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Grounded-source short offset transient electromagnetic method:Theory and applications in deep mineral exploration

Science China Earth Sciences 2025年

作者： guoqiang xue Xin WU Weiying CHEN Nannan ZHOU Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Abstract The Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) method is a critical geophysical technique for subsurface exploration of metal ore bodies, primarily utilizing either loop or grounded transmitters. The Long Offset Transient Electromagnetic(LOTEM) method employs a grounded-source transmitter, relying on a far-source observation mode and plane wave approximation for detection. However, LOTEM’s far-source configuration weakens signal strength, and the plane wave approximation reduces precision, limiting effective detection depth to approximately 1000 m with a comprehensive error of about 15%. Recently, we have developed the grounded-source Short Offset Transient Electromagnetic (SOTEM) method,achieving greater detection depth and accuracy within the 500–2000 m depth range, a crucial interval for mineral resource exploration. This study explores the theoretical framework, instrumentation, data processing, and field applications of SOTEM. Based on a point charge element model, SOTEM accurately computes surface wave effects in EM field calculations,optimized for near-source observation. High-power, high-resolution, wide-bandwidth exploration equipment and an advanced three-dimensional hybrid inversion technique were also developed to enhance the method’s effectiveness. Application of SOTEM to the deep exploration of the Zhou’an Ni-Cu-PGE deposit in Henan Province yielded high-resolution imaging of conductivity structures to about 2.5 km depth. These results, consistent with existing drill data, delineated mineralized ore bodies from surrounding formations, identified zones of mineralization potential, and suggested extensive resource prospects in the region.

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New methods of controlled-source electromagnetic detection in China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2020年第9期63卷 1268-1277页

作者： Qingyun DI guoqiang xue Changchun YIN Xiu LI Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Frontier Technology and Equipment Development Center for Deep Resources Exploration Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Innovation Academy for Earth Science Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology Jilin UniversityChangchun 130026China School of Geology Engineering and Geomatics Chang’an UniversityXi’an 710054China

As an important branch of geophysical exploration method,the electromagnetic method with artificial source has advanced rapidly in the past *** methods are classified as airborne electromagnetic method,ground-air electromagnetic method,ground electromagnetic method,and marine electromagnetic *** the years,researchers in China have made significant improvement to the fundamental theory,forward modeling and inverse for series of electromagnetic detection ***,significant progress was made in the development of corresponding *** researched techniques and their developed equipment have been successfully utilized to detect underground targets as deep as 10 ***,there is increasing need for deep resources exploration,urban subsurface study,and prediction,monitoring and detection of geological *** meet the increasing need and catch up with the advanced international level of exploration technologies and developed equipment,there is urgent necessity and requirement to continue developing geophysical methods and the corresponding equipment.

关键词： Controlled-source Electromagnetic method Multiscale Deep earth detection

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Summary of technology for a comprehensive geophysical exploration of gold mine in North China Craton

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Science China Earth Sciences 2021年第9期64卷 1524-1536页

作者： Qingyun DI guoqiang xue Da LEI Qingdong ZENG Changmin FU Zhiguo AN CAS Engineering Laboratory for Deep Resources Equipment and Technology Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China Innovation Academy for Earth Science Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China

The North China Craton is the oldest continental block,and has suffered from large-scale lithospheric thinning and destruction,which in turn led to gold deposits in northern *** decratonic gold deposits in the North China Craton became the most important gold deposits in China,and geophysical methods are key means to detect and discover gold deposits *** this paper,based on the geological and petrophysical characteristics of the North China Craton,the geological model of the decratonic gold deposits is transformed into a geophysical *** present,two methods of geophysical exploration of decratonic gold deposits are in use:rapid and efficient exploration on the scale of the ore concentration area,and large depth exploration on the scale of the deposit *** detail,the airborne electromagnetic,magnetic and gravity methods are used to detect the shallow(1,500 m)anomaly area on the scale of the ore concentration *** the ground-controlled source electromagnetic and ground magnetotelluric methods,explorations for targets at significant depth(5,000 m)are carried out in the mining ***,taking the Liaodong ore concentration area as an example,geophysical methods are used to discover two prospecting areas around the Jianshanzi Fault in the Qingchengzi ore concentration area,Baiyun-Xiaotongjiapuzi deep prospecting area,and Qingchengzi deep prospecting ***,three prospecting areas are delineated around the Jixingou Fault in the Wulong mining area,Wulong deep prospecting area,Weishagou deep prospecting area,and Chang’an deep prospecting *** anomalies in the ore concentration area and mining area are revealed by means of three-dimensional exploration methods,thereby providing technical support for the exploration of metal minerals such as decratonic gold deposits.

