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Altered physiology of gastrointestinal vagal afferents following neurotrauma

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Neural Regeneration Research 2021年第2期16卷 254-263页

作者： Emily N.Blanke gregory m.Holmes Emily m.Besecker Department of Health Sciences Gettysburg CollegeGettysburgPAUSA Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences Penn State University College of MedicineHersheyPAUSA

The adaptability of the central nervous system has been revealed in several model *** particular interest to central nervous system-injured individuals is the ability for neural components to be modified for regain of *** both types of neurotrauma,traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury,the primary parasympathetic control to the gastrointestinal tract,the vagus nerve,remains anatomically ***,individuals with traumatic brain injury or spinal cord injury are highly susceptible to gastrointestinal *** gastrointestinal dysfunctions attribute to higher morbidity and mortality following traumatic brain injury and spinal cord *** the vagal efferent output remains capable of eliciting motor responses following injury,evidence suggests impairment of the vagal *** sensory input drives motor output,this review will discuss the normal and altered anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal vagal afferents to better understand the contributions of vagal afferent plasticity following neurotrauma.

关键词： gastrointestinal functions microbiome neurotrauma nodose ganglia sensory neuropathy spinal cord injury traumatic brain injury vagal afferents visceral reflexes

Investigating neurogenic bowel in experimental spinal cord injury: where to begin?

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Neural Regeneration Research 2019年第2期14卷 222-226页

作者： Amanda R.White gregory m.Holmes Department of Neural & Behavioral Sciences Penn State University College of Medicine

The devastating losses following traumatic spinal cord injury(SCI) encompass the motor, sensory and autonomic nervous systems. Neurogenic bowel is a slow transit colonic dysfunction marked by constipation, rectal evacuation difficulties, decreased anorectal sensation, fecal incontinence or some combination thereof. Furthermore, neurogenic bowel is one of the most prevalent comorbidities of SCI and is recognized by afflicted individuals and caregivers as a lifelong physical and psychological challenge that profoundly affects quality of life. The restoration of post-injury control of movement has received considerable scientific scrutiny yet the daily necessity of voiding the bowel and bladder remains critically under-investigated. Subsequently, physicians and caregivers are rarely presented with consistent, evidence-based strategies to successfully address the consequences of dysregulated voiding reflexes. Neurogenic bowel is commonly believed to result from the interruption of the supraspinal control of the spinal autonomic circuits regulating the colon. In this mini-review, we discuss the clinical challenges presented by neurogenic bowel and emerging pre-clinical evidence that is revealing that SCI also initiates functional remodeling of the colonic wall concurrent with a decrease in local enteric neurons. Since the enteric input to the colonic smooth muscle is the final common pathway for functional contractions of the colon, changes to the neuromuscular interface must first be understood in order to maximize the efficacy of therapeutic interventions targeting colonic dysfunction following SCI.

关键词： colon enteric nervous system parasympathetic sympathetic autonomic nervous system defecationreflexes gastrointestinal inflammation constipation incontinence

Angiographic evaluation and management of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2012年第11期18卷 1191-1201页

作者： T gregory Walker Gloria m Salazar Arthur C Waltman Division of Vascular Imaging and Intervention Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02114United States

Although most cases of acute nonvariceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage either spontaneously resolve or respond to medical management or endoscopic treatment,there are still a significant number of patients who require emergency angiography and transcatheter *** with noninvasive imaging such as nuclear scintigraphy or computed tomography may localize the bleeding source and/or confirm active hemorrhage prior to *** angiographic evaluation should begin with selective catheterization of the artery supplying the most likely site of bleeding,as determined by the available clinical,endoscopic and imaging *** a hemorrhage source is identified,superselective catheterization followed by transcatheter microcoil embolization is usually the most effective means of successfully controlling hemorrhage while minimizing potential *** is now wellrecognized as a viable and safe alternative to emergency *** selected situations transcatheter intra-arterial infusion of vasopressin may also be useful in controlling acute gastrointestinal *** must be aware of the various side effects and potential complications associated with this treatment,however,and recognize the high re-bleeding *** this article we review the current role of angiography,transcatheter arterial embolization and infusion therapy in the evaluation and management of nonvariceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

