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Characterizing CO_2 fluxes for growing and non-growing seasons in a shrub ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Science china Earth sciences 2005年第z1期48卷 133-140页

作者： XU Shixiao, ZHAO Xinquan, FU Yuling, ZHAO Liang, LI Yingnian, CAO Guangmin, GU Song, WANG Qinxue & DU Mingyuan Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, chinese academy of sciences, Xining 810001, china Institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100101, china graduate school of the chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100136, china National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan National Institute for Agro-Environmental Science, Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining 810001 China graduate school of the chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100136 China Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining 810001 China Institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China National Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba 305-8569 Japan National Institute for Agro-Environmental Science Tsukuba 305-8604 Japan

To assess carbon budget for shrub ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, CO2flux was measured with an open-path eddy covariance system for an alpine shrub ecosystem during growing and non-growing seasons. CO2 flux dynamics was distinct between the two seasons. During the growing season from May to September, the ecosystem exhibited net CO2uptake from 08:00 to 19:00 (beijing Standard Time), but net CO2 emission from 19:00 to 08:*** CO2 uptake appeared around 12:00 with values of 0.71, 1.19, 1.46 and 0.67 g CO2m-2 h-1 for June, July, August and September, respectively. Diurnal fluctuation of CO2 flux showed higher correlation with photosynthetic photon flux density than temperature. The maximum net CO2 influx occurred in August with a value of 247 g CO2 m-2. The total CO2 uptake by the ecosystem was up to 583 g CO2 m-2 for the growing season. During the non-growing season from January to April and from October to December, CO2 flux showed small fluctuation with the largest net CO2 efflux of 0.30 g CO2 m-2 h-1 in April. The diurnal CO2 flux was close to zero during most time of the day, but showed a small net CO2 efflux from 11:00 to 18:00. Diurnal CO2 flux, is significantly correlated to diurnal temperature in the non-growing season. The maximum monthly net CO2 efflux appeared in April, with a value of 105 g CO2 m-2. The total net CO2 efflux for the whole non-growing season was 356 g CO2 m-2.

关键词： alpine shrub ecosystem, CO2 flux, carbon dynamics, growing season, non-growing season.

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Transformations and non-degenerate maps

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Science china Mathematics 2005年第z1期48卷 195-205页

作者： LI Baokui & WANG Yuefei Institute of Mathematics, academy of Mathematics and System sciences, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100080, china graduate school, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100080, china 1. Institute of Mathematics Academy of Mathematics and System Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 100080 Beijing China 2. graduate school Chinese Academy of Sciences 100080 Beijing China

We shall prove the equivalences of a non-degenerate circle-preserving map and a M(o)bius transformation in ^Rn, of a non-degenerate geodesic-preserving map and an isometry in Hn of a non-degenerate line-preserving map and an affine transformation in Rn. That a map is non-degenerate means that the image of the whole space under the map is not a circle, or geodesic or line respectively. These results hold without either injective or surjective, or even continuous assumptions, which are new and of a fundamental nature in geometry.

关键词： M(o)bius transformation, circle-preserving map, non-degenerate map.

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Infrared Galaxies in the Nearby Universe

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chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2008年第6期8卷 643-652页

作者： Jian-Ling Wang 1 National Astronomical Observatories,chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100012,china 2 graduate school of chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100049,china National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100012 China graduate school of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049 China

We used the Sloan Digital Sky Survey （SDSS） Data Release 5 （DR5） to study the morphological properties of 1137 nearby infrared （IR） galaxies, most of which are brighter than 15.9 mag in r-band. This sample was drawn from a cross-correlation of the Infra-Red Astronomical Satellite （IRAS） point source catalog redshift survey with DR5 at z ≤ 0.08. Based on this IR galaxy sample, we constructed five volume-limited sub-samples with IR luminosity ranging from 10^9.5 L⊙ to 10^12L⊙. By deriving the IR luminosity functions （LF） for different morphological types, we found that normal spiral galaxies are the dominant population below LIR ~ 8 ~ 10^10 L⊙; while the fraction of barred spiral galaxies increases with increasing IR luminosity and becomes dominant in spiral galaxies beyond LIR ≈ 5 × 10^10L⊙. As the IR luminosity decreases, the IR galaxies become more compact and have lower stellar masses. The analysis also shows that normal spiral galaxies give the dominant contribution to the total comoving IR energy density in the nearby universe, while, in contrast, the contribution from peculiar galaxies is only 39%.

