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A New Species of the Genus Tylototriton(Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae) from Eastern Himalaya

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Asian Herpetological Research 2015年第4期6卷 245-256页

作者： Janak raj KHATIWADA Bin WANG Subarna ghimire Karthikeyan VASUDEVAN Shanta PAUDEL Jianping JIANG Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Tribhuvan University Central Department of Zoology CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species Himalayan Research and Conservation Nepal

A new species of the genus Tylototriton is described from eastern Himalaya based on molecular and morphological comparisons. The new species is diagnosable from the closely-related species by having light brown colouration in dorsal region in life, flat and blunt snout, greatly separated dorsolateral bony ridges on head and straightthick tailfin. In addition to head morphology, the new species is also morphologically distinguishable from its closelyrelated species Tylototriton shanorum by having 16 dorsal warts and average smaller Snout Vent Length（SVL）.

关键词： Tylototriton himalayanus sp. nov. eastern Himalaya morphology molecular phylogeny taxonomy

Integration of Expectation Maximization using Gaussian Mixture Models and Naïve Bayes for Intrusion Detection

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Journal of Computer Science Research 2021年第2期3卷 1-10页

作者： Loka raj ghimire Roshan Chitrakar Department of graduate study Nepal College of Information TechnologyNepal

Intrusion detection is the investigation process of information about the system activities or its data to detect any malicious behavior or unauthorized *** of the IDS implement K-means clustering technique due to its linear complexity and fast computing ***,it is Naïve use of the mean data value for the cluster core that presents a major *** chances of two circular clusters having different radius and centering at the same mean will *** condition cannot be addressed by the K-means algorithm because the mean value of the various clusters is very similar ***,if the clusters are not spherical,it *** overcome this issue,a new integrated hybrid model by integrating expectation maximizing(EM)clustering using a Gaussian mixture model(GMM)and naïve Bays classifier have been *** this model,GMM give more flexibility than K-Means in terms of cluster ***,they use probabilities function and soft clustering,that’s why they can have multiple cluster for a single *** GMM,we can define the cluster form in GMM by two parameters:the mean and the standard *** means that by using these two parameters,the cluster can take any kind of elliptical ***-GMM will be used to cluster data based on data activity into the corresponding category.

关键词： Anomaly detection Clustering EM classification Expectation maximization(EM) Gaussian mixture model(GMM) GMM classification Intrusion detection Naïve Bayes classification

Evaluating active leprosy case identifcation methods in six districts of Nepal

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023年第6期12卷 105-106页

作者： Ram Kumar Mahato Uttam ghimire Madhav Lamsal Bijay Bajracharya Mukesh Poudel Prashnna Napit Krishna Lama gokarna Dahal David T.S.Hayman Ajit Kumar Karna Basu Dev Pandey Chuman Lal Das Krishna Prasad Paudel Epidemiology and Disease Control Division Department of Health Services Ministry of Health and Population Kathmandu Nepal Epidemiology and Disease Control Division-Malaria Program Management Unit- SCI-GF Kathmandu Nepal Leprosy Control & Disability Management Section EPidemiology and Disease Control Division DoHS Kathmandu Nepal Lalgadh Leprosy Hospital & Service Center Nepal Leprosy Trust Lalgadh Nepal Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory Infectious Disease Research Centre Hopkirk Research Institute Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand Center for Health and Disease Studies-Nepal Kathmandu Nepal DEJIMA Infectious Disease Research Alliance Nagasaki University Nagasaki Japan

Background Nepal has achieved and sustained the elimination of leprosy as a public health problem since 2009,but 17 districts and 3 provinces with 41%(10,907,128)of Nepal’s population have yet to eliminate the *** cases and grade-2 disabilities(G2D)indicate recent transmission and late diagnosis,respectively,which necessitate active and early case *** operational research was performed to identify approaches best suited for early case detection,determine community-based leprosy epidemiology,and identify hidden leprosy cases early and respond with prompt *** Active case detection was undertaken in two Nepali provinces with the greatest burden of leprosy,Madhesh Province(40%national cases)and Lumbini Province(18%)and at-risk prison populations in Madhesh,Lumbini and Bagmati *** detection was performed by(1)house-to-house visits among vulnerable populations(n=26,469);(2)contact examination and tracing(n=7608);in Madhesh and Lumbini Provinces and,(3)screening prison populations(n=4428)in Madhesh,Lumbini and Bagmati Provinces of *** case direct medical and nonmedical costs for each approach were *** New case detection rates were highest for contact tracing(250),followed by house-to-house visits(102)and prison screening(45)per 100,000 population ***,the cost per case identifed was cheapest for house-to-house visits[Nepalese rupee(NPR)76,500/case],followed by contact tracing(NPR 90,286/case)and prison screening(NPR 298,300/case).House-to-house and contact tracing case paucibacillary/multibacillary(PB:MB)ratios were 59:41 and 68:32;female/male ratios 63:37 and 57:43;pediatric cases 11%in both approaches;and grade-2 disabilities(G2D)11%and 5%,*** leprosy was not signifcantly diferent among household and neighbor contacts[odds ratios(OR)=1.4,95%confdence interval(CI):0.24-5.85]and for contacts of MB versus PB cases(OR=0.7,95%CI 0.26-2.0).Attack rates were not signifcantly d

