The North Atlantic Ocean hosts the largest volume of global subtropical mode waters(STMWs) in the world,which serve as heat,carbon and oxygen silos in the ocean *** are formed in the Gulf Stream region where thermal f...
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The North Atlantic Ocean hosts the largest volume of global subtropical mode waters(STMWs) in the world,which serve as heat,carbon and oxygen silos in the ocean *** are formed in the Gulf Stream region where thermal fronts are pervasive and result in feedback with the ***,their roles in STMW formation have been *** eddy-resolving global climate simulations,we find that suppressing local frontal-scale ocean-to-atmosphere(FOA) feedback leads to STMW formation being reduced almost by *** is because FOA feedback enlarges STMW outcropping,attributable to the mixed layer deepening associated with cumulative excessive latent heat loss due to higher wind speeds and greater air-sea humidity contrast driven by the Gulf Stream *** enhanced heat loss overshadows the stronger restratification induced by vertical eddies and turbulent heat transport,making STMW colder and he *** more realistic representation of FOA feedback,the eddy-present/rich coupled global climate models reproduce the observed STMWs much better than the eddy-free *** improvement in STMW production cannot be achieved,even with the oceanic resolution solely refined but without coupling to the overlying atmosphere in oceanic general circulation *** findings highlight the need to resolve FOA feedback to ameliorate the common severe underestimation of STMW and associated heat and carbon uptakes in earth system mo dels.
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