关键词： Decratonic gold deposits in the North China Craton Liaodong area Integrated geophysics Mining area scale Deposit area scale

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Lithospheric structures across the Qiman Tagh and western Qaidam Basin revealed by magnetotelluric data collected using a self-developed SEP system

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Science China Earth Sciences 2021年第10期64卷 1813-1820页

作者： Qingyun DI guoqiang xue Zhongxing WANG Lanfang HE Renzhong PEI Tianxin ZHANG Guangyou FANG CAS Engineering Laboratory for Deep Resources Equipment and Technology Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Institutions of Earth Science Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Aerospace Informatory Research Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100094China

Geophysics offers an important means to investigate the physical processes occurring inside the *** particular,since the 1960s,electromagnetic(EM)methods have played important roles in mineral exploration and engineering *** investigation requires extensive data acquisition and experimental analysis based on geophysical ***,high-performance geophysical equipment,particularly EM exploration equipment,has been dominated by large geophysical companies from the United States,Canada,Germany,and other European countries for *** has limited the development of deep exploration technology in ***,we have developed a high-resolution acquisition system with a wireless control unit and a high-power transmitting system for surface EM prospecting(SEP).The new system has been tested in the high-intensity,noisy environment in Jian-sanjiang area,Heilongjiang *** then conducted a field survey on the western edge of Qaidam Basin,Qinghai Province.A highly conductive anomaly was found in the upper mantle below the Qinmantage Mountains,which indicates a possible northward fluid channel that runs from below the Qinmantage Mountains to the bottom of the western crust of the Qaidam *** of this significant feature was made possible by the new SEP for its better resolution than the previous ***,geophysical analysis confirmed that the thick Cenozoic sediments of the Qaidam Basin are underlain by rigid Precambrian basement rocks and are characterized by a series of *** resistivity profile indicates that the Qaidam Basin was formed due to the folding structures in the northern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau which provided an additional evidence for the uplifting of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

关键词： Surface electromagnetic prospecting system(SEP) Self developed system High resolution Western Qaidam Basin Lithospheric structures

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Three-dimensional electrical structure model of the Yangbajain geothermal field in Tibet:Evidence obtained from magnetotelluric data

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第8期66卷 1839-1852页

作者： guoqiang xue Weiying CHEN Ping ZHAO Wangqi REN Yiming HE Pengfei LV Kangxin LEI Yang ZHAO Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of Earth Science University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System Resources and Environment(TPESRE)Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China School of Geosciences and Info-Physics Central South UniversityChangsha 410083China

The Yangbajain Geothermal Field in Tibet is located in the fault subsidence basin of the central Yadong-Gulu Rift *** spatial distribution of the field is controlled by mountain-front fault zones on the northwestern and southeastern sides of the *** power has been generated in Yangbajain for more than 40 ***,owing to the lack of threedimensional(3D) geophysical exploration data,key geological issues related to the partial melt body of the Yangbajain Geothermal Field,such as its location,burial depth,and geometric form,as well as the ascending channel of the geothermal fluid,have for a long time been *** this study,3D inversion was performed using measured geo-electromagnetic total impedance tensor data from 47 survey *** extracted horizontal sections at different depths and profiles,and at different lines,reflect the 3D electrical structure model of the geothermal field in the study ***,three findings were ***,the partial melt body,located below the China-Nepal Highway extending along the northeast direction,is the heat source of the Yangbajain Geothermal *** burial depth range of the molten body was determined to range between approximately 6.2 and 14 ***,the geothermal fluid ascended a horn-shaped circulation channel with an up-facing opening,located in the northern section of the sulfur ditch *** study results revealed that deep rock fissures(>2 km) were not well developed and had poor *** addition,no layered heat reservoirs with high water richness were observed in the northern part of the study ***,the application of enhanced geothermal system(EGS) technology in the northern region would be essential to improving the power generation capacity of the Yangbajain Geothermal *** addition,the study found no deep high-temperature heat storage areas in the southern region of the study area.

