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History of Helicobacter pylori,duodenal ulcer,gastric ulcer and gastric cancer

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第18期20卷 5191-5204页

作者： David Y graham Michael e DeBakey VA Medical Center Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTX 77030United States

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection underlies gastric ulcer disease, gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer disease. The disease expression reflects the pattern and extent of gastritis/gastric atrophy (i.e., duodenal ulcer with non-atrophic and gastric ulcer and gastric cancer with atrophic gastritis). Gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastric cancer have been known for thousands of years. Ulcers are generally non-fatal and until the 20th century were difficult to diagnose. However, the presence and pattern of gastritis in past civilizations can be deduced based on the diseases present. It has been suggested that gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer both arose or became more frequent in europe in the 19th century. Here, we show that gastric cancer and gastric ulcer were present throughout the 17th to 19th centuries consistent with atrophic gastritis being the predominant pattern, as it proved to be when it could be examined directly in the late 19th century. The environment before the 20th century favored acquisition of H. pylori infection and atrophic gastritis (e.g., poor sanitation and standards of living, seasonal diets poor in fresh fruits and vegetables, especially in winter, vitamin deficiencies, and frequent febrile infections in childhood). The latter part of the 19th century saw improvements in standards of living, sanitation, and diets with a corresponding decrease in rate of development of atrophic gastritis allowing duodenal ulcers to become more prominent. In the early 20th century physician’s believed they could diagnose ulcers clinically and that the diagnosis required hospitalization for “surgical disease” or for “Sippy” diets. We show that while H. pylori remained common and virulent in europe and the United States, environmental changes resulted in changes of the pattern of gastritis producing a change in the manifestations of

关键词： Helicobacter pylori Duodenal ulcer Gastric ulcer Gastric cancer Medical history Ulcer surgery epidemiology Gastritis Atrophic gastritis Antiquity

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Quantifying multiple-site compositional turnover in an Afrotemperate forest, using zeta diversity

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Forest ecosystems 2018年第2期5卷 189-197页

作者： Cang Hui Wessel Vermeulen graham Durrheim Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Mathematical SciencesStellenbosch University Mathematical and Physical Biosciences African Institute for Mathematical Sciences Garden Route Scientific Services South African National Parks

Background： Species turnover is typically measured by partitioning diversity components into alpha and pairwise beta diversity. However, alpha and beta components cannot express the full spectrum of multiple-site compositional turnover. To this end, zeta diversity has been proposed as an extended framework to allow complete biodiversity partitioning and to measure multiple-site species turnover. We use a zeta-diversity framework to explore the turnover and potential community assembly processes of an African Montane Forest. Methods： Using a 20 m grid, we explore the species turnover in a 4.55 ha forest plot located in the Garden Route National Park of South Africa, with 47 and 27 canopy and sub-canopy tree species in the regional poo We first calculate how zeta diversity declines and how the probability of retention of species with particular occupancies changes with increasing zeta orders （i.e. the number of sites [grid cells] involved in the calculation）. Using null models with row sums and column sums constrained respectively, we explore whether species turnover is driven by mechanisms of ecological differences （species-specific occupancies） or habitat heterogeneity （site-specific alpha diversity and thus environmental filters）. Results： The decline of zeta diversity with zeta order followed a power law; that is, the probability of retention increased with species occupancies, suggesting common species being more likely to be discovered in extra sites. The null model retaining row sums （species＇ occupancy） of the species-by-site matrix recreated perfectly the decline of zeta diversity, while the null model of habitat heterogeneity （retaining column sums） was rejected. This suggests that mechanisms driving species-specific occupancies （i.e. ecological differences between species） dictate the multi-site species turnover in the community. The spatial patterns of zeta diversity revealed little spatial structuring forces, supporting a fine-grain structure in these sou

关键词： Species turnover Diversity partitioning Zeta diversity Community assembly Southern cape forest Afromontane forest

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Immunotherapy in gastric cancer

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第7期20卷 1657-1666页

作者： Satoko Matsueda David Y graham Cancer Vaccine Development Division Research Center for Innovative Cancer TherapyKurume UniversityKurumeFukuoka 830-0011Japan Michael e DeBakey VA Medical Center Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTX 77030United States

