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Mapping Vulnerability to Climate Change in Malawi: Spatial and Social Differentiation in the Shire River Basin

American Journal of Climate Change 2015年第3期4卷 282-294页

作者： Jeanne Yekeleya Coulibaly Cheikh Mbow gudeta weldesemayat sileshi Tracy Beedy Godfrey Kundhlande John Musau World Agroforestry Center United Nations Avenue Gigiri Nairobi Kenya P. O. Box 5600 Lusaka Zambia 1210 Utica Street Plainview USA World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Programme Chitedze Agricultural Research Station Lilongwe Malawi

This article analyses vulnerability to climate related shocks across five districts in the shire river basin of Malawi. The analysis employs an indicator approach that integrates biophysical and socio-economic indices. Principal component statistical analysis was used to calculate an index for adaptive capacity, sensitivity and exposure to climate impact for each of the five districts. These indices were aggregated to develop a vulnerability index differentiated also by gender for the surveyed districts. The results showed that Chikwawa, Machinga and Blantyre appear to be more vulnerable to climate related shocks compared with Mwanza and Zomba. Women in Chikwawa are also found to be the most susceptible to the climate hazards impacts. To reduce vulnerability to climate impact, the study suggests that the national adaptation strategies adopted by the government should be mainstreamed into specific local adaptation actions that can be accessible and adopted by the community. Specific emphasis should be given to the improvement of women’s welfare through better access to productive assets and resources.

关键词： Climate Change Vulnerability Principal Component Analysis Malawi Shire River Basin

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Mixed-Species Allometric Equations to Quantify Stem Volume and Tree Biomass in Dry Afromontane Forest of Ethiopia

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Open Journal of Forestry 2022年第3期12卷 263-296页

作者： Mindaye Teshome Carlos Moreira Miquelino Eleto Torres gudeta weldesemayat sileshi Patricia Povoa de Mattos Evaldo Muñoz Braz Hailemariam Temesgen Samuel José Silva Soares da Rocha Mehari Alebachew Departamento de Engenharia Florestal Universidade Federal de Vi&#231 osa (UFV) Vi&#231 osa MG Brazil Central Ethiopia Environment and Forest Research Centre Addis Ababa Ethiopia University of Kwazulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa Embrapa Florestas Colombo PR Brazil Department of Forest Engineering Resources and Management College of Forestry Oregon State University Corvallis USA Departamento de Ciências Florestais Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) Lavras MG Brazil

Volume and biomass equations are essential tools to determine forest productivity and enable forest managers to make informed decisions. However, volume and biomass estimation equations are scarce for Afromontane forests in Africa in general and Ethiopia in particular. This limits our knowledge of the standing volume of wood, biomass, and carbon stock of the forests therein. In this study, we developed a new mixed-species volume and biomass equations for Afromontane forests and compared them with generic pantropical and local models. A total of 193 sampled trees from seven dominant tree species were used to develop the equations. Various volume and biomass equations were fitted using robust linear and nonlinear regression. Model comparison indicated that the best model to estimate stem volume was ln(v)=-9.909+ 0.954*ln(d2h), whereas the best model to estimate biomass was ln(b)=-2.983+ 0.949*ln(ρd2h) . These equations explained over 85% of the variations in the stem volume and biomass measurements. The mean density and basal area of trees in the forest with d ≥ 2 cm was 631.5 stems·ha-1 and 24.4 m2·ha-1. Based on the newly developed equations, the forest has on average 303.0 m3·ha-1 standing volume of wood and 283.8 Mg·ha-1 biomass stock. The newly developed allometric equations derived from this study can be used to accurately determine the stem volume, biomass, and carbon storage in the Afromontane forests in Ethiopia and elsewhere with similar stand characteristics and ecological conditions. By contrast, the generic pan-tropical and other local models appear to provide biased estimates and are not suitable for dry Afromontane forests in Ethiopia. The estimated stem biomass and carbon stock in the Chilimo forest are comparable with the estimates from various tropical forests and woodlands elsewhere in Africa, indicating the importance of dry Afromontane fores