关键词： Geothermal field Magnetotelluric Partial melt body 3D electrical structure Thermal reservoir geological model

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Insight into skywave theory and breakthrough applications in resource exploration

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National Science Review 2021年第12期8卷 55-62页

作者： Qingyun Di Changmin Fu guoqiang xue Miaoyue Wang Zhiguo An Ruo Wang Zhongxing Wang Da Lei Xianjun Zhuo CAS Engineering Laboratory for Deep Resources Equipment and Technology Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Innovation Academy for Earth Science Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences China Ship Research and Development Academy

Skywave refers to the electromagnetic wave reflected or refracted from the ionosphere and propagated in the form of a guided wave between the ionosphere and the Earth’s *** the skywave can propagate over large distances,it has been widely used in long-distance *** paper explores and demonstrates the feasibility of skywave for deep resource and energy exploration at depths of up to 10 *** and technical advancements were accomplished in furthering skywave applications.A new solution method based on Green’s function has been developed to study skywave propagation in a fully coupled lithosphere-air-ionosphere full space *** the first time,the model allows one to study skywave distribution characteristics in the lithosphere containing inhomogeneity such as ore deposits or oil and gas *** model also lays a foundation for skywave data processing and *** a parallel line,we have developed a multi-channel,broadband,low-noise,portable data acquisition system suitable for receiving skywave *** the skywave field excited by a high-power fixed source located in central China,actual field surveys have been carried out in some areas in China including the Biyang depression of Henan *** initial results appear encouraging—the interpreted resistivity models prove to be consistent with those of seismic exploration and known geological information,and the exploration cost is only～1/4 to 1/10 that of seismic *** initial successful applications of the skywave theory lay a solid foundation for further verification of the new method.

关键词： skywave theory instrument development electromagnetic exploration deep resources

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The genesis and resource potential of gold deposits in the Liaodong Peninsula

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第3期67卷 657-672页

作者： Rixiang ZHU Jin-Hui YANG Gongwen WANG Qingdong ZENG guoqiang xue Tao XU Xinghui LI Peng ZHANG Da LEI Guang ZHU State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China Shenyang Center China Geological SurveyShenyang 110034China School of Resources and Environmental Engineering Hefei University of TechnologyHefei 230009China

Plenty of gold deposits related to Late Mesozoic craton destruction are widely distributed in eastern North China Craton. However, significant differences in research degrees, ore-forming characteristics, and proven reserves exist among different regions in the North China Craton. The Liaodong Peninsula has similar regional geological characteristics to those of the Jiaodong Peninsula, with both experiencing craton destruction during Late Mesozoic, but the two areas have substantial differences in terms of gold mineralization and the proven gold resources. Based on regional geology, Mesozoic magmatictectonic evolution and ore geology, combined with integrated geophysical exploration and big data AI resource prediction, in this paper, we propose that the ore-forming materials of Late Mesozoic gold deposits in Liaodong were mainly originated from mantle-derived melts and/or fluids induced by craton destruction. The gold deposits were primarily controlled by NE-NNEtrending faults, mainly classified as fracture-controlled altered rock-type and sulfide-bearing quartz vein-type. Moreover, our study predicts that the Yalu River fault zone and its related secondary faults, as well as the periphery and deeper parts of known goldfields, are the important regions for future gold resource exploration. The Yalu River metallogenic belt has an enormous potential for gold resources, and the Liaodong Peninsula has a potential to add thousands of tons of gold resources.