关键词： galaxies evolution galaxies interactions galaxies starburst infrared galaxies galaxies luminosity function

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Effects of cosmological constant on motion of UHECR particles

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Science china(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2005年第1期48卷 44-56页

作者： CHEN Shaoxia & CHANG Zhe Institute of High Energy Physics, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100039, china graduate school of chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100039, china 1. Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 100039 Beijing China 2. graduate school of chinese academy of sciences 1000 39 Beijing China

Recent astronomical observations manifest that about two-thirds of the whole energy in the Universe is contributed by a small positive cosmological constant A (> 0). Then, an asymptotically de Sitter spacetime is premised naturally. However, physics in the de Sitter spacetime is very different from that in the Minkowski spacetime. As the first step, a covariant formalism of the kinematics in the de Sitter spacetime is presented here. By solving exactly the equations of motion for a field, we obtain the dispersion relation of a free particle. It is noticed that the dispersion relation is dependent on the degree of freedom of angular momentum of the particle. We show the threshold anomaly of the ultra high energy cosmic ray disappears naturally in the framework of the de Sitter kinematics.

关键词： ultrahigh energy cosmic ray, cosmological constant, curved spacetime.

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Recent advances in the data analysis method of functional magnetic resonance imaging and its applications in neuroimaging

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2006年第8期16卷 785-795页

作者： TIAN Jie, YANG Lei and HU Jin (Institute of Automation, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100080, china graduate school of chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100039, china) [a]chinese academy of sciences Institute of Automation Beijing China [b]graduate school of chinese academy of sciences Beijing China

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has opened a new area to explore the human brain. The fMRI can reveal the deep insights of spatial and temporal changes underlying a broad range of brain function, such as motor, vision, memory and emotion, all of which are helpful in the clinical investigation. In this paper, we introduce some recent-developed algorithms for fMRI signal detection such as model-driven method (general linear model, deconvolution model, non-linear model, etc. ) and data-driven method (principle component analysis, independent component analysis, self-organization mapping, clustered constrained non-negative matrix factorization, etc. ). We also propose several important applications of neuroimaging and point out their shortcomings and future perspectives.

关键词： fMR1 data analysis neuroimaging.

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A new approach of cascade utilization of the chemical energy of fuel

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2006年第5期16卷 518-523页

作者： HAN Wei, JIN Hongguang and LIN Rumou ( Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100080, china graduate school of the chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100080, china) [a]Institute of Engineering Thermophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China [b]graduate school of the chinese academy of sciences Beijing China

The indirect release of chemical energy of fuel is investigated, and a new mechanism is proposed to identify the cascade utilization of chemical energy of fuel more clearly. Based on the concept of energy level, the internal phenomenon of the indirect chemical energy release is disclosed, and the equations of energy level describing the utilization of chemical energy and thermal energy during the indirect chemical energy release process are obtained. From theoretical analysis, we find that the superiority of the indirect chemical energy release of fuel comes from the cascade utilization of the fuel's chemical energy. Moreover, the cascade utilization of chemical energy is verified by the investigation of CRGT (chemically recuperated gas turbine). As a result, the thermal exergy obtained from the chemical energy release of fuel increases by 2 % -3 % . The results obtained here may help a deeper understanding of indirect chemical energy release of fuel and provide a theoretical basis for the synthesis of innovative energy systems.

关键词： chemically recuperated gas turbine methane/steam reforming chemical energy level cascade utilization.