关键词： Leprosy Early case detection Community-based epidemiology Hidden case New case detection rate Attack rate Cost per case identifed Nepal

Optimization of M/M/s/N Queueing Model with Reneging in a Fuzzy Environment

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American Journal of Operations Research 2021年第3期11卷 121-140页

作者： Ananda Prasad Panta Ram Prasad ghimire Dinesh Panthi Shankar raj Pant Department of Mathematics Tri-Chandra Campus Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal Department of Mathematics Kathmandu University Kavre Nepal Department of Mathematics Valmeeki Campus Nepal Sanskrit University Kathmandu Nepal Central Department of Mathematics Tribhuvan University Kirtipur Nepal

This paper deals with the study of multi-server queueing model in a fuzzy environment with imposition of reneging of customers. Entry of the customers in the system is assumed to be Poisson process and exponential service time distribution under first-come-first-served basis. Specific of this investigation is to derive the various fuzzy performance measures such as fuzzy queue length, fuzzy waiting time in queue, fuzzy response time and fuzzy optimal number of servers in explicit form for the finite capacity multi-server queueing system by using recursive method. For the validity of the model we have obtained the numerical illustrations in tabular form which shows that fuzzy-queue can be more realistic than crisp queue.

关键词： Fuzzy Environment Poisson Optimal Reneging

Epidemiology of dengue virus infections in Nepal, 2006-2019

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2021年第2期10卷 89-89页

作者： Komal raj Rijal Bipin Adhikari Bindu ghimire Binod Dhungel Uttam raj Pyakurel Prakash Shah Anup Bastola Binod Lekhak Megha raj Banjara Basu Dev Pandey Daniel MParker Prakash ghimire Central Department of Microbiology Tribhuvan UniversityKirtipurKathmanduNepal 不详

Background:Dengue is one of the newest emerging diseases in Nepal with increasing burden and geographic spread over the *** main objective of this study was to explore the epidemiological patterns of dengue since its ... 详细信息

关键词： Dengue DENV Aedes aegypti Outbreak Nepal Spatial epidemiology

Surface Modification of the Biowaste for Purification of Wastewater Contaminated with Toxic Heavy Metals—Lead and Cadmium

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Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science 2013年第3期3卷 178-184页

作者： Bindra Shrestha Jagjit Kour Puspa Lal Homagai Megh raj Pokhrel Kedar Nath ghimire Central Department of Chemistry Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal

The surface of a biowaste was modified by introduction of amino group for the purification of wastewater contaminated with heavy metals. In this study waste tea leaf was used as a biowaste which was an economic and efficient bioadsorbent. The aminated tea leaves were characterized by spectral and elemental analysis. The adsorption capacity of the surface modified biosorbent was studied as the function of solution pH, concentration of metal ions and contact time of adsorption. The applicability of Langmuir isotherm was tested. The adsorption capacities were found to be 83.04 mg/g and 57 mg/g for Pb (II) and Cd (II), respectively. The biosorbent was regenerated by desorption of the metal loaded adsorbent with 0.1 M HNO3. These results showed that the aminated tea leaves may be an attractive alternative for treatment of wastewater contaminated with heavy metals.

