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The importance of household composition in epidemiological analyses of sleep: Evidence from the Understanding Society longitudinal panel survey

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2014年第1期4卷 46-55页

作者： Helen Fowler George T. H. Ellison Eleanor M. Scott graham.r. law Temporal Influences on Metabolic Events (TIME) research Group Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Leeds Institute of Genetics Health and Therapeutics (LIGHT) University of Leeds Leeds UK

Aims: To establish the relationship between household composition and sleep, we: 1) used latent class analysis (LCA) to classify households;2) examined the reliability and stability of household composition classes over time;3) conducted multinomial logistic regression analyses to determine the relationship between household class and the self-reported sleep duration and quality of adults. Methods: Data were sourced from Waves 1 and 2 of the United Kingdom “Understanding Society” (USoc) longitudinal panel survey. LCA was used to classify household composition as a categorical latent construct using data on the number and ages of household occupants and the number of rooms used for sleeping. The Bayesian Information Criterion assessed model fit and identified the optimum number of latent classes. Multi-nomial logistic regression was used to investigate cross-sectional relationships between the household classes and self-reported sleep duration and quality amongst adults, after adjustment for confounders. results: Household composition was best defined by 7 latent classes in data from Wave 1 of USoc. This finding was confirmed in Wave 2. Compared to the reference class (households with no children and no overcrowding), there was a higher risk of short sleep (≤5 hours) versus 7-8 hours sleep for latent household composition classes that included children (rr: 1.56;95% CI: 1.29-1.89) and for those with both children and overcrowding (rr: 1.57;95% CI: 1.31-1.88). Similarly the risk of “very bad” versus “fairly good” quality sleep was significantly higher in those household classes with overcrowding, particularly those with extended (rr: 1.75;95% CI: 1.34-2.29) and large (rr: 1.51;95% CI: 1.21-1.87) households. Conclusion: These analyses of a recent, nationally representative cohort from the UK, demonstrated that latent household composition classes are reliable over time;and that these latent household composition classes are important correlates of self-reported sleep a

关键词： Latent Class Analysis Household Composition Children Overcrowding Sleep

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Choosing a Method to reduce Selection Bias: A Tool for researchers

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2015年第3期5卷 155-162页

作者： Claire Keeble graham.r.chard law Stuart Barber Paul D. Baxter Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of Leeds Leeds UK Department of Statistics University of Leeds Leeds UK

Selection bias is well known to affect surveys and epidemiological studies. There have been numerous methods proposed to reduce its effects, so many that researchers may be unclear which method is most suitable for their study;the wide choice may even deter some researchers, for fear of choosing a sub-optimal approach. We propose a straightforward tool to inform researchers of the most promising methods available to reduce selection bias and to assist the search for an appropriate method given their study design and details. We demonstrate the tool using three examples where selection bias may occur;the tool quickly eliminates inappropriate methods and guides the researcher towards those to consider implementing. If more studies consider selection bias and adopt methods to reduce it, valuable time and resources will be saved, and should lead to more focused research towards disease prevention or cure.

关键词： Selection Bias Participation Bias Non-response Methodology

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Quantifying multiple-site compositional turnover in an Afrotemperate forest, using zeta diversity

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Forest Ecosystems 2018年第2期5卷 189-197页

作者： Cang Hui Wessel Vermeulen graham Durrheim Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Mathematical SciencesStellenbosch University Mathematical and Physical Biosciences African Institute for Mathematical Sciences Garden route Scientific Services South African National Parks

Background： Species turnover is typically measured by partitioning diversity components into alpha and pairwise beta diversity. However, alpha and beta components cannot express the full spectrum of multiple-site compositional turnover. To this end, zeta diversity has been proposed as an extended framework to allow complete biodiversity partitioning and to measure multiple-site species turnover. We use a zeta-diversity framework to explore the turnover and potential community assembly processes of an African Montane Forest. Methods： Using a 20 m grid, we explore the species turnover in a 4.55 ha forest plot located in the Garden route National Park of South Africa, with 47 and 27 canopy and sub-canopy tree species in the regional poo We first calculate how zeta diversity declines and how the probability of retention of species with particular occupancies changes with increasing zeta orders （i.e. the number of sites [grid cells] involved in the calculation）. Using null models with row sums and column sums constrained respectively, we explore whether species turnover is driven by mechanisms of ecological differences （species-specific occupancies） or habitat heterogeneity （site-specific alpha diversity and thus environmental filters）. results： The decline of zeta diversity with zeta order followed a power law; that is, the probability of retention increased with species occupancies, suggesting common species being more likely to be discovered in extra sites. The null model retaining row sums （species＇ occupancy） of the species-by-site matrix recreated perfectly the decline of zeta diversity, while the null model of habitat heterogeneity （retaining column sums） was rejected. This suggests that mechanisms driving species-specific occupancies （i.e. ecological differences between species） dictate the multi-site species turnover in the community. The spatial patterns of zeta diversity revealed little spatial structuring forces, supporting a fine-grain structure in these sou

关键词： Species turnover Diversity partitioning Zeta diversity Community assembly Southern cape forest Afromontane forest

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reducing Participation Bias in Case-Control Studies: Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Stroke in Adults

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2014年第3期4卷 129-134页

作者： Claire Keeble Stuart Barber Paul David Baxter roger Charles Parslow graham.r.chard law Department of Statistics University of Leeds Leeds UK Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics University of Leeds Leeds UK