关键词： Angiodysplasia Aneurysm Digital subtrac-tion angiography Contrast media Hemorrhage Radio-nuclide angiography Therapeutic embolization

Short history of Harry *** mD

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中华显微外科杂志 2020年第1期43卷 I0009-I0010页

作者： gregory m.Buncke 不详

我的父亲哈里本克(Harry ***),被公认为“显微外科之父”。他在格拉斯哥医务室作为专科培训生、师从托马斯吉布森(Thomas Gibson)教授时,便开始对修复直径1 mm的血管感兴趣.在参与Gibson教授的移植免疫学工作以及缩短分离蒂转移时间... 详细信息

我的父亲哈里本克(Harry ***),被公认为“显微外科之父”。他在格拉斯哥医务室作为专科培训生、师从托马斯吉布森(Thomas Gibson)教授时,便开始对修复直径1 mm的血管感兴趣.在参与Gibson教授的移植免疫学工作以及缩短分离蒂转移时间的研究中,Buncke博士便设想仅通过一次手术将营养动脉/静脉修复到受体部位的皮瓣来移植同源组织,从而避免附着皮瓣。

关键词：受体部位专科培训移植免疫学显微外科医务室吉布森托马斯

Experimental evidence that soil heterogeneity enhances plant diversity during community assembly

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2014年第5期7卷 461-469页

作者： Brandon m.Williams gregory R.Houseman Department of Biological Sciences Wichita State University1845 FairmountWichitaKS 67260USA

Aims Environmental heterogeneity is a primary mechanism explain-ing species coexistence and extant patterns of *** strong theoretical support and ample observational evidence,few experimental studies in plant communities have been able to demonstrate a causal link between environmental heterogene-ity and plant *** lack of experimental evidence sug-gests that either fine-scale heterogeneity has weak effects on plant diversity or previous experiments have been unable to effectively manipulate ***,we utilize a unique soil manipu-lation to test whether fine-scale soil heterogeneity will increase plant richness through species sorting among experimental patch *** This experiment was conducted in the tallgrass prairie region of south-central Kansas,*** utilized the inherent variation found in the vertical soil profile,which varied in both biotic and abiotic characteristics,and redistributed these strata into either homoge-neous or heterogeneous spatial arrangements in 2.4×2.4 m *** the soil manipulation,34 native prairie species were sown into all *** conducted annual censuses at peak biomass to quantify species composition and plant density by species within the experimental *** Findings After 2 years,species richness was significantly higher in heteroge-neous relative to homogeneous plots and this pattern was independ-ent of total plant *** the heterogeneous plots,13 species had higher establishment in a specific patch type representing one of the three soil ***,no species had greater estab-lishment in the mixed stratum,which comprised the homogene-ous plots,relative to the heterogeneous *** species sorting patterns suggest that fine-scale heterogeneity creates opportunities for plant establishment due to niche differences,which translates into increased plant diversity at the plot *** richness was more strongly related to plant density among patch

关键词： environmental heterogeneity species richness species sorting community assembly niche theory neutral theory

Oncogene interactions are required for glioma development and progression as revealed by a tissue specific transgenic mouse model

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Chinese Journal of Cancer 2011年第3期30卷 163-172页

作者： Lynette m. moore Kristen m. Holmes gregory N. Fuller Department of Pathology the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center

The aggressive and invasive nature of brain tumors has hampered progress in the design and implementation of efficacious therapies. The recent success of targeted therapies in other tumor types makes this an attractive area for research yet complicating matters is the ability of brain tumors to circumvent the targeted pathways to develop drug resistance. Effective therapies will likely need to target more than one signaling pathway or target multiple nodes within a given pathway. Key to identifying these targets is the elucidation of the driver and passenger molecules within these pathways. Animal models provide a useful tool with many advantages in the study of these pathways. These models provide a means to dissect the critical components of tumorigenesis, as well as serve as agents for preclinical testing. This review focuses on the use of the RCAS/tv-a mouse model of brain tumors and describes their unique ability to provide insight into the role of oncogene cooperation in tumor development and progression.

