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do animal eyespots really mimic eyes？

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Current Zoology 2014年第1期60卷 26-36页

作者： Martin STEVEnS graeme d RUXTOn Centre for Ecology & Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn TR10 9FE UK School of Biology University of St Andrews Dyers Brae House St Andrews Fife KY16 9TH UK

The diversity of anti-predator adaptations in the natural world has long been an active area of research in evolutionary and behavioural biology. A common visually-obvious feature found on prey are ＇eyespots＇, being approximately circular mark- ings often with concentric rings and conspicuous colours. These are found on a range of animals, especially adult and larval Lepidoptera and fish. One of the most widespread functions of eyespots seems to be to intimidate or startle predators： delaying, preventing or halting an attack. However, while the fact that they can influence predators in this way is tmcuntroversial, the mechanism（s） behind why they are effective is debated. Traditionally, they have been assumed to work by mimicking the eyes of the predator＇s own enemies, and much research in this field is conducted under the implicit or explicit assumption that this theory is correct. However, eyespots might work simply by being highly salient stimuli that promote sensory overload, biases, or neo- phobic reactions in predators. A range of recent studies has aimed to test these alternatives. Here, we critically evaluate this work and what it tells us about the mechanisms underlying eyespot function. We conclude that although eye mimicry is plausible, there remains a lack of evidence to support it and most observations are at least equally consistent with alternative mechanisms. Finally we also discuss how the debate can be resolved

关键词： Eyespots Predation Animal coloration Mimicry Warning signals

neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein positive optic neuropathies

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2022年第7期15卷 1095-1107页

作者： Patrick Murtagh Amy Coman Kirk Stephenson Maria Gaughan david Ryan graeme Mcneill Christopher McGuigan Lorraine Cassidy Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital Adelaide RoadDublin 2D02 XK51Republic of Ireland St Vincent’s University Hospital Elm ParkDublin 4D04 N2E0Republic of Ireland

AIM: To describe the clinical characteristics and treatments associated with antibody positive optic neuropathies including anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein(MOG) and anti-aquaporin 4(AQP4), alongside diagnostic modalities, investigations, and outcomes. METHOdS: A cross-sectional single-centre retrospective case series consisting of 16 patients including 12 antiMOG positive patients and 4 anti-AQP4 positive patients. Each of these patients had clinical signs and symptoms of optic neuritis and consisted of all patients who had a positive blood antibody result in our centre. Clinical findings including presence of a relative afferent pupillary defect, colour vision and disc assessment were recorded. Structured clinical exam and multimodal imaging was undertaken sequentially on each. Optical coherence tomography(OCT) scanning was preformed to examine the correlation between ganglion cell layer(GCL) thickness and visual acuity(VA) at presentation and as a determinant of final visual outcome in both groups. Initial and long-term treatment is also summarised. RESULTS: A total of 16 patients were included in the study consisting of 12 anti-MOG and 4 anti-AQP4 positive patients. nine of the 16 patients were female and the average age of onset was 29.2 y in the MOG group and 42 y in the AQP4 group. There was no statistically significant correlation(Pearson correlation) between GCL thickness and presenting and final VA [r(10)=0.081, P=0.08 and r(10)=0.089, P=0.34 respectively]. The same statistical analysis was performed for the correlation between retinal nerve fibre layer(RnFL) and VA and similar outcomes wereobserved [r(10)=0.04, P=0.22 and r(10)=0.09, P=0.04]. no correlation was seen for initial RnFL thickness and final visual outcome in this group either [r(2)=0.19, P=0.38]. Visual field testing and radiological findings for each group are described. COnCLUSIOn: no correlation between initial VA or RnFL and final visual outcome is identified. A broad range of visu

关键词： neuromyelitis anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody anti-aquaporin 4

Influence of laser polarization on collective electron dynamics in ultraintense laser-foil interactions

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High Power Laser Science and Engineering 2016年第3期4卷 120-126页

作者： Bruno Gonzalez-Izquierdo Ross J.Gray Martin King Robbie Wilson Rachel J.dance Haydn Powell david A.Mac Lellan John McCreadie nicholas M.H.Butler Steve Hawkes James S.Green Chris d.Murphy Luca C.Stockhausen david C.Carroll nicola Booth graeme G.Scott Marco Borghesi david neely Paul McKenna SUPA department of Physics University of Strathclyde Central Laser Facility STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory department of Physics University of York Centro de Láseres Pulsados (CLPU) Centre for Plasma Physics Queens University Belfast

