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Toys, Décor, and More: Evidence of Hazardous Electronic Waste Recycled into New Consumer products

Journal of Environmental protection 2016年第3期7卷 341-350页

作者： Gillian Z. Miller Meghanne E. Tighe graham F. peaslee Karla peña Jeff gearhart Ecology Center Ann Arbor MI USA hemistry Department Hope College Holland MI USA Chemistry Department Hope College Holland MI USA Department of Development Sociology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA

Hazardous chemicals used in electronic and electrical consumer products can re-enter commerce when these products are recycled. The objectives of this study were to 1) identify the possible sources of unexpected chemicals and elements in consumer products, including the use of recycled E-waste plastics and 2) demonstrate bromine detection with nondestructive spectroscopy as an indicator of brominated flame retardants contaminating new products via recycled waste streams. More than 1500 consumer products of diverse types purchased in 2012-2014 were examined using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for correlations between bromine and other elements. New electronic products were much more likely than new non-electronics to contain greater than 1000 ppm bromine, consistent with intentionally added flame retardants, while non- electronic products were more likely to contain between 5 and 100 ppm bromine, suggesting unintentional contamination. A typical suite of elements present in E-waste was found in a majority of plastic products. Two product categories, vinyl floor tiles and beaded necklaces/garlands, were explored in more detail. Specific flame retardant chemicals in bead samples were identified by mass spectrometry and their distribution in beads was studied using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Five brominated chemicals typically used as flame retardants, including BDE-209, were identified in 50 of 50 Mardi Gras beads analyzed.

关键词： E-Waste Recycled plastic Flame Retardant Bromine XRF

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Decoupling the Electrical and Entropic Contributions to Energy Transfer from Infrared Radiation to a power Generator

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World Journal of Condensed Matter physics 2015年第4期5卷 301-318页

作者： Aidan L. Gordon Yosyp Schwab Brian N. Lang graham.p. gearhart Tara R. Jobin Justin M. Kaczmar Zachary J. Marinelli Harkirat S. Mann Brian C. Utter Giovanna Scarel Department of physics and Astronomy James Madison University Harrisonburg USA

The interaction between infrared radiation and a power generator device in time is studied as a route to harvest infrared, and possibly other electromagnetic radiations. Broadening the spectrum of the usable electromagnetic spectrum would greatly contribute to the renewable and sustainable energy sources available to humankind. In particular, low frequency and low power radiation is important for applications on ships, satellites, cars, personal backpacks, and, more generally, where non-dangerous energy is needed at all hours of the day, independent of weather conditions. In this work, we identify an electric and an entropic contribution to the energy transfer from low power infrared radiation to the power generator device, representing electrical and thermal contributions to the power generation. The electric contribution prevails, and is important because it offers multiple ways to increase the voltage produced. For example, placing black-colored gaffer tape on the illuminated face doubles the voltage produced, while the temperature difference, thus the entropic contribution, is not sensitive to the presence of the tape. We recognize the electric contribution through the fast changes it imparts to the voltage output of the power generator device, which mirror the instabilities in time of the infrared radiation. The device thus acts as sensor of the infrared radiation’s behavior in time. On the other hand, we distinguish the entropic contribution through the slow changes it causes to the voltage output of the power generator device, which reflect the relative delay with which the two faces of the device respond to thermal perturbations.

关键词： Infrared power Generators Energy Harvesting Electric Contribution

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