关键词： Carbon Stock Site-Specific Model Robust Regression Natural Forest

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Development and evaluation of robust tree biomass equations for rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations in India

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Forest Ecosystems 2017年第3期4卷 241-250页

作者： Biplab Brahma gudeta W.sileshi Arun Jyoti Nath Ashesh Kumar Das Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Assam University

Background： In India, rubber（Hevea brasiliensis） plantations cover -0.8 million ha of land, emphasizing its significant role in the Earth＇s carbon dynamics. Therefore, it is important to estimate the biomass stocks of plantations precisely in the context of carbon management. Previous studies in India have focused on development of allometric equations for estimating aboveground biomass（AGB） through harvesting younger trees（up to 14 yr）only or on studies with small sample sizes without assessing model bias. The objective of this study was to develop biomass estimation models for different tree components in rubber plantations and assess model predictive performance at the stand ***： A total of 67 trees were harvested from plantations of different ages（6, 15, 27 and 34 yr） in North East India and their diameter at 200 cm（D）, height and dry weights of different tree components were recorded. The data were used for evaluation of H-D and biomass estimation models at the stand ***： The Michaelis-Menten function was found to be the most appropriate model for estimating tree height among 10 commonly used H-D models. For estimation of AGB and coarse root biomass, a model that involves tree volume（i.e. D2 H） was found to provide better prediction than either D or H alone or a model that combines H, D and stand density. The estimated AGB varied from 28 Mg·ha-（-1） in 6 yr. old plantation to 169 Mg·ha-（-1） in 34 yr. old *** coarse root biomass was estimated at 4 Mg·ha-（-1） for 6 yr. old plantation and 12 Mg·ha-（-1） for 34 yr. old ***： It is concluded that models involving tree volume are more appropriate for regional level biomass estimation than simple power-law models for individual stands. We recommend that the power-law model should not be used for estimation of AGB in plantations at different growth stages because power-law parameters can be biased due to data truncation.

关键词： Aboveground biomass Data truncation Michaelis-Menten function Power-law

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Human health and occupational exposure to pesticides among smallholder farmers in cotton zones of Côte d'Ivoire

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Health 2011年第10期3卷 631-637页

作者： Oluyede Clifford Ajayi Festus Kehinde Akinnifesi gudeta sileshi 不详

While precautionary efforts are being made to minimize human health problems associated with agricultural pesticides, the continued occurrence of occupational poisoning from these chemicals raises major concerns among stake- holders. Information gap on human health problems associated with pesticides poses major obstacles to making informed policy decisions, particularly in developing countries where most of the poisonings occurs. In this study, we identified acute human health symptoms associated with pesticide use in cotton zone of C?te d’Ivoire and, documented the response of rural households to the symptoms. The results show that cotton farmers in Cote d’Ivoire suffer from different occupational health hazards from exposure to agricultural pesticides. Key health symptoms reported by pesticide applicators are headache, rheum, cough, skin rash and sneezing. Pesticide applicators reported four times higher symptoms of ill health than other household members who do not normally handle pesticides. Although, households recognized pesticides as an important cause of ill health, some of the symptoms have been accepted as norm by individuals who apply pesticides. Official data on pesticide poisoning in the country is most likely to be seriously under-estimated as applicators visited formal health centers for medical assistance in only 2% of poisoning cases reported. There is a high likelihood that households in the study area under-estimated pesticide-related health costs in making farm production decision-making. Approaches to use economic instruments for reliable monitoring and reporting procedures to formulate appropriate policies and regulations to minimize exposure to pesticides are recommended. Health planners and policy makers should aim at reducing the risks posed by pesticide to farm households by, improving awareness of farmers;promote complementary approach (e.g. Integrated Pest Management) and, use of economic instruments and improved surveillance to bridge t

关键词： Occupational Health Health Policy Pesticide Externality Agriculture-Health Linkage Consumer Protection

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