The collective response of electrons in an ultrathin foil target irradiated by an ultraintense(~6×10^(20)W cm^(-2)) laser pulse is investigated experimentally and via 3d particle-in-cell simulations. It is shown that if the target is sufficiently thin that the laser induces significant radiation pressure, but not thin enough to become relativistically transparent to the laser light, the resulting relativistic electron beam is elliptical, with the major axis of the ellipse directed along the laser polarization axis. When the target thickness is decreased such that it becomes relativistically transparent early in the interaction with the laser pulse, diffraction of the transmitted laser light occurs through a so called ‘relativistic plasma aperture', inducing structure in the spatial-intensity profile of the beam of energetic electrons. It is shown that the electron beam profile can be modified by variation of the target thickness and degree of ellipticity in the laser polarization.

关键词： laser–plasmas interaction ultraintense ultrashort pulse laser interaction with matters

The Public Water Supply Protection Value of Forests: A Watershed-Scale Ecosystem Services Analysis Based upon Total Organic Carbon

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Open Journal of Ecology 2014年第9期4卷 517-531页

作者： Emile Elias david Laband Mark dougherty graeme Lockaby Puneet Srivastava Hugo Rodriguez Biosystems Engineering Auburn University Auburn USA Forestry and Wildlife Science department Auburn University Auburn USA School of Economics Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta USA Tetra Tech Inc. Atlanta USA USdA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range New Mexico State University Las Cruces USA

We developed a cost-based methodology to assess the value of forested watersheds to improve water quality in public water supplies. The developed methodology is applicable to other source watersheds to determine ecosystem services for water quality. We assess the value of forest land for source water mitigation of total organic carbon (TOC) through the use of linked watershed and reservoir simulation models and cost-based valuation economics. Watershed modeling results indicated that expected urbanization will increase TOC loads to Converse Reservoir (Mobile, AL). Reservoir model results indicated that future median TOC concentrations increased by 1.1 mg·L-1 between 1992 and 2020 at the source water intake. depending upon dynamic reservoir TOC concentrations, additional drinking water treatment with powdered activated carbon (PAC) often is necessary between May and October to comply with Safe drinking Water Act regulations. The cost for additional treatment was calculated using minimum and maximum volume treated with simulated TOC concentrations at the source water intake. daily simulated TOC concentrations for the base scenario using 1992 land cover (3% urban) were compared with simulated TOC concentrations following forest to urban land conversion predicted in the watershed by 2020 (22% urban). The daily cost for additional drinking water treatment with PAC was calculated if simulated TOC concentrations exceeded 2.7 mg·L-1. The mean increase in daily treatment costs between base and future scenarios ranged from $91 to $95 per km2 per day for forest land water purification ecosystem services.

关键词： Ecosystem Services Water Quality drinking Water Treatment Urbanization Land Use Change

detecting Sorghum Plant and Head Features from Multispectral UAV Imagery

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Plant Phenomics 2021年第1期3卷 337-350页

作者： Yan Zhao Bangyou Zheng Scott CChapman Kenneth Laws Barbara George-Jaeggli graeme LHammer david RJordan Andries B.Potgieter The University of Queensland Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationCentre for Crop ScienceGattonQueensland 4343Australia CSIRO Agriculture and Food St.LuciaQueensland 4072Australia The University of Queensland School of Agriculture and Food SciencesSt.LuciaQueensland 4072Australia department of Agriculture and Fisheries Agri-Science QueenslandWarwickQueensland 4370Australia

In plant breeding,unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)carrying multispectral cameras have demonstrated increasing utility for high-throughput phenotyping(HTP)to aid the interpretation of genotype and environment effects on morphological,biochemical,and physiological traits.A key constraint remains the reduced resolution and quality extracted from“stitched”mosaics generated from UAV missions across large *** can be addressed by generating high-quality reflectance data from a single nadir image per *** this study,a pipeline was developed to derive reflectance data from raw multispectral UAV images that preserve the original high spatial and spectral resolutions and to use these for phenotyping *** steps involved(i)imagery calibration,(ii)spectral band alignment,(iii)backward calculation,(iv)plot segmentation,and(v)*** step was designed and optimised to estimate the number of plants and count sorghum heads within each breeding *** a derived nadir image of each plot,the coefficients of determination were 0.90 and 0.86 for estimates of the number of sorghum plants and heads,***,the reflectance information acquired from the different spectral bands showed appreciably high discriminative ability for sorghum head colours(i.e.,red and white).deployment of this pipeline allowed accurate segmentation of crop organs at the canopy level across many diverse field plots with minimal training needed from machine learning approaches.

