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A systematic review of spatial disaggregation methods for climate action planning

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Energy and AI 2024年第3期17卷 458-469页

作者： Shruthi Patil noah Pflugradt Jann m.Weinand Detlef Stolten Jürgen Kropp Institute of Energy and Climate Research Techno-economic Systems Analysis(IEK-3)Forschungszentrum JülichWilhelm-Johnen-StraßeJülich52425NRWGermany University of Potsdam Institute for Environmental Science and GeographyKarl-Liebknecht-Str.24-25Potsdam-Golm14476BrandenburgGermany Chair for Fuel Cells RWTH Aachen Universityc/o IEK-3Forschungszentrum JülichJülich52425NRWGermany Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research(PIK) Member of the Leibniz AssociationP.O.Box 601203PotsdamD-14412BrandenburgGermany

National-level climate action plans are often formulated broadly. Spatially disaggregating these plans to individual municipalities can offer substantial benefits, such as enabling regional climate action strategies and for assessing the feasibility of national objectives. Numerous spatial disaggregation approaches can be found in the literature. This study reviews and categorizes these. The review is followed by a discussion of the relevant methods for the disaggregation of climate action plans. It is seen that methods employing proxy data, machine learning models, and geostatistical ones are the most relevant methods for the spatial disaggregation of national energy and climate plans. The analysis offers guidance for selecting appropriate methods based on factors such as data availability at the municipal level and the presence of spatial autocorrelation in the *** the urgency of addressing climate change escalates, understanding the spatial aspects of national energy and climate strategies becomes increasingly important. This review will serve as a valuable guide for researchers and practitioners applying spatial disaggregation in this crucial field.

关键词： Spatial downscaling Proxy data mass-preserving Climate action plans Spatial autocorrelation machine learning Geostatistical models

Leveraging machine learning to generate a unified and complete building height dataset for Germany

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Energy and AI 2024年第3期17卷 327-341页

作者： Kristina Dabrock noah Pflugradt Jann michael Weinand Detlef Stolten Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Climate and Energy SystemsJülich Systems Analysis52425 JülichGermany RWTH Aachen University Chair for Fuel CellsFaculty of Mechanical Engineering52062 AachenGermany

Building geometry data is crucial for detailed, spatially-explicit analyses of the building stock in energy systems analysis and beyond. Despite the existence of diverse datasets and methods, a standardized and validated approach for creating a nation-wide unified and complete dataset of German building heights is not yet available. This study develops and validates such a methodology, combining different data sources for building footprints and heights and filling gaps in height data using an XGBoost machine learning algorithm. The XGBoost model achieves a mean absolute error of 1.78 m at the national level and between 1.52 m and 3.47 m at the federal state level. The goal is proving the applicability of the methodology at a large scale and creating a useful dataset. The resulting dataset is thoroughly evaluated on a building-by-building level and spatially resolved statistics on the quality of the dataset are reported. This detailed validation found that the building number and footprint area of German building stock is 90.31 % and 94.84 % correct, respectively, and the building height accuracy is 0.59 m at the national level. However, errors are not homogeneous across Germany and further research is needed into the impact of including additional datasets, especially for regions and building types with lower accuracies. This study proves that the chosen methodology is useful for generating a building height dataset and the workflow, with some modifications for regional data availability, can be transferred to other countries. The generated building dataset for Germany constitutes a valuable data basis for the research community in fields such as energy research, urban planning and building decarbonization policy development.

关键词： machine learning XGBoost Building height Building footprint 3-D building data Geodata Spatial analysis

Heat shock and other apoptosis-related proteins as therapeutic targets in prostate cancer

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2014年第3期16卷 359-363页

作者： Costantine Albany noah m Hahn Indiana University Health Melvin and Bern Simon Cancer Center Indianapolis IN USA.

Defects within apoptotic pathways have been implicated in prostate cancer （PCa） tumorigenesis, metastatic progression and treatment resistance. A hallmark of cancers is the ability to derail apoptosis by inhibiting the apoptotic signal, reducing the expression of apoptotic proteins and/or amplifying survival signals through increased production of antiapoptotic molecule. This review describes associations between heat shock proteins （HSPs） and the human androgen receptor （AR）, the role of HSPs and other stress-induced proteins in PCa development and emerging strategies in targeting these protective proteins to treat PCa.