Gastric cancer is the second most common of cancerrelated deaths *** the majority of cases gastric cancer is advanced at diagnosis and although medical and surgical treatments have improved,survival rates remain *** immunotherapy has emerged as a powerful and promising clinical approach for treatment of cancer and has shown major success in breast cancer,prostate cancer and ***,we provide an overview of concepts of modern cancer immunotherapy including the theory,current approaches,remaining hurdles to be overcome,and the future prospect of cancer immunotherapy in the treatment of gastric *** cell therapies,cancer vaccines,gene therapies,monoclonal antibody therapies have all been used with some initial successes in gastric ***,to date the results in gastric cancer have been disappointing as current approaches often do not stimulate immunity efficiently allowing tumors continue to grow despite the presence of a measurable immune ***,we discuss the identification of targets for immunotherapy and the role of biomarkers in prospectively identifying appropriate subjects or *** also discuss the molecular mechanisms by which tumor cells escape host immunosurveillance and produce an immunosuppressive tumor *** show how advances have provided tools for overcoming the mechanisms of immunosuppression including the use of monoclonal antibodies to block negative regulators normally expressed on the surface of T cells which limit activation and proliferation of cytotoxic T *** has greatly improved and is becoming an important factor in such fields as medical care and welfare for human *** has been rapid ensuring that the future of immunotherapy for gastric cancer is bright.

关键词： Gastric cancer Immune checkpoint Immune escape Adoptive cell therapy Cancer vaccine Antibody therapy Predictive biomarker

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H2O2-Activated Up-Regulation of Glutathione in Arabidopsis Involves Induction of Genes encoding enzymes Involved in Cysteine Synthesis in the Chloroplast

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Molecular Plant 2009年第2期2卷 344-356页

作者： Guillaume Queval Dorothée Thominet Hélène Vanacker Myroslawa Miginiac-Maslow Bertrand Gakière graham Noctor Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes UMR CNRS 8618 Universite de Paris Sud 91405 Orsay cedex France

Glutathione is a key player in cellular redox homeostasis and, therefore, in the response to H2O2, but the factors regulating oxidation-activated glutathione synthesis are still unclear. We investigated H2O2-induced glutathione synthesis in a conditional Arabidopsis catalase-deficient mutant （cat2）. Plants were grown from seed at elevated CO2 for 5 weeks, then transferred to air in either short-day or long-day conditions. Compared to cat2 at elevated CO2 or wild-type plants in any condition, transfer of cat2 to air in both photoperiods caused measurable oxidation of the leaf glutathione pool within hours. Oxidation continued on subsequent days and was accompanied by accumulation of glutathione. This effect was stronger in cat2 transferred to air in short days, and was not linked to appreciable increases in the extractable activities of or transcripts encoding enzymes involved in the committed pathway of glutathione synthesis. In contrast, it was accompanied by increases in serine, O-acetylserine, and cysteine. These changes in metabolites were accompanied by induction of genes encoding adenosine phosphosulfate reductase （APR）, particularly APR3, as well as a specific serine acetyltransferase gene （SAT2.1） encoding a chloroplastic SAT. Marked induction of these genes was only observed in cat2 transferred to air in short-day conditions, where cysteine and glutathione accumulation was most dramatic. Unlike other SAT genes, which showed negligible induction in cat2, the relative abundance of APR and SAT2.1 transcripts was closely correlated with marker transcripts for H2O2 signaling. Together, the data underline the importance of cysteine synthesis in oxidant-induced up-regulation of glutathione synthesis and suggest that the chloroplast makes an important contribution to cysteine production under these circumstances.

关键词： Oxidative stress catalase photoperiod 3,-glutamylcysteine synthetases (γ-eCS) adenosine phosphosulfate reductase (APR) serine acetyltransferase (SAT).

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Modified Usability Framework for Disaster Apps:A Qualitative Thematic Analysis of User Reviews

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2020年第5期11卷 615-629页

作者： Marion Lara Tan Raj Prasanna Kristin Stock emma eHDoyle graham Leonard David Johnston Joint Centre for Disaster Research Massey UniversityWellington 6021New Zealand School of Natural and Computational Sciences Massey UniversityAlbany 0632New Zealand GNS Science AvalonLower Hutt 5010New Zealand