关键词： breeding backward Plant

为规范处方行为开个处方——一些医学生并不具备熟练开处方的能力

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英国医学杂志中文版 2007年第1期10卷 5-6页

作者： Jeffrey K Aronson graeme Henderson david J Webb Michael d Rawlins 肖月（译） British Pharmacological Society London EC1V 2SC Chairman of the committee of heads and professors of clinical pharmacology Wolfson Unit of Clinical Pharmacology University of NewcastleNewcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH 不详

每年的这个时候，新分配来的医生上岗了，老的担心又出现了——他们受过良好的培训了吗？特别令人担忧的是：他们在临床药物治疗和开处方方面是否受过合格的培训？我们认为培训未必合格。

关键词：处方行为医学生能力药物治疗新分配培训

Estimating Photosynthetic Attributes from High-Throughput Canopy Hyperspectral Sensing in Sorghum

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Plant Phenomics 2022年第1期4卷 324-341页

作者： Xiaoyu Zhi Sean Reynolds Massey-Reed Alex Wu Andries Potgieter Andrew Borrell Colleen Hunt david Jordan Yan Zhao Scott Chapman graeme Hammer Barbara George-Jaeggli The University of Queensland Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation(QAAFI)Hermitage Research FacilityWarwickQLDAustralia The University of Queensland Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation(QAAFI)St LuciaQLDAustralia The University of Queensland Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation(QAAFI)GattonQLDAustralia Agri-Science Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries(DAF)Hermitage Research FacilityWarwickQLDAustralia School of Agriculture and Food Sciences The University of QueenslandGattonQLDAustralia

Sorghum,a genetically diverse C_(4) cereal,is an ideal model to study natural variation in photosynthetic *** leaf nitrogen(SLn)and leaf mass per leaf area(LMA),as well as,maximal rates of Rubisco carboxylation(V cmax),phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)carboxylation(V pmax),and electron transport(J max),quantified using a C_(4) photosynthesis model,were evaluated in two field-grown training sets(n=169 plots including 124 genotypes)in 2019 and 2020.

关键词： capacity maximal Sorghum

Global spatio-temporally harmonised datasets for producing high-resolution gridded population distribution datasets

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Big Earth data 2019年第2期3卷 108-139页

作者： Christopher T.Lloyd Heather Chamberlain david Kerr Greg Yetman Linda Pistolesi Forrest R.Stevens Andrea E.Gaughan Jeremiah J.nieves graeme Hornby Kytt MacManus Parmanand Sinha Maksym Bondarenko Alessandro Sorichetta Andrew J.Tatem WorldPop School of Geography and Environmental ScienceUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK Flowminder Foundation StockholmSweden Center for International Earth Science Information network(CIESIn) Columbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA department of Geography and Geosciences University of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA Geodata University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK

Multi-temporal,globally consistent,high-resolution human population datasets provide consistent and comparable population distributions in support of mapping sub-national heterogeneities in health,wealth,and resource access,and monitoring change in these over *** production of more reliable and spatially detailed population datasets is increasingly necessary due to the importance of improving metrics at sub-national and multitemporal *** is in support of measurement and monitoring of Un Sustainable development Goals and related *** response to these agendas,a method has been developed to assemble and harmonise a unique,open access,archive of geospatial *** are provided as global,annual time series,where pertinent at the timescale of population analyses and where data is available,for use in the construction of population distribution *** archive includes sub-national census-based population estimates,matched to a geospatial layer denoting administrative unit boundaries,and a number of co-registered gridded geospatial factors that correlate strongly with population presence and ***,we describe these harmonised datasets and their limitations,along with the production ***,we demonstrate applications of the archive by producing multi-temporal gridded population outputs for Africa and using these to derive health and development *** geospatial archive is available at https://***/10.5258/SOTOn/WP00650.