关键词： Bioadsorbent Heavy Metals Wastewater Amination Langmuir Isotherm

Undergraduate nursing students' knowledge of aging, attitudes toward and perceptions of working with older adults in Kathmandu Nepal

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International Journal of Nursing Sciences 2019年第2期6卷 204-210页

作者： Saruna ghimire Nitisha Shrestha Karen E.Callahan Dhirendra Nath Binaya Kumar Baral Nirmala Lekhak Devendra raj Singh Agrata Health and Education(AHEAD)-Nepal KathmanduNepal School of Public Health University of NevadaLas VegasUSA Asian College for Advanced Studies Purbanchal UniversityLalitpurNepal Southeast Asia Development Actions Network(SADAN) LalitpurNepal Department of Biochemistry Nepal Medical College and Teaching HospitalKathmanduNepal School of Nursing University of NevadaLas VegasUSA

Objectives: This study aims to examine Nepalese undergraduate nursing students' knowledge of aging,attitudes towards older adults and perceptions of working with older adults,and to assess differences in these outcomes by socio-demographic characteristics as well as type of nursing ***: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 385 undergraduate nursing students in six nursing colleges located in the Kathmandu Valley,Knowledge of aging,attitudes toward older adults and perceptions of working with older adults were assessed using standardized tools,the Palmore Facts on Aging Quiz,Kogan's Attitudes towards Older People Scale,and Nolan's Intent to Work with Older People Questionnaire,***: The mean knowledge scores on older adults and aging were relatively low;participants scored an average of 26.9 out of *** assessing attitudes towards and perceptions of working with older adults were more *** to students pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN),students pursuing a Bachelor of Nursing (BN) had a significantly higher score on the knowledge,attitudes and perception of aging *** regression analyses showed that the students' knowledge of aging (β =0.55;95% CI =0.25-0.86) and perceptions of working with older adults (β =0.22;95% Cl =0.05 -0.38) had a significant positive association with their attitudes toward older ***: Undergraduate nursing students in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal displayed a relatively low level of knowledge,but a positive attitude towards older adults,and a positive perception of working with older *** differences in knowledge,attitude,and perception scores between students in BSN and BN programs needs further investigation;closing this gap may be important for bolstering undergraduate gerontological preparation in Nepal.

关键词： Aged Attitudes Knowledge Perceptions Students Nursing Nepal

同期化放疗在局部晚期鼻咽癌治疗中的作用:一项关于Ⅲ期随机对照试验的荟萃分析

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循证医学 2007年第3期7卷 158-166页

作者： Bijesh raj ghimire 林立平郭颖张力华南肿瘤学国家重点实验室广州510060

目的本项荟萃分析的主要目的是通过比较鼻咽癌病人同期化放疗与单纯放疗的总生存、疾病的局部控制率及远处转移率的差异从而确定同期化放疗在局部晚期鼻咽癌中的作用。次要目的是比较鼻咽癌病人同期化放疗和同期化放疗联合辅助化疗与单... 详细信息

目的本项荟萃分析的主要目的是通过比较鼻咽癌病人同期化放疗与单纯放疗的总生存、疾病的局部控制率及远处转移率的差异从而确定同期化放疗在局部晚期鼻咽癌中的作用。次要目的是比较鼻咽癌病人同期化放疗和同期化放疗联合辅助化疗与单纯放疗的生存差别。病人和方法按照预先设计荟萃分析的方案,选择已发表的Ⅲ期随机对照临床研究。临床研究的入选标准包括:①所有入组的鼻咽癌病人随机分为单纯放疗组或同期化放疗组;②临床研究中的病人必须是经组织学证实为鼻咽癌(WHO分型Ⅰ～Ⅲ型);③所有入组的病人都必须接受原发病灶至少为64Gy的足够剂量的常规分割放疗。结果本项荟萃分析共包括了7个临床研究中的1630名病人。与单纯放疗相比,同期化放疗组病人的2年、3年和5年总生存风险比值分别为0.54(95%置信区间0.41～0.70)、0.54(95%置信区间0.37～0.78)和0.49(95%置信区间0.28～0.84),而其相应的2年、3年和5年绝对生存获益分别为9%、10%和13%。同期化放疗组与单纯放疗组的局部复发率及远处转移率也是可比的,并且同期化放疗组可见到明显的生存获益,其5年局部复发率及远处转移率的风险比值分别为0.49(95%置信区间0.30～0.78)和0.59(95%置信区间0.46～0.76)。同期化放疗加辅助化疗与单纯放疗对比的生存获益(包括总生存、局部控制率和远处转移率)比单用同期化放疗与单纯放疗对比的生存获益有所改善,但这种改善差异没有统计学意义。结论本研究结果表明同期化放疗是改善鼻咽癌患者总生存最有效的方法。辅助化疗的确切作用尚不是非常明确,还需要进行更多的研究明确其作用。

关键词：鼻咽肿瘤同期化放疗荟萃分析放疗辅助化疗随机对照试验

Optimization of M/M/s/N Queueing Model with Reneging in a Fuzzy Environment

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