The public has access to a range of mobile applications(apps)for ***,there has been limited academic research conducted on disaster apps and how the public perceives their *** study explores end-users'perceptions of the usability of disaster *** proposes a conceptual framework based on insights gathered from thematically analyzing online *** study identifies new usability concerns particular to disaster apps'use:(1)content relevance depends on the app's purpose and the proximate significance of the information to the hazard event's time and location;(2)app dependability affects users'perceptions of usability due to the lifesafety association of disaster apps;(3)users perceive advertisements to contribute to their cognitive load;(4)users expect apps to work efficiently without unnecessary consumption of critical phone resources;(5)appropriate audio interface can improve usability,as sounds can boost an app's alerting aspect;and,finally(6)in-app browsing may potentially enhance users'impression of the structure of a disaster *** a result,this study argues for focussed research and development on public-facing disaster *** research should consider the conceptual framework and concerns presented in this study when building design guidelines and theories for disaster apps.

关键词： Disaster apps end-user perspective Human-computer interaction Usability

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Tomato Flavor： Lost and Found？

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Molecular Plant 2017年第6期10卷 782-784页

作者： Duoduo Wang graham B. Seymour University of Nottingham School of Biosciences Division of Plant and Crop Science Sutton Bonington Lough Leics LE12 5RD UK

Tomato is the highest value fruit crop in the world （Tieman et al., 2017） and a major component of healthy diets as it provides ready sources of vitamins A, C, e, and K, minerals including K and Fe, and lycopene as an antioxidant. However, modern varieties are often described as having little flavor, especially in comparison with traditional or heirloom types.

关键词： Tomato Flavor Lost and Found volatile compounds

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Metachronous gastric cancer after successful Helicobacter pylori eradication

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第33期20卷 11552-11559页

作者： Akiko Shiotani Ken Haruma David Y graham Department of Internal Medicine Kawasaki Medical School Kurashiki 701-0192 Japan Department of Medicine Michael E DeBakey VAMC and Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX 77030 United States

The high incidence of gastric cancer in Japan initially resulted in establishment of a country-wide gastric cancer screening program to detect early and treatable cancers. In 2013 countrywide Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) eradication was approved coupled with endoscopy to assess for the presence of chronic gastritis. Current data support the notion that cure of the infection in those with non-atrophic gastritis will prevent development of gastric cancer. However, while progression to more severe damage is halted in those who have already developed, atrophic gastritis/gastric atrophy remain at risk for subsequent development of gastric cancer. That risk is directly related to the extent and severity of atrophic gastritis. Methods to stratify cancer risk include those based on endoscopic assessment of the atrophic border, histologic grading, and non-invasive methods based on serologic testing of pepsinogen levels. Continued surveillance is required because those with atrophic gastritis/gastric atrophy retain considerable gastric cancer risk even after H. pylori eradication. Those who have already experienced a resectable early gastric cancer are among those at highest risk as metachronous lesions are frequent even after H. pylorieradication. We review the role of H. pylori and effect of H. pylori eradication indicating the incidence and the predictive factors on development of metachronous cancer after endoscopic therapy of early gastric cancer. Studies to refine risk markers to stratify for risk, surveillance methods, intervals, and duration after successful H. pylori eradication, and whether adjuvant therapy would change risk are needed.

关键词： Atrophic gastritis Pepsinogen miRNA Intestinal metaplasia Cancer prevention

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Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy for pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in the 21^(st) century

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第33期20卷 11467-11485页

作者： Tony Trang Johanna Chan David Y graham Department of Medicine Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX 77030 United States

Restitution of normal fat absorption in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency remains an elusive goal. Although many patients achieve satisfactory clinical results with enzyme therapy, few experience normalization of fat absorption, and many, if not most, will require individualized therapy. Increasing the quantity of lipase administered rarely eliminates steatorrhea but increases the cost of therapy. enteric coated enzyme microbead formulations tend to separate from nutrients in the stomach precluding coordinated emptying of enzymes and nutrients. Unprotected enzymes mix well and empty with nutrients but are inactivated at pH 4 or below. We describe approaches for improving the results of enzyme therapy including changing to, or adding, a different product, adding non-enteric coated enzymes,(e.g., giving unprotected enzymes at the start of the mealand acid-protected formulations later), use of antisecretory drugs and/or antacids, and changing the timing of enzyme administration. Because considerable lipid is emptied in the first postprandial hour, it is prudent to start therapy with enteric coated microbead prior to the meal so that some enzymes are available during that first hour. Patients with hyperacidity may benefit from adjuvant antisecretory therapy to reduce the duodenal acid load and possibly also sodium bicarbonate to prevent duodenal acidity. Comparative studies of clinical effectiveness of different formulations as well as the characteristics of dispersion, emptying, and dissolution of enteric-coated microspheres of different diameter and density are needed; many such studies have been completed but not yet made public. We discuss the history of pancreatic enzyme therapy and describe current use of modern preparations, approaches to overcoming unsatisfactory clinical responses, as well as studies needed to be able to provide reliably effective therapy.