关键词： apatorsen apoptosis bcl-2 homologous antagonist-killer protein clusterin custirsen ganetespib heat-shock proteins prostatic neoplasms

Sodium lanthanide fluoride core-shell nanocrystals： A general perspective on epitaxial shell growth

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Nano Research 2013年第8期6卷 547-561页

作者： noah J. J. Johnson Frank C. J. m. van Veggel Department of Chemistry University ofVictoria P.O. Box3065 Victoria British Columbia Canada V8W 3V6

Understanding the structural characteristics and growth mechanism（s） are essen-tial for generating core-shell nano-heterostructures with distinctive properties. Especially in lanthanide-based nanocrystals, rational design of the core-shell composition can be utilized to enhance/tune the optical properties of the final nanostructure, or can be used to integrate multiple functional applications （e.g., luminescent/magnetic）. In this article, we review the progress in our current understanding of the epitaxial shell growth in sodium lanthanide fluoride （NaLnF4） nanocrystals. In order to understand epitaxial shell growth the core nanocrystals have to be uniform, and to date the synthesis of high quality near uniform size/shape dispersion controlled synthesis of lanthanide-based nanocrystals has been achieved mainly with this class of nanocrystals. The progress in core-shell synthesis and the epitaxial shell growth mechanism in this class of nanocrystals （NaLnF4） are reviewed, and a general perspective is provided on the core-shell morphology based on different characterization techniques. While there has been tremendous progress in studying the impact of core-shell structures in various functional applications, this review also highlights, in our view, the still limited understanding of ways to control the core-shell morphology and it emphasizes some important, unanswered questions that remain to be addressed to maximize their performance.

关键词： upconvertingnanocrystals core-shell lanthanides epitaxy

Association of subcutaneous testosterone pellet therapy with developing secondary polycythemia

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2018年第2期20卷 195-199页

作者： Katherine Lang Rotker michael Alavian Bethany Nelson grayson L Baird martin m miner mark Sigman Kathleen Hwang Division of Urology Brown University Providence RI 02903 USA Department of Biostatistics Lifespan Healthcare System Providence RI 02903 USA

A variety of methods for testosterone replacement therapy （TRT） exist, and the major potential risks of TRT have been well established. The risk of developing polycythemia secondary to exogenous testosterone （T） has been reported to range from 0.4% to 40%. Implantable T pellets have been used since 1972, and secondary polycythemia has been reported to be as low as 0.4% with this administration modality. However, our experience has suggested a higher rate. We conducted an institutional review board-approved, single-institution, retrospective chart review （2009-2013） to determine the rate of secondary polycythemia in 228 men treated with subcutaneously implanted testosterone pellets. Kaplan-meyer failure curves were used to estimate time until the development of polycythemia （hematocrit 〉50%）. The mean number of pellets administered was 12 （range： 6-16）. The mean follow-up was 566 days. The median time to development of polycythemia whereby 50% of patients developed polycythemia was 50 months. The estimated rate of polycythemia at 6 months was 10.4%, 12 months was 17.3%, and 24 months was 30.2%. We concluded that the incidence of secondary polycythemia while on T pellet therapy may be higher than previously established.

关键词： hypogonadism pellet polycythemia testosterone

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Nice to meet You

小学生时代（大嘴英语） 2011年第1期 3-8页

作者： noah（主持）

假如将来某天，I tell you，“I’m in Grade 9，”：你，可别以为我还在读小学。其实Grade9已经是你们中国的高一啦！Why？美国学校大多是这样划分的．1—5年级为小学（primary school，），6-8年级为初中（middle school），9-12年级... 详细信息

假如将来某天，I tell you，“I’m in Grade 9，”：你，可别以为我还在读小学。其实Grade9已经是你们中国的高一啦！Why？美国学校大多是这样划分的．1—5年级为小学（primary school，），6-8年级为初中（middle school），9-12年级则是高中（high school）。扳扳手指头，你算明白了吗？

关键词：小学英语课外阅读阅读材料

HBs antigene prevalence in blood donors and the risk of transfusion of hepatitis b at the central hospital of yaounde, cameroon

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Open Journal of Gastroenterology 2011年第2期1卷 23-27页

作者： Dominique noah noah Richard Njouom Aimé Bonny P. Pirsou J. meli m. Biwole Sida 不详

Parenteral transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) during blood transfusion is not insignificant. Although blood transfusion safety has greatly improved over the last 15 years, the transfusion risk of HBV remains high in developing countries. In the context where blood transfusion safety is limited in some hospitals in Cameroon, the development of good and quality practice for blood donation, based on the use of the most sensitive techniques for the detection of infectious risk of blood donation should be a priority of health authorities. The aim of this paper is to document the epidemiology of HBV infection in the population of blood donors and to assess the risk of infection during blood transfusions at the Central Hospital Yaoundé (CHY), Ca- meroon. methods: During a seven months period, 1000 volunteer donors were recruited prospectively at the blood bank of the CHY. Those included in the study were people aged from 18 years to 55 years without any particular medical history. Data collection was done through an investigation form. Samples were first analysed at the CHY and then Centre Pasteur of Cameroon. Results: Of the 1000 samples tested 108 (10.8%) were positive for HBs Ag. The male and the female sex represented 83.1% and 16.9% respectively. According to the age groups, 56.2% were 18 to 27 years, 30.5% were 28 years to 37 years, 10.4% were 38 years to 47 years and 29% were 48 years to 55 years. The 892 negative sera were analyzed for total anti-HBc antibodies of which 75.78% were positive and 24.56% negative. The 676 samples positive for anti-HBc antibody were retested for HBs Ag using enzyme immunoassay with a confidence level of 95%, between 52 and 82 positive tests were still positive, a proportion that vary between 7.64% and 12.14% (9.89% ± 2.25%). Conclusion: The prevalence rate of 10.8% found in our series is consistent with data in Cameroon. The infectious risk of transmission of HBV among blood donors remains a major problem (9.89% ± 2.25%) related t