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Reconstruction of temperature series in china for the last 5000 years

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2006年第8期16卷 838-845页

作者： GE Quansheng, WANG Shunbing and ZHENG Jingyun (Institute of Geographical sciences and Natural Resources Research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100101, china graduate school of the chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100039, china) [a]chinese academy of sciences Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Beijing China [b]graduate school of the chinese academy of sciences Beijing China

A temperature series with a 100 year resolution for the last 5000 years in china has been reconstructed by using 31 longterm temperature proxy series selected from recent publications in the last 20 years. The proxy records include pollens, stalagmites, lake-sediments, peat, ice cores and historical documents. The result reveals that in the millennial scale temperature variation it was warm in 3050-250 BC and it was cold in 250 BC-1950 AD. In the above two periods there were many stages of sub-scale temperature fluctuations. The result also shows an obvious temperature discrepancy on the century to multi-century scale between the Eastern Monsoon Region, the Qinghai-Tibet Region and the Northwestern Region in 2850 BC, 2350 BC, 1350 BC, 950-350 BC, 50-250 AD, and 550 AD. A comparison between the reconstructed series of this paper and some North Hemisphere temperature series indicates that in the longterm scale change, the temperature change in china is in phrase with that of the Northern Hemisphere during the last 5000 years, while on the century to multi-century scale there are differences at the beginning and end times, which may imply that temperature change does not occur simultaneously in different regions.

关键词： temperature series the last 5000 years china.

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A Test on Different Types of the Time Curve of Hardness Ratio of Gamma-Ray Bursts based on the Curvature Effect

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chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2008年第4期8卷 451-464页

作者： Lan-Wei Jia National Astronomical Observatories/Yunnan Observatory,chinese academy of sciences,Kunming 650011,china graduate school of chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100049,china National Astronomical Observatories/ Yunnan Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650011 China and graduate school of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049 China

We analyzed a sample of 66 gamma-ray bursts （GRBs） and statistically confirmed the prediction on the time curve of the hardness ratio of GRBs made by Qin et al. based on the curvature effect. In their analysis, GRB pulses are divided into three types according to the shape of their raw hardness ratio （RHR） time curves, defined as to include the background counts to the signal counts, so as to make use of counts within small time intervals. Of the three types, very hard sources exhibit a perfect pulse-like profile （type 1）, hard bursts possess a pulse-like profile with a dip in the decay phase （type 2）, and soft bursts show no pulse-like profile but have only a dipped profile （type 3）. In terms of the conventional hardness ratio, type 3 sources are indeed generally softer than those of type 1 and type 2, in agreement with the prediction. We found that the minimum value of RHR is sensitive in distinguishing the different types. We propose that GRB pulses can be classified according to the minimum value of RHR and that the different type sources may be connected with different strengths of the shock or/and the magnetic field.

关键词： gamma-rays burst -- gamma-rays observations - methods statistical

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Valuations on arithmetic surfaces

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Science china Mathematics 2009年第1期52卷 66-76页

作者： XU Ning Department of Mathematics, graduate school of chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100049, china Department of Mathematics Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

In this paper, we give the definition of the height of a valuation and the definition of the big field ? p,G , where p is a prime and G ? ? is an additive subgroup containing 1. We conclude that ? p,G is a field and ? p,G is algebraically closed. Based on this the author obtains the complete classification of valuations on arithmetic surfaces. Furthermore, for any m ? p,G n ∈ ?, let V m,n be an ∝-vector space of dimension n - m + 1, whose coordinates are indexed from m to n. We generalize the definition of ? p,G , where p is a prime and G ? V m,n is an additive subgroup containing 1. We also conclude that ? p,G is a field if m ? 0 ? n.

关键词： valuation height rank totally ordered group big field transcendental number 14J10

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Structure of augmentation quotients of finite homocyclic abelian groups

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Science china Mathematics 2007年第9期50卷 1280-1288页

作者： Guo-ping TANG school of Mathematical sciences,graduate University of chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100049,china 1. school of Mathematical sciences Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

Let G be a finite abelian group and its Sylow p-subgroup a direct product of copies of a cyclic group of order p r , i.e., a finite homocyclic abelian group. Let Δ n (G) denote the n-th power of the augmentation ideal Δ(G) of the integral group ring ?G. The paper gives an explicit structure of the consecutive quotient group Q n (G) = Δ n (G)/Δ n+1(G) for any natural number n and as a consequence settles a problem of Karpilovsky for this particular class of finite abelian groups.

关键词： integral group ring augmentation ideal consecutive quotient of augmentation ideal 16S34 20C05

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