Background: Case-control studies have been used extensively in determining the aetiology of rare diseases. However, case-control studies often suffer from participation bias in the control group, resulting in biased odds ratios that cause problems with interpretation. Participation bias can be hard to detect and is often ignored. Methods: Population data can be used in place of the possibly biased control group, to investigate whether participation bias may have affected the results in previous studies, or in place of controls in future studies. We demonstrate this approach by reanalysing and comparing the results of two case-control studies: Type 1 diabetes in Yorkshire children and stroke in Indian adults. Findings: Using population data to represent the control groups reduced the width of the confidence intervals given in the original studies and confirmed the findings for the two diabetes risk factors used;caesarean birth (odds ratio (Or) = 2.12 (1.53, 2.95) compared with 1.84 (1.09, 3.10)) and amniocentesis (Or = 3.38 (2.09, 5.47) compared with 3.85 (1.34, 11.04)). The three stroke risk factors investigated were found to have increased odds ratios when using population data;hypertension (Or = 5.645 (5.639, 5.650) compared with 3.807 (2.114, 6.856)), diabetes (Or = 12.212 (12.200, 12.224) compared with 3.473 (1.757, 6.866)) and smoking (Or = 5.701 (5.696, 5.707) compared with 2.242 (1.255, 4.005)). Interpretation: Participation bias can greatly affect the results of a study and cause some potential risk factors to be over-or underestimated. This approach allows previous studies to be investigated for participation bias and presents an alternative to a control group in future studies, while improving precision.

关键词： Case-Control Diabetes Participation Bias Stroke Selection Bias

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Voices from the Grave

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英语学习 1998年第8期 12-13页

作者： graham Lloyd

当今世界,罪犯和犯罪的手段愈益狡猾,但侦破的方法也日趋先进,正所谓道高一尺,魔高一丈。法医技术的迅速发展,加上公众的帮助,一些长期悬而未决的案子得以昭白于天下。 Violent criminals with something to hidehave more reason than ... 详细信息

当今世界,罪犯和犯罪的手段愈益狡猾,但侦破的方法也日趋先进,正所谓道高一尺,魔高一丈。法医技术的迅速发展,加上公众的帮助,一些长期悬而未决的案子得以昭白于天下。 Violent criminals with something to hidehave more reason than ever to beparanoid about a tap on the shoulderwhich could send them to *** police are working through abacklog of unsolved murders with some *** co-operation between the publicand various law enforcement agencies is playing a

关键词： DNA 犯罪现场 Voices from the Grave 澳大利亚

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Comparison of rANS and LES in the Prediction of Airflow Field over Steep Complex Terrain

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Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics 2018年第3期8卷 286-307页

作者： Takanori Uchida graham Li research Institute for Applied Mechanics (rIAM) Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan Tsubasa Windfarm Design Tokyo Japan

The present study compared the prediction accuracy of the three CFD software packages for simulating airflow around a three-dimensional, isolated hill with a steep slope: 1) WindSim (turbulence model: rNG k-ε rANS), 2) Meteodyn WT (turbulence model: k-L rANS), which are the leading commercially available CFD software packages in the wind power industry and 3) rIAM-COMPACT (turbulence model: standard Smagorinsky LES), which has been developed by the lead author of the present paper. Distinct differences in the airflow patterns were identified in the vicinity of the isolated hill (especially downstream of the hill) between the rANS results and the LES results. No reverse flow region (vortex region) characterized by negative wind velocities was identified downstream of the isolated hill in the result from the simulation with WindSim (rNG k-ε rANS) and Meteodyn WT (k-L rANS). In the case of the simulation with rIAM-COMPACT natural terrain version (standard Smagorinsky LES), a reverse flow region (vortex region) characterized by negative wind velocities clearly forms. Next, an example of wind risk (terrain-induced turbulence) diagnostics was presented for a large-scale wind farm in China. The vertical profiles of the streamwise (x) wind velocity do not follow the so-called power law wind profile;a large velocity deficit can be seen between the hub center and the lower end of the swept area in the case of the LES calculation (rIAM-COMPACT).

关键词： rANS LES Isolated Hill Large-Scale Wind Farm

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Service availability, compulsion, and compulsory hospitalisation

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上海精神医学 2012年第1X期24卷 44-45页

作者： graham MELLSOP Kate DIESFELD Waikato Clinical School University of Auckland New Zealand Te Piringa-Faculty of law University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand

Legislation sometimes leads to social change, but more often it formalises evolutions in existing community ***'s draft Mental Health Act appears to have both *** the draft Act (the Act) has a significant emphasis on ... 详细信息

关键词：服务可用性社会精神中国法案

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中华人民共和国精神卫生法:邀请对话(英文)

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上海精神医学 2012年第6期24卷 360-361页

作者： Kate DIESFELD graham MELLSOP Auckland University of Technology Waikato Clinical School University of Auckland

The Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry is commended for publishing an English translation of China's first mental health *** illuminates how a society functions, the issues it faces and its collective *** to an extensively annotated English translation of Chinese legislation about mental health will stimulate reflection, comparison and constructive critique from both Chinese and international observers about the mental health laws in different countries,about different governments' priorities, and about the robustness of mental health services *** translation of the Mental Health law of the People's republic of China (the Act) will foster fruitful communication across borders and, thus, benefit the persons with mental disorders whom we all serve.

关键词：中国法律卫生法规中华人民共和国精神对话心理健康英文翻译社会功能

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