关键词： Infectious Risk HBV CHY

Comparison between metastatic Spinal Tumour of Unknown Primary Tumour with a Known Primary

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2016年第1期6卷 18-22页

作者： Wissam Jassim Sagban S.m.S. Ridha Zaki noah Hasan Neuroscience Teaching - Hospital Baghdad Iraq Department of medicine Al-Kindy College of Medicine University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq

Patients presented with spinal metastases from unknown primary tumours are rare. In this research we evaluated all patients with metastatic spinal tumour of unknown primary tumour, all patients were evaluated pre-operatively and comparison was done to those patients who had known primary tumour the study aimed to compare the group with known primary and the group with the unknown primary regarding the: mean age, gender, duration of symptoms, complication rate, region of the spine affected by metastasis, presence or absence of other skeletal or visceral metastasis, histological cell type and neurological outcome. method: A retrospective study was performed on 40 patients presented to Neuroscience hospital in Baghdad from January 2010 till January 2014;all patients with metastatic spinal tumour were included in our study. We reviewed all patients’ records including age, sex, primary tumour, duration of their symptoms, neurological out come and complications. Results: Out of the 40 patient who presented with spinal tumours that underwent surgery duo to metastatic spinal tumour, five patients presented with spinal compression duo to metastatic tumour of unknown primary tumour (12.5%). The mean age was 64 years, 4 male and one female. For those with a known primary tumour mean age was 61 year, 22 male 13 female. Duration of symptoms prior to surgery was the same 180 days for those with unknown primary and 190 day for those with known primary tumours. They also had similar neurological outcome (80%) remain the same or improved post operatively for those with unknown primary and (85.7%) for those with a known primary tumour, and a similar complication rate for unknown primary was 25% versus 28% for known. The primary site of metastatic spinal tumour of unknown primary was confirmed after histopathology all shown adenocarcinoma four from the lung (80%) and one from colorectal. While the most common known carcinoma site were the lung 18 patient (51.4%), colorectal 8 (22.8%),

关键词： metastatic Spinal Tumour metastatic Spinal Tumour of Unknown Primary

Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Device: Evaluation of Surgical Implant Success and <i>in Vivo</i>Corrosion Performance

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Surgical Science 2012年第1期3卷 28-33页

作者： Jonathan Snyder Amy m. Engel Kevin C. White noah Budiansky J. michael Smith Department of Surgery Good Samaritan Hospital Cincinnati USA E. Kenneth Hatton mD Institute for Research and Education Cincinnati USA Exponent Inc. Natick Massachusetts USA

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the in vivo corrosion resistance of the implanted titanium, nitinol annular occlusion device to a control device, i.e. an implantable device containing nitinol, approved by the FDA and currently on the market. methods: The annular occlusion device is a self-closing, implantable clip. Three canines underwent placement of devices on the left and right atrial appendages. Two Vnus U-clips were secured to either atrium. On post-operative day 95, animals underwent en-bloc cardiac resection via the previous left thoracotomy incision. The annular occlusion device and U-clips were dissected free from the atria. The polyester fabric and tissue ingrowth were removed from the devices and were sent for corrosion analysis. Results: Gross examination of resected hearts of two canines revealed no abnormalities. The compressed endocardial surfaces were completely fused and the appendages fully necrosed. All devices were located and harvested. The annular occlusion device clips and medtronic Vnus U-clips were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. Both low and high magnification examination of the nitinol springs and the site of insertion of the nitinol springs into the titanium tubes in the annular occlusion device showed no evidence of localized corrosion. In no case was any evidence of general or localized corrosion found in the form of metallic oxidation. Conclusion: The annular occlusion device provides safe and reliable exclusion of the left atrial ap-pendage without evidence of general or localized corrosion over the 95-day exposure period in canines and may therefore provide a reasonable therapeutic option for stroke risk reduction in patients with atrial fibrillation.

关键词： Atrial Appendage Occlusion Device Atrial Fibrillation Exclusion of Left Atrial Appendage