关键词： Pancreatic insufficiency Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy Lipase Clinical trials Steator-rhea Fat malabsorption Chronic pancreatitis

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Update of Meat Standards Australia and the cuts based grading scheme for beef and sheepmeat

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2018年第7期17卷 1641-1654页

作者： Sarah P.F.Bonny Rachel A.O'Reilly David W.Pethick graham e.Gardner Jean-Francois Hocquette Liselotte Pannier School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch UniversityMurdochWA 6150Australia Clermont Université INRAVetAgro SupUMR1213Recherches sur les HerbivoresSaint-Genes Champanelle F-63122France

Changing markets and evolving consumer demand present new challenges for the beef and sheep industries. In response, the industry has been investing in innovations to deliver new products and management systems to consumers. One such innovation is the Meat Standards Australia（MSA） system. This system is a Total Quality Management System, aimed at delivering an eating quality guarantee to consumers, and through this adding value to the entire supply chain. At present, it is well developed for beef and still evolving for sheepmeat. MSA has identified Critical Control Points（CCPs） in the production, pre-slaughter, processing and value-adding aspects of the supply chain that impact on consumer palatability through the large-scale taste testing of meat by untrained consumers. These CCPs are used as either（1） mandatory criteria determining eligibility for grading, and（2） inputs in a model predicting the palatability of individual combinations of muscle and different cooking methods. Through the prediction of palatability, MSA increases consumer satisfaction and is used to provide assurance for branded products and new marketing innovations in Australia and internationally. This has added significant value to the Australian beef industry, with several retail examples demonstrating consumer willingness to pay more for premium quality beef and sheepmeat products based on the MSA grading scores. This price differential at retail allows the value of the carcass to be calculated based on the eating quality as well as the volume produced, thereby delivering a financial reward for farmers producing high quality carcasses. The continuous quality scale of MSA allows producers to realise the financial gain of incremental improvements in quality, as well as the precise economic weights associated with traits such as marbling, ossification score, or breed. The use of MSA in this fashion has underpinned a new and innovative supply chain where the pricing is transparent and allows produ

关键词： eating quality consumer beef sheep Meat Standards Australia international cut

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The Intelligent Industrial Facility in the New economy

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食品科学 2001年第11期22卷 108-109页

作者： earle Droppo graham Beattie Wood Banani Associates Ltd.Automation Specialists Majisoft Multimedia Inc.Network Architect

To quote from an article that appeared in the August 9th, 2000edition of the Toronto Globe and Mail, Report on Business:'Productivity soared in the United States at the strongest pace since theearly 1980' s, propelledbythecomputerizationoftheworkingworld and massive investment by business in ever faster high-tech *** billions of dollars being spent on new computer equipment and new electronic commerce systems continued to pay off in the second quarter, allowing the economic output per worker to surpass the already high expectations of financial *** U. S. Department of Labour reported yesterday that productivity in the United States rose at an annualized rate of 5.3 percent in the second quarter from the first quarter... its strongest 12 month increase since the third quarter of 1983 Much ofthe productivity gains in the computerization and on-line presence is in turn, expected to enable Canadian businesses to keep improving the productivity of their workers and match the gains of the United States. 'In order to achieve gains of this magnitude, we must move beyond automation at the plant floor level. New opportunities are emerging from the networked e-business environment of the internet, intranets and extranets. Fast and efficient access to these technologies is becomingessential for survival in today' s new economy. e-business lets you create and manage a network of employees, suppliers and partners working toward a common goal. The result is a seamless, integrated system that can sense and respond to customers, competitors and global markets in real time. By enabling collaboration, integration and empowerment, these new technologies increase productivity, reduce cycle times, lower costs, create new business opportunities and achievegreater return on *** summarize, we need to take a systems integration approach to automation.

关键词： The Intelligent Industrial Facility in the New economy

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