关键词： Liaodong Peninsula Gold deposit Integrated geophysical exploration Prospecting potential Direction for prospecting breakthroughs

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短偏移距电磁探测技术概述

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地球物理学报 2018年第1期61卷 1-8页

作者：何继善薛国强中南大学地球科学与信息物理学院长沙410083 中国科学院矿产资源研究重点实验室中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所北京100029 中国科学院大学北京100049

由于人工源电磁探测效果与收发距离有一定关系,本文首先分析了收发距离为零的中心回线源瞬变电磁法(Transient Electromagnetic Method,TEM)视电阻率定义和算法特点,回溯了从圆形回线到矩形的修正式中心回线装置的发展过程;概述了从中... 详细信息

由于人工源电磁探测效果与收发距离有一定关系,本文首先分析了收发距离为零的中心回线源瞬变电磁法(Transient Electromagnetic Method,TEM)视电阻率定义和算法特点,回溯了从圆形回线到矩形的修正式中心回线装置的发展过程;概述了从中心回线发展到接地导线源短偏移瞬变电磁(Short-Offset TEM,SOTEM)理论上的可行性;列举了将LOTEM(Long-Offset TEM)从数倍于探测深度的观测区推进到近源区后的探测实例.对于频率域人工源电磁法,介绍了起源于MT(Magneto-Telluric)的CSAMT(Controlled Source Audio-frequency MagnetoTelluric)与电磁频率测深法不同发展道路.电磁频率测深将观测区从远区推进到了中区;广域电磁法通过全区视电阻率新定义不仅提高了解释精度,而且将传统CSAMT远场观测模式推进到中区探测模式;最后指出,如能采用新的点微元假设计算方法,可有望分离自有场和辐射场,实现频域电磁近源探测.

关键词：近源电磁探测中心回线TEM 短偏移SOTEM 电磁频率测深广域电磁法

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An alternative tool to controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotellurics method for prospecting deeply buried ore deposits

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Science Bulletin 2020年第8期65卷 611-615,M0003页

作者： Qingyun Di guoqiang xue Changmin Fu Ruo Wang Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Frontier Technology and Equipment Development Center for Deep Resources Exploration Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Innovation Academy for Earth Science Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China

Due to the rapid development of China's economy,most nearsurface resources have been mined[1].It is an urgent task to detect deep-seated oil and gas and mineral *** methods have proven to be effective tools in the exploration of deeply buried resources and targets[2,3]-The controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotellurics method(CSAMT)and the magnetotelluric method(MT)are commonly used electromagnetic approaches[4-6].

关键词： CSAMT 大尺度电磁探测 WEM 深部资源固定源

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长江入海水沙通量与三角洲演变模式关系

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水力发电学报 2014年第2期33卷 162-167页

作者：杨云平李义天 xue guoqiang 武汉大学水资源与水电工程科学国家重点实验室武汉430072 School of Engineering University of GlasgowUnited Kingdom

为了研究流域水沙变化对河口三角洲演变模式的影响，建立了长江口三角洲地貌演变速率和流域入海水沙通量响应曲线，明确了历史时期和近期入海流量和输沙率改变对三角洲演变模式影响。结果表明：流域入海流量无明显的变化趋势，输沙率和... 详细信息

为了研究流域水沙变化对河口三角洲演变模式的影响，建立了长江口三角洲地貌演变速率和流域入海水沙通量响应曲线，明确了历史时期和近期入海流量和输沙率改变对三角洲演变模式影响。结果表明：流域入海流量无明显的变化趋势，输沙率和含沙量均表现为阶梯性减小趋势，近期（2003．2010年1流量年内分配比例10月和11月减小，12月至次年3月增加，输沙率洪季减小幅度大于枯季：河口三角洲演变模式经历了淤涨～淤涨减缓～侵蚀的过程，建立了其冲淤速率和流域入海水力要素关系曲线，表明输沙率对三角洲淤涨中贡献大于流量，但大水年或枯水年流量影响不容忽视；近期水沙组合发生明显变化，促使三角洲淤涨的水沙组合比例减少，侵蚀比例增加，平衡状态中，流量引起淤涨比例增加，输沙率引起淤涨比例减少，表明流量在三角洲演变模式中的作用有增强趋势。

关键词：河流泥沙工程学通量输沙率演变模式三角洲长江河口

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