关键词： Human population subnational global spatial dataset multi-temporal

A history of high-power laser research and development in the United Kingdom

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High Power Laser Science and Engineering 2021年第2期9卷 41-126页

作者： Colin n.danson Malcolm White John R.M.Barr Thomas Bett Peter Blyth david Bowley Ceri Brenner Robert J.Collins neal Croxford A.E.Bucker dangor Laurence devereux Peter E.dyer Anthony dymoke-Bradshaw Christopher B.Edwards Paul Ewart Allister I.Ferguson John M.Girkin denis R.Hall david C.Hanna Wayne Harris david I.Hillier Christopher J.Hooker Simon M.Hooker nicholas Hopps Janet Hull david Hunt dino A.Jaroszynski Mark Kempenaars Helmut Kessler Sir Peter L.Knight Steve Knight Adrian Knowles Ciaran L.S.Lewis Ken S.Lipton Abby Littlechild John Littlechild Peter Maggs graeme P.A.Malcolm OBE Stuart P.d.Mangles William Martin Paul McKenna Richard O.Moore Clive Morrison Zulfikar najmudin david neely Geoff H.C.new Michael J.norman Ted Paine Anthony W.Parker Rory R.Penman Geoff J.Pert Chris Pietraszewski Andrew Randewich nadeem H.Rizvi nigel Seddon MBE Zheng-Ming Sheng david Slater Roland A.Smith Christopher Spindloe Roy Taylor Gary Thomas John W.G.Tisch Justin S.Wark Colin Webb S.Mark Wiggins dave Willford Trevor Winstone AWE Aldermaston ReadingUK Oxford Centre for High Energy density Science Department of PhysicsClarendon LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK Centre for Intertial Fusion Studies Blackett LaboratoryImperial College LondonLondonUK Formerly of Electrox LetchworthUK Formerly of Central Laser Facility Rutherford LaboratoryDidcotUK Formerly of Ferranti defence Systems LincolnUK Leonardo EdinburghUK Retired AWEReadingUK Formerly of AWE ReadingUK Formerly of Laser Lines Ltd BanburyUK Formerly of Optilas Ltd Milton KeynesUK Retired Pro-Lite TechnologyCranfieldUK Specialised Imaging Ltd PitstoneUK Central Laser Facility STFC Rutherford Appleton LaboratoryDidcotUK Magna-Power Electronics Ltd ReadingUK deBe Lasers Needham Laser TechnologiesWhitchurchUK Blackett Laboratory Imperial College LondonLondonUK SPIE Europe CardiffUK Professor Emeritus(Physics) University of HullKingston upon HullUK Kentech Instruments Ltd WallingfordUK department of Physics Clarendon LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK Professor Emeritus Department of PhysicsUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK department of Physics Durham UniversityDurhamUK Professor Emeritus(Photonics) Heriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghUK Professor Emeritus University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK Optical Surfaces Ltd KenleyUK JEH Lasers Ltd RugbyUK Scottish Universities Physics Alliance Department of PhysicsUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK ITER Organization Saint-Paul-lez-DuranceFrance Manx Precision Optics Ltd BallasallaUK Laser Lines Ltd BanburyUK Elliot Scientific Ltd MetroTest Scientific GroupHarpendenUK Centre for Plasma Physics Queen’s University BelfastBelfastUK Retired Founderand former MDRofin-Sinar UK LtdHullUK Heraeus noblelight Ltd CambridgeUK Mirli Books ChelmsfordUK M Squared Lasers Ltd GlasgowUK University of Hertfordshire HatfieldUK E&EO UK Ltd Barton-upon-HumberUK department of Physics University of YorkYorkUK IC Optical Systems Ltd BeckenhamUK Laser Micromachining Ltd St AsaphUK MBdA UK Ltd Brist

The first demonstration of laser action in ruby was made in 1960 by *** of Hughes Research Laboratories,*** laboratories worldwide began the search for lasers using different materials,operating at different *** the UK,academia,industry and the central laboratories took up the challenge from the earliest days to develop these systems for a broad range of *** historical review looks at the contribution the UK has made to the advancement of the technology,the development of systems and components and their exploitation over the last 60 years.

关键词： high-power lasers history United Kingdom