parameterization schemes, is diagnosed as a function of altitude by using a relationship between LWC and height（H）derived from Cloud Sat observations： LWCdig =-500.0 ln（ H/9492.2）. Under this framework, the threshold LWC decreases with increasing H, allowing autoconversion to occur in clouds with low LWC（approximately0.3 g m^-3） at levels above 5.5 km. Autoconversion rates calculated based on the new parameterization are compared to those calculated based on several commonly used parameterization schemes over a range of LWCs from 0.01 to 1.0 g m^-3. The new scheme provides reasonable simulations of autoconversion at various vertical levels.

关键词： autoconversion microphysical parameterization threshold of autoconversion

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In-Situ Measurements of Cloud-Precipitation Microphysics in the East Asian Monsoon Region Since 1960

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2015年第2期29卷 155-179页

作者：王东海尹金方翟国庆 State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Department of Earth Science Zhejiang University

A large number of in-situ measurements of cloud-precipitation microphysical properties have been made since 1960, including measurements of particle size distribution, particle concentration, and liquid water content of clouds and rain. These measurements have contributed to considerable progress in understanding microphysical processes in clouds and precipitation and significant improvements in parameterizations of cloud microphysics in numerical models. This work reviews key findings regarding cloud-precipitation microphysics over China. The total number concentrations of various particles vary significantly, with certain characteristic spatial scales. The size distributions of cloud droplets in stratiform clouds can generally be fit with gamma distributions, but the fit parameters cover a wide range. Raindrop size distributions（RSDs）associated with stratiform clouds can be fit with either exponential or gamma distributions, while RSDs associated with convective or mixed stratiform-cumuliform clouds are best fit with gamma *** of ice nuclei（IN） over China are higher than those observed over other regions, and increase exponentially as temperature decreases. The particle size distributions of ice crystals, snow crystals, and hailstones sampled at a variety of locations can be reliably approximated by using exponential distributions,while aerosol particle size distributions are best described as the sum of a modified gamma distribution and a Junge power-law distribution. These results are helpful for evaluating and improving the fidelity of physical processes and hydrometeor fields simulated by microphysical parameterizations. The comprehensive summary and analysis of previous work presented here also provide useful guidelines for the design of future observational programs.

关键词： cloud precipitation in-situ measurement microphysical properties microphysical parameterization

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