关键词：转基因小鼠模型癌基因组织特异性神经胶质瘤相互作用靶向治疗脑肿瘤信号通路

Natural Variation in Tomato Reveals Differences in the Recognition of AvrPto and AvrPtoB Effectors from Pseudomonas syringae

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molecular Plant 2016年第5期9卷 639-649页

作者： Christine m. Kraus Kathy R. munkvold gregory B. martin Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research Ithaca NY 14853 USA Plant Pathology and Plant-microbe Biology Section School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA Beckman Coulter Indianapolis IN 46268 USA

The Pto protein kinase from Solanum pimpinellifolium interacts with Pseudomonas syringae effectors AvrPto or AvrPtoB to activate effector-triggered immunity. The previously solved crystal structures of the AvrPto-Pto and AvrPtoB-Pto complexes revealed that Pro binds each effector through both a shared and a unique interface. Hera we use natural variation in wild species of tomato to further investigate Pto recognition of these two effectors. One species, Solanum chmielewskU, was found to have many accessions that recognize only AvrPtoB. The Pto ortholog from one of these accessions was responsible for recognition of AvrPtoB and it differed from Solanum pimpinellifolium Pto by only 14 amino acids, including two in the AvrPto-specific interface, glutamate-49/glycine-51. Converting these two residues to those in Pro （histidine-49/valine-51） did not restore recognition of AvrPto. Subsequent experiments revealed that a single substitution of a histidine-to-aspartate at position 193 in Pto, which is not near the AvrPto- specific interface, was sufficient for conferring recognRion of AvrPto in plant cells. The reciprocal substi- tution of aspartate-to-histidine-193 in Pto abolished AvrPto recognition, confirming the importance of this residue. Our results reveal new aspects about effector recognition by Pto and demonstrate the value of using natural variation to understand the interaction between resistance proteins and pathogen effectors.

关键词： Effector-triggered immunity natural variation plant immunity Pseudomonas syringae Pto tomato

A 2-D Kinetic Theory for Flows of monodomain Polymer-Rod Nanocomposites

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Communications in Computational Physics 2010年第2期7卷 250-282页

作者： m.gregory Forest Qingqing Liao Qi Wang Department of mathematics University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC 27599USA Department of mathematics University of South CarolinaColumbiaSC 29208USA Department of mathematics and NanoCenter at USC University of South CarolinaColumbiaSC 29208USA

We merge classical kinetic theories [m. Doi and S. F. Edwards, The Theoryof Polymer Dynamics, 1986] for viscous dispersions of rigid rods, extended to semi-flexibility [A. R. Khokhlov and A. N. Semenov, macromolecules, 17 (1984), pp. 2678-2685], and for Rouse flexible chains to model the hydrodynamics of polymer nano-rodcomposites (PNCs). A mean-field potential for the polymer-rod interface provides thekey coupling between the two phases. We restrict this first study to two-dimensionalconformational space. We solve the coupled set of Smoluchowski equations for threebenchmark experiments. First we explore how rod semi-flexibility and the polymer-rod interface alter the Onsager equilibrium phase diagram. Then we determine mon-odomain phase behavior of PNCs for imposed simple elongation and shear, respec-tively. These results inform the effects that each phase has on the other as parametricstrengths of the interactions are varied in the context of the most basic rheological ex-periments.

关键词： Kinetic theory polymer nanorod nanocomposites monodomains equilibrium elon-gation shear

Holed Nanostructures Formed by Aluminum Droplets on a GaAs Substrate

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Nano Research 2010年第7期3卷 490-495页

作者： Alvason Zhenhua Li Zhiming m.Wang Jiang Wu gregory J.Salamo Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering University of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansas 72701USA

We have studied the morphology evolution of holed nanostructures formed by aluminum droplet epitaxy on a GaAs *** outer rings with concentric inner holed rings were ***,an empirical equation to describe the size distribution of the outer rings in the holed nanostructures has been *** contour line generated by the equation provides physical insights into quantum ring formation by droplets of groupⅢmaterials onⅢ-Ⅴsubstrates.

关键词： Droplet epitaxy aluminum droplets mBE GaAs holed nanostructures